CC 302

HIGHWAY

ENGINEERING

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

POLITEKNIK KUCHING SARAWAK

Diploma in Civil Engineering

Programme Learning Outcome (PLO)

1. Explain briefly the history of road and highway

construction (C4).

2. Summarize information on construction of flexible

and rigid pavement highway to meet the quality

control requirement (C4).

3. Conduct the correct concepts of highway

engineering solution to practical problems (P4).

4. Demonstrate positive team working attributes by

contributing actively in group for laboratory tests

that yield valid results (A3).

Course Learning Outcome

1. Explain briefly the history of road and

highway construction.

2. Summarize information on construction of

flexible pavement and rigid pavement highway

to meet the quality control requirement.

3. Conduct the correct concepts of highway

engineering solution to practical problem.

4. Demonstrate positive team working

attributes by contributing actively in group

for laboratory tests that yields valid results.

SUMMARY

Introduction to Highway

Pre-Construction of Highway

Pavement Materials

Construction of Flexible Pavement Highway

Construction of Rigid Pavement Highway

Drainage

Traffic Control Equipment and Road Furniture

Flexible Pavement Design

Highway maintenance

Assessment

i. Continuous Evaluation (CE) - 100%

Practical - 7 (60%)

Theory Quiz - 2 min. (10%)

Other Assesment 2 min. (10%)

Theory Test - 2 min (20%)

i. Final Examination - 100%

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Definition- Highway Eng. is an engineering

discipline branching from civil engineering

which involves the design, construction

and maintenance of Highway System.

1.2 PROFESSION

Profession that involved in transportation

construction of road and highway:

Surveyor

Road and highway engineer

Traffic engineer

Geologist

Structural engineer

1.3 HISTORY of DEVELOPMENT of

ROADS

Early Road (Laterite Road)

Roman Road

After Roman Road Pierre Tresaguet

John Metcalf

Thomas Telford

John Macadam

Modern Road Flexible Pavement

Rigid Pavement

a) Early Road (Laterite Road)

After invention of wheel, animal drawn

bullock carts continued to be the popular

mode of transport for quiet a long time.

The first hard surface was discovered in

Mesopotamia at about 3500 B.C.

Cross Section of Roman Road

b) Roman Road

Romans developed very elaborate

systems of roads mainly for the purpose

of military movement.

The main characteristics of Roman roads

were as follows: They were very thick 1.22 metres thick.

They were straight.

Usually made for military purposes.

Roads were not built on soft soil formations but on hard stratum reached after excavation.

c) After Roman Roads

Pierre Tresaguet

John Metcalf

Thomas Telford

John Macadam

Cross Section of Pierre Tresaguet

Pierre Tresaguet

The main characteristics of Tresaguets

design were:

Improved the drainage by the formation convex.

Thickness of road was about 30 cm.

Wearing surface are chamber.

He also emphasised the need for continuous maintenance of road to keep it in good

shape.

Cross section of John Metcalf

John Metcalf

The main characteristics of John Metcalf s

design were:

Drainage is important to maintain strength

of road.

The strength of road depend to the stability

of foundation layer. Used large stone at

foundation layer.

Cross section of Thomas Telford

Thomas Telford

The main characteristics of Telfords design were:

Used big sized stones in foundation wearing from 17 22cm to develop a firm base.

Provided cross drains under foundation layer to keep the sub-grade in dry condition.

Level sub-grade on embankment or cutting was prepared in the required width.

It was essential that each stone of the base course should be laid perpendicular to the finished surface or sub-grade.

Cross section of John Macadam

John Macadam

The main characteristics of Macadams

design were:

Using entirely new concept of road construction. Recognized the importance of sub-grade compaction and

drainage.

Using a broken stone layer of few centimeter thickness can sustain much heavier load than a thick layer of big size stones.

Size of the aggregate to be used in wearing course was decided according to the requirements of the stability under the effect of

vehicles.

