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Chapter 1
Network Operating SystemsNetwork Operating Systems
ISQA424ISQA424
Instructor: Rob KnauerhaseInstructor: Rob Knauerhase
Portland State UniversityPortland State University
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Chapter 1: Networking with Microsoft Windows NT ServerChapter 1: Networking with
Microsoft Windows NT Server
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Explain workgroup networkingExplain workgroup networking Explain domain networking and the Explain domain networking and the
advantages of file server operating advantages of file server operating systemssystems
Present a history of how Windows NT Present a history of how Windows NT Server evolvedServer evolved
Describe the capabilities of Microsoft NT Describe the capabilities of Microsoft NT ServerServer
continued
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Compare different file systems used by Compare different file systems used by Microsoft NT ServerMicrosoft NT Server
Discuss how Microsoft NT Server is Discuss how Microsoft NT Server is integrated with Internet and intranet integrated with Internet and intranet applicationsapplications
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Workgroup NetworkingWorkgroup Networking
Microsoft Windows NT Server is a Microsoft Windows NT Server is a network network operating systemoperating system -- software that enables -- software that enables computers on a network to communicate computers on a network to communicate and share resources and filesand share resources and files
Peer-to-peer networkPeer-to-peer network: A network where : A network where computers communicate with each other computers communicate with each other on an equal basis without going through on an equal basis without going through an intermediaryan intermediary
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Workgroup NetworkingWorkgroup Networking
WorkstationWorkstation A computer that has its own CPUA computer that has its own CPU May be used as a standalone computer for a May be used as a standalone computer for a
variety of software applicationsvariety of software applications WorkgroupWorkgroup: As used in Microsoft : As used in Microsoft
networks, a number of computers (users) networks, a number of computers (users) who share drive and printer resources in who share drive and printer resources in an independent peer-to-peer relationshipan independent peer-to-peer relationship
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A Simple Peer-to-Peer Workgroup
A Simple Peer-to-Peer Workgroup
Workstation
Workstation
WorkstationWorkstation
Workstation
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Workgroup NetworkingWorkgroup Networking
Effective for small networks or officesEffective for small networks or offices Less effective when resource management is Less effective when resource management is
totally decentralizedtotally decentralized Offers only moderate network securityOffers only moderate network security No centralized storage or account managementNo centralized storage or account management No point of centralized administrative controlNo point of centralized administrative control Not optimized for heavy multiple access to one Not optimized for heavy multiple access to one
computer; potential for slow response computer; potential for slow response
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Networking in a DomainNetworking in a Domain
DomainDomain: A grouping of network users : A grouping of network users and file servers to make common and file servers to make common administrative and security administrative and security management tasks more efficientmanagement tasks more efficient
File serverFile server: A computer that provides : A computer that provides files and other services to workstations.files and other services to workstations.
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A File Server on a NetworkA File Server on a Network
WorkstationFile server with NT
Server operating system Workstation
Cabling
Workstation Laptop computer
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Advantages of the Domain Model
Advantages of the Domain Model
All members can share computer filesAll members can share computer files Printers and other resources can be Printers and other resources can be
sharedshared Access to resources can be centrally Access to resources can be centrally
controlled and administeredcontrolled and administered Members can share software Members can share software
applications (consistency)applications (consistency)
continued
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Advantages of the Domain Model
Advantages of the Domain Model
All computers can be backed up from All computers can be backed up from one location (easily)one location (easily)
Sharing of resources can reflect work Sharing of resources can reflect work groupings within the domaingroupings within the domain
Network administrator can save time Network administrator can save time when installing software upgradeswhen installing software upgrades
Detailed monitoring and analysis can be Detailed monitoring and analysis can be done from a central locationdone from a central location
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A History of Microsoft Windows NT
A History of Microsoft Windows NT
Work began in 1988 when Microsoft had two Work began in 1988 when Microsoft had two operating systemsoperating systems MS-DOS (& early Windows versions)MS-DOS (& early Windows versions) OS/2 (co-developed with IBM)OS/2 (co-developed with IBM)
Design focused on providing broader Design focused on providing broader capabilities in areas key to business and capabilities in areas key to business and network usersnetwork users e.g., needed a “real” operating systeme.g., needed a “real” operating system competitive pressure from Mac, Unixcompetitive pressure from Mac, Unix
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Original Windows NT Development Goals
Original Windows NT Development Goals
Goal Today’s Implementation
Reliability Programs cannot interfere with the operatingsystem or with other programs, making thesystem more crashproof
Security Meets the requirements for government C2security
Scalability Runs on small or large (multi-CPU) systems,runs on Intel-compatible or RISC machines.
