Chap1 - Sustainable Biodiesel Alliancesustainablebiodieselalliance.com/doc/sustainablepalmoil.pdf · days of its operations in the plantation industry, ... are proud to share our

Preface by the Group Chief Executive Golden Hope

Plantations Berhad

Golden Hope Plantations Berhad

Golden Hope – Land Use and Management

Zero Burning Replanting Technique

Integrated Pest Management

Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

Application as a Nutrient Source in Oil Palm

Water Management

Biodiversity

High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF)

Commitment to Local Communities

Quality Assurance

Selected Bibliography

C O N T E N T Si

1

4

7

10

13

15

19

22

25

28

30

ii

Golden Hope Sustainable Palm Oil Practices i

Since the end of World War II, world agriculture has seendramatic changes. Owing to the advent of newtechnologies, particularly in the use of agrochemicals,synthetic fertilizers and mechanisation, crop productivityhas soared. In the 1950s to 1960s, this formula foragriculture seemed infallible until undesirable side-effects of top soil depletion, groundwater contamination,secondary pesticide poisoning and pest resistanceforced a re-think. This could be said to be a blessing forthe then budding oil palm industry in Malaysia for themistakes made and consequences faced by agriculturein other regions of the world were given cognizance.Attempts have been made since the 1970s by the industryto ensure adoption of agricultural practices that protectthe environment. This alone, however is not sufficientas since the 1980s, there is a growing movementworldwide towards sustainable agriculture. Sustainableagriculture is not just environmentally sound landmanagement practices but an integration of the threemain goals of environmental health, economicprofitability and social responsibility – what that is nowpopularly termed the triple bottom line of People, Profitsand Planet. This means that modern agriculture mustnow be more encompassing, with stewardship of naturaland human resources being equally important aseconomic viability. These efforts must also meetinternational standards if agricultural products are toremain competitive and acceptable.

I am pleased to state that Golden Hope, from the earliestdays of its operations in the plantation industry, has beenin the forefront of formulating and promoting practicesthat lead to sustainability of its business. Golden Hopewas a pioneer in the development of efficient effluenttreatment systems in its oil mills that resulted indischarges that are well below permissible BOD intowaterways. Such environmental stewardship is bolsteredby efficient utilization of mill by-products like emptyfruit bunches (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME)as organic manure, thus re-cycling what are otherwisepollutants into the oil palm eco-system.

Not being satisfied with successful “end-of-pipe” wastetreatment systems, Golden Hope has also developedcommercially viable environmentally sound agriculturalpractices like integrated pest management, watermanagement, soil conservation practices and zeroburning replanting. The last is perhaps the contributionthat has garnered greatest recognition with Golden Hopebeing admitted in 1992 into the prestigious UNEP Global500 Roll of Honour for outstanding achievement inprotection and improvement of the environment.

Golden Hope’s environmental stewardship does not endhere and we are now actively implementing policies thatfurther protect and conserve the environment. Salientexamples include the company’s policy of conservingand even enhancing biodiversity through theestablishment of nature reserves and high conservationvalue forests. Such conservation efforts are not ad hoc in

nature, but well planned through the conduct ofenvironment impact assessment studies in GoldenHope’s new plantation projects.

All of the above are carried out with equal commitmenttowards the welfare of employees of the Company aswell as the local communities of our areas of operation.In all of our plantations, adequate housing, amenitiesand medical facilities are assured as are our socialresponsibility in offering opportunities for academic andon-the-job training. Additionally, all eligible employeescan become shareholders of the Company throughparticipation in share option schemes.

Quality of the fore-going activities as well as the entirepalm oil production chain is assured by Golden Hope’sTotal Quality & Environment Management System(TQEMS). This system ensures quality through variousquality management certifications, methodologies andaccreditations. A system of enabling involving trainingand monitoring and constant improvement through bothinternal and external auditing is well established toensure success of the system.

Sustainability of a business also means that it must beprofitable after meeting the requisite environmental andsocial obligations. I am glad to highlight that GoldenHope has done very well on this score, with the Companyregistering a PBT of RM 360.3 million in 2003.

Details of all of the above initiatives and practices aredescribed in the respective chapters of this booklet. Weare proud to share our experiences in these endeavourswith you and it is my sincere hope that after reading thisbooklet, you will agree with me that palm oil productionin Golden Hope is a sustainable process and the businessvery much reflect the definition of sustainability of“development that meet the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs”.

