CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

SCIENCE IN OUR SCIENCE IN OUR WORLDWORLD

Start up activity pg 3

Chapter 1 Section 1Chapter 1 Section 1

Science and ScientistsScience and Scientists

In the In the World World

and and BeyondBeyond

Science Starts with a Science Starts with a QuestionQuestion

• Science:Science: is the the knowledge gained by is the the knowledge gained by observing the natural world.observing the natural world.

In our In our own own

NeighborNeighborhoodhood

Investigation: The Search Investigation: The Search for Answersfor Answers

• Once you ask a question, it’s time to look Once you ask a question, it’s time to look for an answer.for an answer.

ResearchResearch

ObservationsObservations ExperimentationExperimentation

                                                                                          

WHY ASK WHY?WHY ASK WHY?• Why should we ask questions about Why should we ask questions about

the world in which we live in and the world in which we live in and things that are in this world?things that are in this world?

Answering Society’s Answering Society’s NeedsNeeds

Using Resources Using Resources WiselyWisely

Healthy Healthy SurroundingsSurroundings

Scientist All Around Scientist All Around YouYou

Any person who ask questions and looks for answers could be considered a Any person who ask questions and looks for answers could be considered a scientist. There are people who use science in their jobs every day.scientist. There are people who use science in their jobs every day.

• Environmental ScientistEnvironmental Scientist

• CartographerCartographer

• EngineerEngineer

• ZoologistZoologist

• BiologistBiologist

• Science Educator / TeacherScience Educator / Teacher

• AstrologistAstrologist

• DoctorsDoctors

• PaleontologistPaleontologist

• ETC……ETC……

IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH SCIENTIST IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH SCIENTIST ANSWER QUESTION OR SOLVE A ANSWER QUESTION OR SOLVE A

PROBLEM.PROBLEM.

THERE ARE SEVEN THERE ARE SEVEN BASIC STEPS TO THE BASIC STEPS TO THE

SCIENTIFIC METHOD.SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

THOSE STEPS THOSE STEPS MAY BE IN MAY BE IN DIFFERENT DIFFERENT ORDER AT ORDER AT

TIMES.TIMES.

                                 

Ask a Ask a QuestionQuestion

Helps focus the Helps focus the purpose of the purpose of the investigation.investigation.

A lot of time A lot of time scientist ask a scientist ask a

question based on question based on an observation.an observation.

Make Make ObservationsObservations

Using your 5 Using your 5 senses to senses to gather gather

informationinformation

Observations Observations can be made at can be made at

any point any point during the during the

investigationinvestigation

Observations lead to answers but Observations lead to answers but they must be carefully recordedthey must be carefully recorded

Form a Form a HypothesisHypothesis

It is a possible It is a possible explanation or explanation or answer to the answer to the

question. question. (educated guess)(educated guess) You must be You must be

able to test able to test your your

hypothesis hypothesis to see if it is to see if it is

true.true.

Before scientist Before scientist test their test their

Hypothesis Hypothesis they make they make

predictions.predictions.

After After predictions predictions are made, are made,

you test the you test the prediction.prediction.

TEST Your Hypothesis

Design an Design an Experiment to Experiment to

test your test your hypothesis.hypothesis.

This This experiment experiment must be a must be a controlled controlled

experimentexperiment..

During the During the experiment experiment you must you must

collect your collect your DATA.DATA.

Any piece of Any piece of information information

acquired acquired through through

observation or observation or experimentationexperimentation

In a controlled experiment you only In a controlled experiment you only change one factor/variablechange one factor/variable at a time. at a time.

Independent Independent Variable:Variable:

It is the thing It is the thing that the scientist that the scientist

changes.changes.

Dependent Dependent Variable:Variable:

It is the result of It is the result of the change, what the change, what happen because happen because of the change.of the change.

Control Control Variable:Variable:

Are the things Are the things that stay the that stay the

same throughout same throughout the experiment.the experiment.

Analyze the Analyze the ResultsResults Helps explain Helps explain

what happened what happened based on your based on your

data and data and observations.observations.You want to make You want to make

graphs and charts graphs and charts to help to help

understand your understand your data.data.

Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusions

Scientist must Scientist must look at the results look at the results

and see if it and see if it supports his/her supports his/her

hypothesishypothesisYESYES

NONO

MOVE ON TO MOVE ON TO THE NEXT THE NEXT

STEPSTEP

• Repeat experiment Repeat experiment check for mistakes.check for mistakes.