Extensibility Uses standards (drivers, applicationprogramming interfaces), and other standardmethods to extend capabilities for hardwareand software development
continued
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Original Windows NT Development Goals
Original Windows NT Development Goals
Goal Today’s Implementation
Portability Program kernel is written for portability to agrowing number of hardware platforms
Compatibility Not as compatible as Windows 95 with olderMS-DOS, but very compatible with Windows-based programs
Distributability Extensively network-compatible with networkcommunication protocols, remote accessservices, and Internet/intranet services
Governmentcertification
Conforms to open systems and securityrequirements of the federal government
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Microsoft Windows NT Server Capabilities
Microsoft Windows NT Server Capabilities
Sharing resourcesSharing resources Managing resourcesManaging resources SecuritySecurity Scalability and Scalability and
compatibilitycompatibility ReliabilityReliability
DistributabilityDistributability Client/server Client/server
applicationsapplications Electronic mailElectronic mail Fault toleranceFault tolerance
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Sharing ResourcesSharing Resources
Files needed by several people can be stored at Files needed by several people can be stored at one locationone location Mapped driveMapped drive: A disk drive that is shared on the : A disk drive that is shared on the
network by a file server or workstation. Also known as network by a file server or workstation. Also known as a a drive sharedrive share..
Data are consistent across machinesData are consistent across machines Many kinds of printers can be shared on a Many kinds of printers can be shared on a
networknetwork Software can be loaded or run on workstations Software can be loaded or run on workstations
across network (site license)across network (site license)
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Workstations Accessing a Shared NT Server Hard Drive
Workstations Accessing a Shared NT Server Hard Drive
Workstation
Workstation
Shared drive
Windows NT Server
Network
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Workstations Sharing One PrinterWorkstations Sharing One Printer
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
WorkstationHub
Shared printer
File server
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Managing ResourcesManaging Resources
Centralizing management of resources Centralizing management of resources allows a network administrator to allows a network administrator to simplify network management taskssimplify network management tasks
Network resourcesNetwork resources File serversFile servers WorkstationsWorkstations Shared printersShared printers Shared foldersShared folders
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SecuritySecurity
Windows NT Server has a C2 top secret Windows NT Server has a C2 top secret security rating from the US governmentsecurity rating from the US government File and folder protectionFile and folder protection Account passwordsAccount passwords File, folder, and account auditingFile, folder, and account auditing File server access protection on a networkFile server access protection on a network File server management controlsFile server management controls
This is a This is a minimumminimum of security; by no means of security; by no means is it perfect.is it perfect.
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Scalability and CompatibilityScalability and Compatibility
ScalabilityScalability Works on single-processor and multiprocessor Works on single-processor and multiprocessor
computerscomputers Handles small or large databasesHandles small or large databases
CompatibilityCompatibility Communicates with IBM, Novell, UNIX, Communicates with IBM, Novell, UNIX,
Banyan, DEC, and other systemsBanyan, DEC, and other systems Works with all (most?) PC hardware, much Works with all (most?) PC hardware, much
existing Windows software.existing Windows software.