Hj. Sabri AhmadGroup Chief ExecutiveMarch 2004

PREFACE BY THE GROUP CHIEF EXECUTIVEGOLDEN HOPE PLANTATIONS BERHAD

Golden Hope Plantations Berhad is a leadingMalaysian corporation listed in the Kuala LumpurStock Exchange with more than 17,000shareholders and over 20,000 employees. Havingestablished a strong foundation in the plantationsector since 1903, the group has developed into adiversified conglomerate, involved in four dynamicbusiness sectors: Agribusiness, Property, Industriesand International Business.

In all its business operations, Golden Hope isguided by strong commitment towards protectionand conservation of the environment. In line withits Environment Policy and the InternationalChamber of Commerce Business Charter forSustainable Development, Golden Hope has takensignificant steps to ensure that the Group’sbusinesses are sustainable, this being defined as“development that meet the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs”. Thispublication highlights practices that contributesignificantly towards this aim, with particularemphasis being given to palm oil production.

This booklet provides information on thesustainable practices for oil palm cultivation. Theobservations and procedures have been based onresearch and commercial practices under the

GOLDEN HOPEPLANTATIONS BERHAD

For further copies or information, please contact:

Deputy General Manager,

Public Affairs & Communications,

Golden Hope Plantations Berhad,

P.O. Box 11043,

50734 Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.

Tel. (603) 21619022 Fax: (603) 21635484

March 2004

conditions within Golden Hope. As theeffectiveness of the practices may vary withdifferent situations and locations as well asmanagement practices, it may be prudent to verifythem under local conditions before large scaleapplication is contemplated.

The publication of this booklet has been madepossible by many individuals in Golden Hope.Special thanks are due to Dr. Ho Cheng Tuck, Tn.Hj. Khairudin Hashim, Dr. Mohd Hashim Tajudin,En. Jamaluddin Nasir, En. Yosri Siran and En.Ahmad Zamri Md Yusof for their contributions tothe various sections of this publication. Sincerethanks and recognition also go to the Managers ofestates and palm oil mills, engineers in E&TDepartment, researchers in Research andDevelopment, Mill and Plantation Advisers andemployees who have contributed either directly orindirectly in making the implementation of thesustainable practices a reality.

Golden Hope Sustainable Palm Oil Practicesii

Golden Hope Sustainable Palm Oil Practices 1

Of Golden Hope’s business sectors of Agribusiness,Property, Industries and International Business,Agribusiness contributes up to 79% of the Group’sprofits. This underscores the importance of thisbusiness to the Company.

A total of 132,118 hectares of land is cultivated byGolden Hope, of which 90%, 9% and 1% are plantedwith oil palm, rubber and other crops (e.g., cocoa,coconuts, guava and rattan) respectively. It is thusclear that palm products will remain the corecontributor towards profitability of Agribusinessin the foreseeable future (Plate 1).

GOLDEN HOPE –LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT

Golden Hope’s Environmental Policy plays aninherent part in the day-to-day running ofAgribusiness and is paramount towards ensuringits sustainability. Through this policy, eco-friendlyplantation best practices such as those describedin the subsequent parts of this publication havebeen developed and are routinely practised.

The planning of sustainable development isperhaps just as important as its retro-activeimplementation in the establishment of plantations.Golden Hope was one of the first plantation groupsin Malaysia to conduct a full Environment Impact

Plate 1: Oil palm covers 90% of Golden Hope Plantation Berhad’s total planted hectarage

Golden Hope Sustainable Palm Oil Practices2

Plate 3: Recreational forest being retained around the Desa Lavang Housing Project in line with Golden Hope’s 21st CenturyPlantation Development Model

Plate 2: Golden Hope was a pioneer in the use of Environmental ImpactAssessment studies as a master plan for land and environmentmanagement in new oil palm plantation projects

Assessment (EIA) before commencement ofthe development of the Lavang Oil PalmProject from logged-over forest at Bintulu,Sarawak in 1995 (Plate 2). Accordingly, thefollowing features were incorporated into this21st Century Plantation Development Model:

1. Retention of a 70 hectare recreationalforest surrounding the Desa LavangHousing Complex to create awareness onthe important roles of the forest,particularly in maintaining biodiversityand mitigating pollution, amongemployees, dependents and visitors (Plate

3).