• Ask a new questionAsk a new question

• Form a new hypothesisForm a new hypothesis

Maybe more valuableMaybe more valuable

Communicate Communicate ResultsResults

Scientist share what Scientist share what they have learned so they have learned so that other scientist that other scientist

can repeat the can repeat the experiment to see is if experiment to see is if

they get the same they get the same result.result. Sharing can lead to Sharing can lead to

new data, new new data, new hypothesis, new idea, hypothesis, new idea,

et…et…

Scientist may share Scientist may share by:by:

• Writing a reportWriting a report

• Post it on the Internet.Post it on the Internet.

• Give a presentationGive a presentation

• Writing an article in a Writing an article in a scientific magazine.scientific magazine.

IS A REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT OR SYSTEM.

Are used to explain the

past and the present.

They can be used to to predict the future.

They are often used to explain things that are to large or to

small to see.

Globe Solar System

Atom

Look like the real thing…

But they may not act like the real thing…

• Airplanes

• Maps

• Dolls

• Cars

• Globe

• Solar System

• Etc…

They may have

limitations

ARE A ARE A SYSTEM OF SYSTEM OF

IDEASIDEASTHEY ARE THEY ARE BASED ON BASED ON MAKING MAKING

COMPARISONS, COMPARISONS, TO EXPLAIN TO EXPLAIN

AN IDEA.AN IDEA.

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATIONKEYKEY

IS MADE UP OF MATH EQUATIONS AND

DATA.

ALLOW YOU TO

CALCULATE AND PREDICT

THINGS

GRAPHS AND CHARTS ARE EXAMPLES

Models are often used to help explain Models are often used to help explain scientific theories .scientific theories .

Scientific Theory:Scientific Theory:

Is an explanation Is an explanation for a hypothesis or for a hypothesis or

observations.observations. They don’t happen every They don’t happen every time or not enough evidence.time or not enough evidence.

•Evolution

•Etc…

If a theory continues to happen every time or enough If a theory continues to happen every time or enough evidence is there to prove it to be 100% true, it turns evidence is there to prove it to be 100% true, it turns

into a law.into a law.

Scientific Law:Scientific Law:

Happen every time Happen every time the same way / the same way /

100% true100% true

•Law of GravityLaw of Gravity

•Law of EnergyLaw of Energy

•Law of MotionLaw of Motion

•Etc…Etc…

Is the products and processes that are Is the products and processes that are designed to serve our needs.designed to serve our needs.

EXAMPLE :

COMPUTERSA computer is technology but so is the tools

are also.

Old Technology vs.

Advanced Technology

Pencil vs. Pencil vs. Typewriter Typewriter

vs. vs. ComputerComputer

Is the process of Is the process of creatingcreating technology.technology.

Engineers use the Engineers use the knowledge from knowledge from science to create science to create new technology.new technology.

They develop They develop things that help us, things that help us, make things easier, make things easier, more efficient, or more efficient, or

just better.just better.

Is the process engineers use to develop a new Is the process engineers use to develop a new technology.technology.

It is similar to It is similar to the Scientific the Scientific

Method Process.Method Process.It doesn’t just give you an It doesn’t just give you an answer to a question or a answer to a question or a problem, it helps make a problem, it helps make a

product to solve the product to solve the problem.problem.

STEP # 1: STEP # 1: ASKASK

IDENTIFY A NEEDIDENTIFY A NEED

Engineers define and write the need or Engineers define and write the need or problem they are trying to solve.problem they are trying to solve.

STEP # 2: STEP # 2: IMAGINEIMAGINE

DDevelop Possible evelop Possible SolutionSolutionThink about Think about

Possible Possible SolutionsSolutions

BRAINBRAIN

STORMSTORMQuick, off Quick, off the top of the top of your head your head

ideasideas

STEP # 3: STEP # 3: PlanPlan Make a Make a

PrototypePrototypeA test model A test model

of the of the product.product.

This allows engineers to This allows engineers to see if their design works see if their design works the way they expected it the way they expected it

to.to.

STEP # 4: STEP # 4: CREATECREATE

Testing and Testing and EvaluationEvaluation This helps This helps

determine determine whether the whether the technology technology

does the job it does the job it designed to do.designed to do.

Cost-Cost-benefit benefit

AnalysisAnalysisAt this point engineers make At this point engineers make

sure the cost of designing sure the cost of designing and producing the new and producing the new

product is worth its benefit.product is worth its benefit.