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ReliabilityReliability
The NT Server operating system kernel The NT Server operating system kernel runs in runs in privileged modeprivileged mode Protects operating system from problems Protects operating system from problems
created by malfunctioning programcreated by malfunctioning program Gives operating system an extra level of Gives operating system an extra level of
security from intruderssecurity from intruders Prevents system crashes because of out-Prevents system crashes because of out-
of-control applicationsof-control applications
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ReliabilityReliability
NT Server takes full advantage of NT Server takes full advantage of multitasking and multithreading multitasking and multithreading capabilities of modern Pentium capabilities of modern Pentium computerscomputers MultitaskingMultitasking: Ability to run two or more : Ability to run two or more
programs at the same timeprograms at the same time MultithreadingMultithreading: Ability to run several : Ability to run several
program processes or parts (threads) at the program processes or parts (threads) at the same timesame time
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DistributabilityDistributability
DistributabilityDistributability: The process of dividing : The process of dividing complex application program tasks complex application program tasks among two or more computersamong two or more computers
Windows NT Server handles it through Windows NT Server handles it through the the Distributed Component Object Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)Model (DCOM)
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Client/Server ApplicationsClient/Server Applications
Began appearing in late 1980sBegan appearing in late 1980s Provide more information to users than Provide more information to users than
traditional mainframe (unable to meet traditional mainframe (unable to meet reporting and data query needs) or file-reporting and data query needs) or file-server-based application systems server-based application systems (unable to handle large databases)(unable to handle large databases)
Focus on quickly bringing data to Focus on quickly bringing data to customerscustomers
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Technological Tools of Client/Server Applications
Technological Tools of Client/Server Applications
Relational databases Relational databases Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) Powerful reporting toolsPowerful reporting tools More powerful PC workstationsMore powerful PC workstations NetworksNetworks
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Relational DatabasesRelational Databases
Store large amounts of data on a serverStore large amounts of data on a server Provide fast access to data for updating, Provide fast access to data for updating,
querying, or reportingquerying, or reporting Store data, voice, and videoStore data, voice, and video Provide open access paths to a variety Provide open access paths to a variety
or reporting and development toolsor reporting and development tools
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Three Tiers of Client/Server Systems
Three Tiers of Client/Server Systems
PC client workstationPC client workstation Contains GUI presentation logicContains GUI presentation logic
Application serverApplication server Stores client/server applications and Stores client/server applications and
reports used by clientreports used by client Database serverDatabase server
Provides data-related services, including Provides data-related services, including securitysecurity
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Client/Server Application SystemClient/Server Application System
Database server (data services)
Client workstation (GUI presentation services
Application server (business process
services)
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Electronic MailElectronic Mail
Critical network applicationCritical network application even grandmothers have E-mail these days...even grandmothers have E-mail these days...
Fast and convenientFast and convenient companies see strong benefits from E-mail companies see strong benefits from E-mail
interactioninteraction• among employeesamong employees• between employees and customersbetween employees and customers
Enables use of distribution listsEnables use of distribution lists much like [email protected] like [email protected]
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Fault Tolerance OptionsFault Tolerance Options
Recovery from hard disk failuresRecovery from hard disk failures Recovery from lost data in a fileRecovery from lost data in a file Recovery from system configuration errorsRecovery from system configuration errors Protection from power outagesProtection from power outages Advanced warning about system and Advanced warning about system and
hardware problemshardware problems Recovery from network connectivity failuresRecovery from network connectivity failures
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Server File SystemsServer File Systems
File allocation table (FAT) file systemFile allocation table (FAT) file system NT file system (NTFS)NT file system (NTFS)
NT also allows conversion of the High NT also allows conversion of the High Performance File System (HPFS) to Performance File System (HPFS) to NTFSNTFS
eases transition from OS/2eases transition from OS/2
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FAT File SystemFAT File System
Based on the use of a Based on the use of a ffile ile aallocation llocation ttableable, a , a flat table that records the blocks used to flat table that records the blocks used to store the data contained in each file on a store the data contained in each file on a diskdisk