2. Hill slopes greater than 25o are retainedunder natural forest cover to serve asreserves for natural enemies of oil palmpests as well as conserve flora and faunaof natural importance or interest (Plate 4).

3. Riparian reserves are maintained for theabove purpose as well as to minimise soilrun-off and serve as a filtration system topreserve water quality entering rivers(Plate 5). There are about 170 hectares of


such buffer stripsretained in theLavang Oil PalmProject.

In addition,developing land inphases, earlyestablishment oflegume covers,construction ofretention ponds, silttraps, terraces andplatforms andpractice of integratedpest management(IPM) has resulted inmaintenance of good

river water quality. This has been verified throughquarterly monitoring of water quality andenvironmental performance since inception of theproject (Plate 6).

The effects of land development and agriculturalactivities on the environment in general and riverwater quality in particular is now well understood.This now serves as the benchmark for future landdevelopment projects in Golden Hope as well asthe oil palm industry.

Plate 4: Natural forests are retained on steep hillslopes for soil, flora and fauna conservation

Plate 5: Riparian reserves serve as an important filtration systemto preserve water quality of rivers

Plate 6: Water quality is regularly monitored to ascertain environmentalperformance of a plantation development project


ZERO BURNINGREPLANTING TECHNIQUE

Zero burning replanting is a practical and environmentally sound technique that has been adopted andimplemented by Golden Hope since 1989, the Company being the first to introduce the technique to theplantation industry. To date, more than 80,000 hectares of oil palm have been replanted using this technique.This is the best option to the previous burning practices and is suitable for converting other crops such ascocoa, rubber and coconut into oil palm cultivation. The zero burning replanting technique is a practice inwhich the old and uneconomical stands of oil palm and other tree crops are felled and shredded and left todecompose in situ (Plates 7 & 8). A typical stacking pattern for oil palm to oil palm zero burning replanting

is as in Figure 1. This technique also allows allplant tissues to be recycled, enhancing soilorganic matter. This will invariably help torestore and improve soil fertility. The biomassof the palm residue through decompositionrecycles nutrients into the soil and reduces theinput of inorganic fertilizers (Table 1). The returnof organic matter also improves the physical andchemical properties of the soil. In contrast withthe clean-clearing method where the old standsare burned, the zero burning technique allowsreplanting to be done without violating the

Plate 7: Shredding of old oil palm stand during zero burning replanting of the field

Plate 8: Zero burning replanting can be carried out on (1) oil palm, (2) rubberand (3) cocoa/coconut fields


Environmental Quality (Clean Air)Regulations 1978. Besides being non-polluting, it also contributes positivelytowards efforts in minimising globalwarming. The technique has also beendeveloped for the planting of oil palm fromlogged-over forest (Plate 9).

In recognition of the commercial scaledevelopment and adoption of thisenvironmentally friendly practice, GoldenHope Plantations Berhad was admitted tothe United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) Global 500 Roll ofHonour on World Environment Day in June1992 in Rio de Janeiro (Plate 10). The Global500 award was launched by UNEP in 1987to honour outstanding achievements inprotection and improvement of theenvironment.

In summary, the zero burning replantingtechnique offers the following benefits:

1. It allows complete return of organicmatter to the soil. This helps topreserve, restore and improve soilfertility and chemical and physicalproperties of the soil.

2. The fallow period is reducedconsiderably because the new stand isplanted simultaneously with felling orshredding operations.

Figure 1: Stacking patterns of shredded palm debris for different intensities ofsubsidiary drains

Table 1: Available nutrients from palm residues at replanting

Plate 9: Zero burning was also successfully implemented in oil palmplanting from logged-over forest

Plate 10: Golden Hope was elected to the UNEP Global 500 Roll ofHonour for the commercialisation of the zero burningtechnique


3. Felling/clearing will no longer be dependenton the vagaries of weather. In the past, wetweather often delayed burning and thusreplanting. Such delays are now avoided.

4. In the absence of burning, the cost of landclearing is substantially cheaper.

5. Zero burning is non-polluting, contributespositively towards minimising globalwarming, and complies with environmentallegislation.

The above benefits is conservatively estimated tobring about RM 1,070 to RM 1,415 savings perhectare in replanting cost. The avoidance ofenvironment pollution is another benefit thatcannot possibly be quantified in monetary terms.

