Introduction to highway engineering

Introduction to

Highway Engineering

A presentation GSG

Introduction to Highway Engineering

Contents:

1. Indian road sector at a glance.

2. Classification of Highways.

3. Highways Management.

Highway Planning and Development Issues.

Functional and Structural Design of Highways.

Construction Maintenance & Management of Highways.

4. Important Terminology in Highway Engineering.

5. Construction, Maintenance and Management of Highways.

6. Common Problems in Highway Roads.

7. Future of Highway Engineering in India.

8. Road Construction Techniques.

Indian Road Sector at a Glance

India’s road network - 3.3 million km - second largest in the world.

Contributes about 5 % to the GDP & Second largest investment

envisaged, after Power sector.

15 % road network carries 80 % traffic. NH, comprising about only

2 % of length, carries 40 % of the total traffic. State roads,

comprising 18 % of length, carries 40 % of the traffic.

National highway traffic growth:

NH traffic has grown between 7-10 % YoY.

Passenger traffic projected to grow by 12-15 % per annum.

Number of vehicles increasing at 30 % per annum.

NH carries 8 5% passenger traffic and 65% freight traffic.

Freight traffic is expected to grow by 18-22 % per annum.

Indian Road Sector Administration

2.12

18.06

79.81

National Highways (NH) :

Ministry of Road Transport and

Highways (MORTH).

National Highways Authority of

India (NHAI).

Border Roads Organisation.

State Highways (SH) :

State Governments.

Public Works Departments.

Road Development Corporations.

Infrastructure Development Boards.

Rural Roads :

Ministry of Rural Development.

State Governments.

Rural Road Development Agencies.

Village Panchayats.

MDR & Rural Roads

Classification of Highways

Depending on

weather

All weather roads

Fair weather roads

Depending the type of

Carriage way

Paved roads(WBM)

Unpaved roads(earth

road or gravel road)

Depending upon the

pavement surface

Surfaced roads

(bituminous or concrete

road)

Un surfaced roads

Based on the Traffic

Volume

Heavy

Medium

Light

Based on Load or

Tonnage

Class 1 or Class 2 etc

or Class A , B etc

(Tons per day)

Based on location and

function

Primary

National highway (NH)

State highway (SH)

Secondary

Major district road

(MDR)

Tertiary

Other district road

(ODR)

Village road (VR)

Expressways

Heavy traffic at high

speed (120km/hr).

Land Width (90m).

Full access control.

Connects major points

of traffic generation.

No slow moving traffic

allowed.

No loading, unloading,

parking.The Mumbai-Pune Expressway

National Highways (NH)

The Indian NH have a total

length of 70,548 kms.

NH of India cover 2% of the

total road network and carry

40% of the total traffic.

Golden Quadrilateral :-

NH project connects all 4 major

cities of India:

Delhi – Kolkata – Chennai –

Mumbai with a total network

of 5846 Kms (completed).

Other Roads in India

State Highways – (SH)

They are the arterial roads of a state, connecting up with the national

highways, district head quarters and important cities within the state.

Total length of all SH in the country is 1,37,119 Kms.

Major District Roads (MDR)

Important roads within a district serving areas of production and markets,

connecting those with each other or with the major highways.

India has a total of 4,70,000 kms of MDR.

Other district and village roads (OR & VR)

Other district roads serves rural areas and linked to MDR or SH. Village

roads connecting villages or group of villages with each other or to the

nearest road of a higher category like MDR or SH.

India has 26,50,000 kms of ODR+VR out of the total 33,15,231 kms of all

type of roads.

Highways Management

For construction of any highways, the following factors are

to be considered.

Part – I :

Highway Planning and Development Issues.

Part – II :

Functional and Structural Design of Highways.

Part – III :

Construction, Maintenance and Management of Highways.

Part – I : Highway Planning and Development Issues.

Factors determining Highway Planning and Development Issues:

Financing Highways:

Financing structure and sources of finance are the primary role of government. Since the

investment is huge, the Government with a view to encourage the private participation in

these developmental projects offered various business, models like BOOT, BOLT & BOT.

BOOT means Build Own Operate & Transfer.

BOLT means Build Own Lease & Transfer.

BOT means Build Operate & Transfer.

Access Management of Highways

Access Management (AM) is a set of techniques that are used to control access to

highways, and other roadways. The benefits of access management include improved

movement of traffic, reduced crashes, fewer vehicle conflicts and minimize interference

to traffic flow.

Highway Planning and Development Issues (Contd...)

Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway Development:

Minimizing adverse environmental impacts, can be achieved by integrating

environmental considerations into highway development planning, design,

and construction.

Highway Safety:

Design standards are essential for highway safety. The variables considered

include functional classification, volume, traffic mix, terrain, roadside

environment and character of travel.

Road Traffic Noise:

Road traffic noise, considered as one of the greatest public annoyances, is

often generated by unstable traffic. The traffic noise prediction models are

commonly designed to assist in the conception of new roads.

Part – II : Functional & Structural Design of Highways.