blocks - units of disk storageblocks - units of disk storage
Used by several operating systems (MS-Used by several operating systems (MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows NT)DOS, Windows 95, Windows NT)
Does not support advanced security and Does not support advanced security and auditingauditing
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Advantages of FATAdvantages of FAT
Simple system, supported by many Simple system, supported by many small computer operating systemssmall computer operating systems
Low operating system overheadLow operating system overhead Supports partitions up to 4 GBSupports partitions up to 4 GB
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Disadvantages of FATDisadvantages of FAT
Can become corrupted over time as Can become corrupted over time as files are spread among disjointed files are spread among disjointed allocation units, and pointers to each allocation units, and pointers to each unit are lostunit are lost
Does not offer many file or directory Does not offer many file or directory security or auditing optionssecurity or auditing options
Does not support long filenames (11 Does not support long filenames (11 character limit, “8 dot 3” convention)character limit, “8 dot 3” convention)
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NTFSNTFS
Native Windows NT file systemNative Windows NT file system Has a detailed directory structureHas a detailed directory structure Supports C2 security specificationsSupports C2 security specifications Supports large disks, long filenames, and Supports large disks, long filenames, and
file compressionfile compression Keeps a log of file system activityKeeps a log of file system activity Supports Portable Operating System Supports Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX)Interface (POSIX)
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HPFSHPFS
Used by the OS/2 operating systemUsed by the OS/2 operating system Not supported by Windows NT 4.0Not supported by Windows NT 4.0
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Choosing a File SystemChoosing a File System
Feature FAT NTFS
Total volume size 4 GB 2 TB
Maximum file size 4 GB 64 GB
Filename length 11 characters(except for VFAT,which supports 256)
256 characters
Security Limited securitybased on attributes
C2-rated extensivesecurity options
File compression Supported with extrautilities
Supported as partof NTFS
continued
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Choosing a File SystemChoosing a File System
Feature FAT NTFS
File activitytracking
None Tracking via a log
POSIX support None POSIX1 support
Large databasesupport
Limited Yes
Multiple diskdrives in onevolume
No Yes
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Internet Integration and Electronic Commerce
Internet Integration and Electronic Commerce
InternetInternet Global network of diverse WWW and Global network of diverse WWW and
information servers offering voice, video, information servers offering voice, video, and text data to millions of usersand text data to millions of users
Major source of commerceMajor source of commerce IntranetIntranet
Private network within an organizationPrivate network within an organization Restricted from public accessRestricted from public access
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Internet Information Server (IIS) for NT Server
Internet Information Server (IIS) for NT Server
Gives organizations ability to take Gives organizations ability to take advantage of intranet and Internet advantage of intranet and Internet softwaresoftware
Index ServerIndex Server: Built-in service which : Built-in service which automatically indexes information automatically indexes information created for intranet access within a created for intranet access within a companycompany
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Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
Windows NT Server is an operating Windows NT Server is an operating system meant for networking.system meant for networking. Provides more options for network Provides more options for network
productivity and growthproductivity and growth Offers many resource options for shared Offers many resource options for shared
folders, printers, and other resourcesfolders, printers, and other resources Provides network management facilities Provides network management facilities
through domains and groupsthrough domains and groups Has built-in protection from crashesHas built-in protection from crashes
continued
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Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
NT Server enables scalability and NT Server enables scalability and distributability.distributability. Gives options to scale up to larger and Gives options to scale up to larger and
more powerful hardwaremore powerful hardware DCOM compatibility offers solid foundation DCOM compatibility offers solid foundation
for distributed application services such as for distributed application services such as client/server applicationsclient/server applications
continued
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Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
NT Server supports FAT and NTFS.NT Server supports FAT and NTFS. Installation depends on file sizes, volume Installation depends on file sizes, volume
size, security needs, and purpose of server size, security needs, and purpose of server and number of usersand number of users
NT Server offers access to and integration NT Server offers access to and integration of Internet and intranet services through of Internet and intranet services through Microsoft’s Web server software, IIS, and Microsoft’s Web server software, IIS, and built-in Index Server service.built-in Index Server service.