The threat often posed by zero burning replantingis the outbreak of the rhinoceros beetle Oryctes

rhinoceros due to the presence of large quantities ofdecomposing biomass which are ideal breedinggrounds of the pest (Plate 11). Nevertheless,shredding of plant tissues and early establishmentof leguminous cover crops have been found tosignificantly reduce viability of breeding sites. Morerecently, particularly in flat coastal replants,stacking of plant debris in close-ended trenches wasexperienced to further reduce beetle outbreaks(Plate 12). This is due to the wet to water-loggedconditions in the trenches making the debrisunconducive for Oryctes to breed.

In situations where damage persisted despite theabove, a combination of the integrated use ofpheromone traps, selective pyrethroid insecticideapplication and release of biopathogens likebaculovirus of Oryctes and Metarhizium anisopliae

have invariably brought about control of outbreaks(Plate 13).

Plate 11: The rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros is a serious pestin zero burning replants as decomposing debris are idealbreeding grounds

Plate 12: Cultural practices like depositing debris in close-endedtrenches (left) and planting of thick leguminous cover crops(right) are effective first line of action for reducing Oryctespopulations in zero burning replants

Plate 13: Biological control of Oryctes by use of pheromone traps,virus and Metarhizium fungus


Integrated pest management (IPM) is essentiallythe utilisation of all suitable techniques andmethods of pest control in an as compatible amanner as possible to suppress pest levels tobelow those causing economic injury. By thismethod, over-dependence on any one method,e.g., the use of pesticides, is avoided, leading tocontrol being more sustainable. Components ofIPM encompass cultural, physical, chemical andbiocontrol methods.

Since the early 1980s, intensified research intoIPM at Golden Hope has yielded encouragingresults in the control of insect and rodent pestsin oil palm. Advances have also been made inthe management of Ganoderma basal stem rot inthe crop.

Control of Oryctes rhinoceros

Oryctes rhinoceros, as has been indicated inthe section on zero burning, is a severe pestin such replants. A combination of fore-described cultural, chemical and biologicalcontrol is now being used in an integratedmanner to successfully manage outbreaks ofthe pest.

Bagworms and Nettle Caterpillars

Bagworms and nettle caterpillars areopportunistic pests that can devastate largeareas of oil palm if not detected and treatedearly (Plate 14). Early detection is achieved inGolden Hope by carrying out regular inspectionand counting of pest numbers in the field (Plate 15).Action is taken to control the pests by use ofselective insecticide application, e.g., trunk injectionor spot spraying with pyrethroid or Bacillus

thuringiensis formulations once when an economicthreshold level of pest population is exceeded.

INTEGRATEDPEST MANAGEMENT

More proactively, methods of direct or indirectbiological control are utilised. Direct biocontrolinvolves the use of non-occluded spherical andgranulosis viruses and Cordyceps

entomopathogenic fungi for control of nettlecaterpillars. Predatory pentatomid bugs such as

Plate 14: Bagworms and nettle caterpillars are serious defoliating pests of oilpalm

Plate 15: Regular census is vital towards early detection and treatment ofleaf pests


Cantheconidea furcellata and Platynopus melacanthus

are also mass bred for release into fields (Plates 16

& 17).

Indirect biocontrol is achieved by the cultivationof nectariferous plants like Euphorbia heterophylla,Cassia cobanensis, Antigonon leptopus and Turnera

subulata in and around infested fields (Plate 18).These plants encourage populations of parasitoidsand predators of bagworms and nettle caterpillars

by providing them withnectar and shelter. Theincreased populations ofnatural enemies would inturn exert biocontrol on thepests.Rat Control

Rats, if uncontrolled, canbring about at least 5% lossof crop in oil palm (Plate 19).These pests weretraditionally controlled withpoison baits with potentialundesirable secondaryeffects.