Highway Geometric Design:

It refers to the calculations and analyses made by transportation designers to fit

the highway to the topography of the site while meeting the safety, service and

performance standards. To meet these objective, the following considerations

have to be properly addressed in the design process.

Design speed & Design traffic

volume.

Number of lanes & Lane width.

Level of service (LOS).

Sight distance, Alignment, super-

elevation and grades.

Cross section, Horizontal and

vertical clearance.

Facilitate easy grade and curvature.

Enable ruling gradient in most

sections.

Void sudden changes in sight

distance, especially near crossings.

Avoid sharp horizontal curves.

Avoid road intersections near bend

or at the top or bottom of a hill.

Functional & Structural Design of Highways (Contd…)

Highway Design Process:

A highway designer is concerned with at least four major areas of design at

different stages of project planning and design phases:

(1) Location Design;

Location design takes place at the earlier stage of project planning. It refers to

the macro-level routing of a planned highway connecting two points through

the existing highways, communities, natural terrain.

(2) Access Design:

With all the necessary inputs like lane-use master plan, population, survey

maps, geology, ecological, biological, environmental information; and aerial

photographs, several potential routes are drawn up by the designer on a

contour map. After final approvals from competent person, the designer then

proceeds with the detailed alignment, cross sectional and access design.

Functional & Structural Design of Highways. (Contd..)

(3) Highway Alignment:

The position or lay out of centre line of the highway on the ground

is called the alignment.

It includes straight path, horizontal deviation and curves.

If there is improper alignment ,then this may lead to:

Increase in construction cost.

Increase in maintenance cost,

Increase in vehicle operation cost.

Increase in accident rate.

Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not easy to change

the alignment due to increase in cost of adjoining land and

construction of costly structure.


Factors Influencing Highway

Alignment (Requirements):

Short

Easy

Safe

Economical

Factors controlling alignment:

Obligatory points

Traffic

Geometric design

Economics

Other considerations

Factors governing alignment:

Obligatory points

Geometric design features

Precautions at river and railway

crossings

Topographical control points

Materials and constructional

features.

Additional care in hill roads:

Stability

Drainage

Geometric standards of hill roads

Resisting length

(3) Highway Alignment (Contd..)

Samples of Highway alignment


(4) Cross Sectional Design:-

The cross section of a road includes:-

Right of way.

Carriage way.

Camber or cross slope.

Kerbs.

Road margins.

Shoulders.

Parking lanes.

Bus-bays.

Service roads.

Footpath.

Important Terminology in

Highway Engineering

Right of Way

Road Way Shoulders

Drainage Kerb

Median Traffic Barrier

Part – III : Construction, Maintenance and

Management of Highways

The quality of a project Highway construction depends on material

quality, skill and commitment of the work force.

Technology, & modern machinery have raised the level of skill sets

required to understand and manage highway construction projects.

Construction of a highway today requires broad knowledge of a

number of elements which could be divided into technical and

commercial elements of the system and process, respectively.

The technical elements include materials, material quality,

installation techniques, and traffic control systems, etc.

The commercial project elements include understanding of the

contract, environmental, political, legal and public concerns.

Road Construction Techniques



Sequence of Construction Operations:

Earthwork and Subgrade Preparation.

Sub-base Construction.

Gravel Base/Surface Course Construction.

Providing Gravel Surface.

Sealing a Gravel Road.

One-Coat and Two-Coat Surface Dressing.

Providing 20 mm Bituminous Premix Carpet.

Seal Coat / Tack coat

Road Marking

Step by step process of road construction

Earthwork and Subgrade

PreparationSub-base Construction

Gravel Base/Surface Course

ConstructionProviding Gravel surface

One-Coat and Two-Coat

Surface DressingSealing a Gravel Road

Providing 20 mm Bituminous

Premix Carpet Rolling & Compaction

Seal Coating Road Marking

Finished Road in operation

Highway Maintenance Management System

Common Problems in Highway Roads:

Potholes

Pavement Unevenness

Raveling

Rutting

Slippage Cracking

Alligator Cracking

Reflective Cracking

Shrinkage Cracking

Common Problems in Highway Roads

Pot Holes Pavement Unevenness


Raveling Rutting


Slippage Cracking Alligator Cracking


Reflective Cracking Shrinkage Cracking

Highway Maintenance Management System

Highway maintenance has the following objectives:

The repair of the functional pavement defects.

Prolonging the functional and structural life of the

pavement.

Maintaining road safety and signage.

Keeping the road reserve in an acceptable condition.

Types of Highway Maintenance:

Preventive maintenance

Remedial maintenance

Emergency maintenance

Future of Highway Engineering in India

The construction of highways had reached an all-time high of 6,029

km during FY 2015-16, and the increased pace is expected to

continue for the coming years.

NHAI plans 50,000-km road projects worth $250 billion (about Rs 17

lakh crores) in next six years.

The Road, Transport and Highways Ministry has decided to use

new materials and techniques in highway projects on experimental

basis to promote innovation in construction of roads.

This may also result in saving in life cycle cost of road construction

as compared to road construction using conventional materials.

The use of latest equipment would also result in saving in

construction period,

Thank You