Chapter 1: Plants and Chapter 1: Plants and Their PartsTheir Parts

Aim: What are Plant characteristics?

Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics Plants have leaves, branches, stems

or trunks, roots Cells contain chlorophyll

◦ Aids in making food◦ Makes plants green

Cells work together to keep the plant alive

Plants are made up of different kinds of cells

Each cell has a different job to keep the plant alive

Example: Cells in stems, branches, and roots form tubes through which the food and water are transported through the plant

Groups of cells are organized into tissues◦ Example: “strings” in celery

All plants have a cell wall

Aim: What are the Aim: What are the parts of the plant cell?parts of the plant cell?

Parts of Plant CellParts of Plant Cell

1. Cell wall◦ Rigid structure surrounding the

plant cell◦ Provides support and protection

2. Cell Membrane◦ Holds the cell together

3. Chloroplast◦ Contains chlorophyll

4. Vacuole◦ Stores food, water and wastes

5. Mitochondrion◦ Gives the cell energy

6. Nucleus◦ Cell control center◦ Directs everything the cell

does

Aim: What is the Aim: What is the difference between difference between

vascular and vascular and nonvascular plants?nonvascular plants?

Classification of PlantsClassification of PlantsPlants are classified based on

characteristicsTwo Major Groups:

1. Vascular Plants Tubes transport water and food Tubes are called vascular tissue Examples:

Trees Ferns

2. Nonvascular Plants◦ do not have tubes◦ Examples: Mosses liverworts

Aim: What are the divisions Aim: What are the divisions of the Plant Kingdom?of the Plant Kingdom?

The smaller the group, the more closely related the plants.

The larger the group, the least alike they are.

Vascular Plants◦Divided into two divisions1. Seedless Vascular Plant◦ Examples: horsetails, ferns

2. Seed Plants◦ Examples: conifers, flowering

plants

Aim: Why are animals Aim: Why are animals different from plants?different from plants?

AnimalsAnimalsCannot make their own foodCan move from one place to anotherAll animals are grouped in the Animal

KingdomTwo Major Groups: (Phylum)

1. Invertebrates Don’t have backbones

2. Vertebrates Have backbones

There are classes within each group

ClassesClasses

Invertebrates Vertebrates

SpongesFlatwormsSea Anemones

Crustaceans

FishBirdsReptilesAmphibiansMammals

Animal CellAnimal CellHas some of the same parts of a plant cell

◦Vacuole◦Mitochondrion◦Nucleus◦Cell Membrane

Does not have a cell wallDoes not have chloroplast and chlorophyll

Aim:Aim: What are the other What are the other kingdoms of living things?kingdoms of living things?

Fungus KingdomFungus KingdomMay be one-celled or many celled

Doesn’t make food like plantsDoesn’t eat food like animalsAbsorbs food from dead organisms and environmental wastes

Grows in damp places

3 Groups of Fungi1. Yeasts, morels, mildews2. Molds3. Mushrooms, smuts, rusts

Uses of FungiUses of FungiSome have great flavorsSome contain chemicals to help fight diseases

Help bread to rise◦yeast

Fungi in soil break down decaying plants and animals

Dangers of Some Dangers of Some FungiFungiSome are poisonousCan cause athlete’s footSpoil foodCoat bathroom tiles and walls with smelly black or white fuzz◦mold

Protist KingdomProtist KingdomSome microscopicSome single-celledMost live in water and others on land

Some search for foodSome contain chlorophyll and make their own food◦Example: algae

All have nucleus, surrounded by a membrane

5 groups of Protists1. Slime molds2. Diatoms3. Dinoflagellates4. Green algae5. Euglenas

Bacteria KingdomBacteria KingdomSingle-celled organisms with no nucleus

MicroscopicSome cause diseaseSome are needed for animals and plants to survive

Some group together in clusters

2 kingdomsof Bacteria1. Ancient Bacteria One kind lives in cows to

help digest the grass2. True Bacteria Some cause disease◦ Strep throat◦ pneumonia

Some found in spoiled food

Aim: How do roots, stems and Aim: How do roots, stems and leaves help plants survive?leaves help plants survive?

RootsRootsSome roots are food

Beets, carrots, sweet potatoesAnchor plant to groundSome plants have root-like structures

to anchor them (mosses)Draw up water and minerals from soilStore food

StemsStemsSupport leaves and flowersHelp leaves receive sunHold transportation systemPhloem-moves food from leaves to other

partsXylem-moves water and minerals from

rootsCambium-separates phloem and xylem

LeavesLeavesCome in all shapes and sizesMakes foodCells contain chloroplastsNeed sunlight, water, minerals and

CO2 to make foodSome leaves protect the plant

◦Spines on cactusStore foodHelp roots take in water-

transpiration

Aim: What are the parts of plant Aim: What are the parts of plant roots?roots?

Parts of the RootParts of the Root

1. Xylem:◦ Tissue through which water and

minerals flow up through the plant2. Cortex:

◦ Stores food◦ Located just inside the Epidermis

3. Epidermis◦ Outermost layer of a root, stem or

leaf

4. Root Cap:◦ Protects the root tip as it grows in the soil5. Root Hairs:Threadlike particles on the surface of rootWater and minerals enter through the

hairs6. Cambium:Separates the xylem from phloemnew xylem and phloem grow7. Phloem:Tissue which transports food from leaves

to plant

Aim: How do stems differ?Aim: How do stems differ?

Some are soft and delicateSome are hard and tough

◦Woody stems covered by barkSome stems store food for the plant

Example: potatoCactus stem stores waterSome stems help make the plant’s food

◦Example: asparagusStrawberry stems grow along the ground

Aim: What are the parts of the Aim: What are the parts of the leaf?leaf?

Parts of a LeafParts of a Leaf

1. Epidermis: ◦ outermost layer of the leaf

2. Cuticle: secreted by the epidermis Keeps water from leaving the plant

3. Chloroplasts: ◦ green food factories

4. Stomata: ◦ tiny pores in which air enters

5. Guard Cells: ◦ open and close each stomata

Aim: What is the difference Aim: What is the difference between photosynthesis and between photosynthesis and

respiration?respiration?

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPlants use light energy to make foodSunlight strikes the leaf and

chlorophyll helps the plant make its food

Chloroplasts have CO2 and water which change into sugar and oxygen, with the help of the sunlight

The sugar is transported through the veins to other parts of the plants

RespirationRespiration

Animals need oxygen to breathPlants need the CO2 released by animals

Plants and animals use oxygen to break down sugar to produce energy, water, and CO2