Golden Hope has since the 1980s embarked on theuse of the barn owl Tyto alba for biocontrol of rats(Plate 20). By setting up owl boxes at an intensityof 1 box per 10 hectares of oil palm in a regulargrid, success in biocontrol was achieved. Owls have

Plate 16: The predatory bug Platynopus melacanthusfeeding on a nettle caterpillar

Plate 17: Mass breeding ofpredatory bugsfor release into thefield

Plate 18: Beneficial plants encourage biocontrol of oil palm leaf pestsby providing food and shelter for natural enemies of thepests

Plate 20: Populations of the barn owl Tyto alba are encouraged bysetting up nesting boxes in the field

Plate 19: Uncontrolled rat damage can result in more than 5% lossin oil palm crop


been recorded to suppress fresh fruit damage byrats to below the economic threshold of 5% for thepast 12 years without having to use rodenticidebaits (Figure 2).

timely removal of infected palms in existing standshave brought about effective management ofdisease inoculum. In prime-aged infected palms,soil mounding have been shown to prolongproductive life of such palms (Plate 22).

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have recentlybeen experienced to be able to confer protection tonursery inoculated palms that were subsequentlyplanted in Ganoderma endemic fields (Plate 23).Wide-scale use of AMF is expected to further delayif not prevent infection of palms replanted on fieldspreviously devastated by Ganoderma.

The fore-going IPM practices have clearly freedGolden Hope oil palm plantings from over-dependence on the use of pesticides. This hasgreatly increased sustainability of oil palmcultivation in the company.

Plate 21: Basal stem rot in oil palm is caused by the fungusGanoderma boninense. Under severe infestationsituations, more than 50% of the oil palm stand can belost

Plate 22: Soil mounding helps to prolong the productive life ofGanoderma infected palms

Plate 23: Inoculation of nursery seedlings with arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (left) brings about increased vigour ofseedlings and protection from Ganoderma infection whenplanted out in the field

Figure 2: Owl occupancy and fresh fruit damage by ratswith time of barn owl box establishment

Ganoderma Basal Stem Rot

The basal stem rot (BSR) of oil palm caused byGanoderma boninense is the most serious disease ofoil palm in Malaysia (Plate 21). Under severeinfestation situations, more than 50% of oil palmstand can be lost to the malady.

In Golden Hope, effective cultural and biologicalcontrol methods have been developed to managethe disease. For the former, the proper deboling andshredding of oil palm debris during replanting and


PALM OIL MILLEFFLUENT TREATMENT

Effluent Generation

Golden Hope Plantations operate 17 palm oil milleffluent (POME) treatment plants to cater for allthe raw effluent produced (Plate 24).Approximately 0.65 tonnes of raw POME isproduced for every tonne of fresh fruit bunches(FFB) processed. In 2003, a total of 2,106,956 tonnesof FFB were processed, resulting in 1,369,521 tonnesof POME being produced.

POME is a co-product of the mechanical pressingof palm fruits during production of crude palm oil.There is no addition of chemicals except water orsteam in this process. Raw POME comprises of

water-soluble components of the palm fruits as wellas some suspended materials like palm fibre andoil. These components are non-toxic in nature.However, POME cannot be discharged into thewatercourse directly. This is because raw POME isacidic and has very high biochemical oxygendemand (BOD). The pH and BOD of raw POME isabout 4.0 and 25,000 to 40,000 mg/l respectively.Raw POME must thus be treated to acceptablequality before it can be discharged into thewatercourse for land application.

The characteristics of POME are presented in Table

2.

Plate 24: A typical Golden Hope palm oil mill. Efficient effluent treatment is essential for sustained operation


Golden Hope Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment

Systems

The following effluent treatment systems areutilised in Golden Hope.

Anaerobic Digestion System

Generally, Golden Hope palm oil mill effluenttreatment plants (ETPs) are operated on a two-phase anaerobic digestion process followed byextended aeration process. This two-phaseanaerobic process gives excellent pollutantdestruction efficiency of above 95% while extendedaeration ensures that the final pollutant levels inthe effluent are within the stipulated limits set bythe Department of Environment (DOE).

In the anaerobic digestionprocess (Plate 25), the rawPOME is first converted intovolatile fatty acids by acid-forming bacteria. The volatileacids are then converted intomethane and carbon dioxide.

The advantages of the GoldenHope anaerobic digestionsystem are:1. The two phase system

allows greater control ofdigester environmentalconditions.