STEP # 5:STEP # 5: ImproveImprove

Modify & RetestModify & RetestEngineers take Engineers take what they what they

learned from learned from testing the testing the

prototype and prototype and make make

adjustment.adjustment.They retest and They retest and

continue to make continue to make adjustments until adjustments until they are satisfied.they are satisfied.

Then they Then they produce the produce the

product.product.

Technology provides many Technology provides many solutions for many types of solutions for many types of

problems and needs. problems and needs.

(social, political, economical, (social, political, economical, physical)physical)

Intended Benefits

Unintended Consequences

Is the positive purpose Is the positive purpose that the technology that the technology was designed to be was designed to be

used for.used for.

Are uses or results that happen from a Are uses or results that happen from a product or design & the engineer product or design & the engineer

doesn’t expect it.doesn’t expect it.

GOODGOOD BADBAD

Is applying engineering to living Is applying engineering to living things.things.

Engineers use their skills, knowledge, Engineers use their skills, knowledge, and technology to develop solutions to and technology to develop solutions to

problems that involve living things.problems that involve living things.

Assistive technologies are Assistive technologies are developed to help without developed to help without

physically changing the living physically changing the living thing.thing.EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

GlassesGlasses Medicine Medicine

WheelchairsWheelchairs

Adaptive Technologies are developed Adaptive Technologies are developed to help but it changes the living thing to help but it changes the living thing

physically.physically.EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

• Laser eye surgery Laser eye surgery

• Knee replacementKnee replacement

• Etc…Etc…

Is any thing that helps you do a task.Is any thing that helps you do a task.

Different tools helps scientist in different Different tools helps scientist in different ways & collect different data. ways & collect different data.

• Tools for SeeingTools for Seeing

• Tools for MeasuringTools for Measuring

• Tools for AnalyzingTools for Analyzing

These tools help scientist see things that These tools help scientist see things that are to small or to far to see.are to small or to far to see.

Tools for Seeing:Tools for Seeing:

• Microscope Microscope

• Magnifying GlassMagnifying Glass

• TelescopeTelescope

• Binoculars Binoculars

Tools for Measuring Tools for Measuring Volume:Volume:

• Graduated CylinderGraduated Cylinder

• Beakers Beakers

• Measuring CupsMeasuring Cups

• Etc..Etc.. Volume:Volume: is the is the amount of space amount of space something takes something takes

up.up.

Tools for Measuring Tools for Measuring Time:Time:

• StopwatchStopwatch

• ClockClockIt could be It could be

seconds, minutes, seconds, minutes, hours, or tenths of hours, or tenths of

a second.a second.

Tools for Measuring Tools for Measuring Length / Distance / Length / Distance /

Area:Area:

• Meter stickMeter stick

• RulerRuler

• Tape MeasureTape Measure

• Range FinderRange Finder

• Etc…Etc…

This could me This could me measured in measured in many different many different ways.ways.• Meter, Meter, Centimeters, Centimeters, etc..etc..•Feet, Inches, Feet, Inches, Yards, etc…Yards, etc…• Miles, Miles, Kilometers, Kilometers,

etc…etc…

Tools for Tools for Measuring Measuring

Temperature:Temperature:

ThermometerThermometerTemperatureTemperature: :

is a measure of is a measure of how hot how hot

something is.something is.

AREA:AREA: is a measure of is a measure of how much surface an how much surface an

object has.object has.

Tools for Measuring Tools for Measuring Weight / Mass / Weight / Mass /

Force:Force:

• BalanceBalance

• Spring ScaleSpring Scale

• Digital ScaleDigital ScaleMass:Mass: is a is a

measure of the measure of the amount of matter amount of matter

in an object.in an object.

•Most Scientist use the SI Most Scientist use the SI (International System of Units)(International System of Units) system system

in measuring.in measuring.

•It helps scientist share and It helps scientist share and compare their observations, compare their observations, data, and results with one data, and results with one

another.another.

These tools allow you to These tools allow you to analyze your data, organize analyze your data, organize and keep trace of the data.and keep trace of the data.

Examples:Examples:

• CalculatorCalculator

• ComputerComputer

• Pencil and Graph PaperPencil and Graph Paper

Safety should always been the number 1 Safety should always been the number 1 concern when doing an experiment.concern when doing an experiment.

You should always You should always look at the safety look at the safety

symbols or read the symbols or read the safety information safety information

before doing an before doing an experiment.experiment.

Look at the safety

symbols on pg 35