Subgrade was prepared and compacted to the required width of the road.

d) Modern Road

There have two types:-

Flexible pavement

Rigid pavenment

Flexible pavement

Flexible pavement structure are:

Road surface

Road base

Sub-base

Sub-grade

Rigid Pavement

Rigid pavement structure are:-

Cement concrete

Road base (optional)

Sub-base course (optional)

Sub-grade

1.4 Category of Highway in Malaysia

a. Toll Highway

b. Federal Road

c. State Road

d. Council/City Road

e. Rural Road

a. Toll Highway is supervised by Malaysia Highway Authority (LLM).

Link/cities/towns/new developments in order to

increase mobility & reduce congestion on federal

highway

For through traffic with full access control

Involve grade-separated intersection

Each carriageway consists of two to three traveling

lanes and an emergency lane

Provide facilities such as rest & relax areas, shelters for

motorcyclists, emergency phone service, etc.

e.g: PLUS, NKVE, ELITE, SPRINT, KESAS

b. Federal Road Roads that are gazetted under the Federal Road

Ordinance

Roads linking state capitals, airports, railway stations

and ports

Also includes roads within FELDA land schemes and

those in other regional land schemes constructed

with federal funds

Maintenance of these roads is responsibility of the

federal government

Maintenance is carried out through the state JKR

and funded by the federal government

c. State Road

is to join towns, cities and districts in a state.

Financial allocation is obtained from the State

Government or Federal Government.

Construction and maintenance is the

responsibility of the State Public work

Department (JKR).

d. Council/city Road

is within the jurisdiction of local

authority.

Constructed and maintained by the local

authority.

Financial allocation to construct this road

is obtained from local authority and

subsidized by the Federal Government.

e. Rural road

This road is constructed and maintained

by the District Office.

Financial allocation is obtained from the

State Government.

Usually unpaved roads with no right of

way

The organisation chart of transportation in Malaysia

1.5 Agencies that involved in highway

construction

a) Economic Planning Unit

b) Highway Planning Unit

c) Public Work Department (JKR)

d) Malaysia Highway Authority (LLM)

e) Town/City/District/Local Council

a) Economic Planning Unit

Forming & planning policies for all aspects of

socioeconomic developments for the country

The Infrastructure & Utilities Section plays a

role in

The planning, formation and evaluation of transport policies and programs

Identifying, analyzing, evaluating and coordinating all road developments plans

b) Highway Planning Unit Conducts traffic engineering studies such as traffic volume, origin-

destination, traffic growth rate, vehicle speed, accident-prone areas, etc.

Among the function of the HPU are:

Data collection of travel characteristics and traffic operations

Incorporating highway planning and land use planning

Establishing the needs of the highway sector for long-term/short-term programs

Studying the feasibilities of highway projects

Studying the causes of accidents, identifying areas prone to accidents and coming up with steps to reduce/prevent accidents.

c) Public Works Department (JKR)

JKR was established more than 90 years under the Public

Works Ministry of Malaysia.

Main service is to act as a technical advisor to the government

in project management, technical consulting services and

maintenance management services.

d) Malaysia Highway Authority (LLM)

LLM was established by the Parliament Act 231 (1980).

LLM is responsible to implement planning, construction,

supervision and monitoring all projects related to the

highway.

e) Town/City/District/Local Council

Summary of the Functions of Government Agencies

in Road & Transport Administration

1. Which one of the professions below is not

involved in construction of road and highway?

A. Geologist

B. Traffic enginer

C. Chemical engineer

D. Structural engineer

2. In the roman era, road is used as a .........

A. Military purpose

B. Trade route

C. Farming route

D. Administration route

3. using a broken stone layer of few centimeter

thickness can sustain much heavier load than a

thick layer of bif size stones

The statement above explain the road construction

concept of

A. Telforfd

B. Pierre

C. Macadam

D. Rom

THANK YOU