2. Long solid retention timesallow better biodegradationefficiencies.

3. Additional settling of liquor ensures minimumloading to the aerobic process.

4. There is capability to cope with full effluentload, regardless of fluctuation.

Extended Aerobic Process

In the Golden Hope extended aerobic system, theanaerobic liquor is aerated to further reduce theBOD content (Plate 26). In addition to providingoxygen, the floating aerators also ensure completemixing is achieved and the pond contents arealways in suspension. In this process, levels ofbeneficial micro-organisms are increased which inturn hasten the conversion of pollutants into carbondioxide, water and energy. The aerobic suspension

Table 2: Characteristics of palm oil mill effluent

Plate 25: Anaerobic digestion is carried out in concrete tanks for bettercontrol of the process

Plate 26: Surface aeration of extended aeration system ensures finaldischarge quality that complies with DOE limits


Golden Hope Composting System

The composting system offers an effective solutionto the oil palm industry’s perennial problem ofwaste disposal. The composting system utilises100% POME and EFB and uses a technicallyadvanced method to convert these waste mattersinto compost. EFB are firstly shredded using a highspeed hammer mill and then stacked intowindrows of 1.5 meter high by 45 meter length inan open field. POME with BOD levels less than10,000 ppm is then pumped from the pond andsprayed onto these windrows at a specified rate at3 days intervals. The windrows are turned regularlyusing a windrow-turner for better mixing andaeration (Plate 29). Composting accelerants aresprayed once at the start of the process to acceleratethe composting process. Throughout thecomposting process, the windrows are covered byan air-permeable covering to avoid drenching byheavy rain and to prevent leaching of nutrients(Plate 30). The covering is crucial for the control oftemperature and moisture content, two key factorsthat affect the speed of composting and quality ofthe end product. The compost is mature after 70days and is ready for use. The compost, when usedin sufficient quantity, is capable of replacing 66%of chemical fertilizers.

is allowed to settle in a settling tank to ensureproduction of a fairly clean supernatant.

The main advantages of the Golden Hope extendedaerobic system are its high BOD removal efficiencyand low solids yield.

Golden Hope Ponding System

The raw effluent is treated using a ponding systemcomprising of three phases, i.e., anaerobic,facultative, and algae processes. Although thesystem takes a longer retention time of 90 days, itis less sensitive to environmental changes, stable,efficient and could guarantee excellent pollutantbiodegradation efficiency of above 95% (Plate 27).

Golden Hope Bioreactor System

This is a simple and innovative bioreactor processthat is capable of treating POME efficiently (Plate

28). The system is superior to the conventionalsystem as it operates with very short hydraulicretention times, takes high organic loading, requiresless space and is more environmentally friendly.

Plate 29: Regular turning of compost maintains theright amount of oxygen and moisture

Plate 27: The ponding system effluent treatment plant at GiramOil Mill

Plate 28: The bioreactor system at Chersonese Oil Mill couldguarantee BOD levels of below 20 ppm

Figure 30:The compost windrow piles arecovered with air-permeable coveringto prevent drenching by heavy rainand leaching of nutrients


PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) ANDEMPTY FRUIT BUNCH APPLICATION AS ANUTRIENT SOURCE IN OIL PALM

Oil palm plantations produce large amounts of by-products, particularly POME (treated) and EFB atthe rate of 0.1 and 0.2 tonnes respectively for everytonne of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processed. In2003, a total of 2,106,956 tonnes of FFB wereprocessed, resulting in 211,000 tonnes of treatedPOME and 421,000 tonnes of EFB being produced.These by-products are good sources of plant

nutrients and they are recycled into the fields asorganic fertilizers.

Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains organicmatter and plant nutrients which are excellentsubstitutes for inorganic fertilizer (Table 3). In viewof its proven value, POME produced by all Golden

Hope palm oil mills is fullyrecycled as manure.

The effluent fractions that aremost suitable for landapplication are the digesterbottom solids and the aerobicpond solids. Severalmethods of land applicationof POME are available. Theseinclude application throughflat beds/long beds, furrowirrigation, sprinkler andtractor-tanker system (Plates

31 & 32). Of these, the tractor-tanker system effectivelycomplements the Golden

Plate 32: The tractor-tanker system of POME application. This system ispredominantly used at Golden Hope owing to its compatibilitywith ETP operations

Table 3: Type of treated POME and their composition

Plate 31: Furrow irrigation of oil palm field with POME


Hope effluent treatment plants and is thuspredominantly used at Golden Hope.

Raw POME is high in BOD and acidic with pH ofaround 4.0. After treatment, the pH is raised toaround 8 and BOD is lowered. In terms of nutrientvalue, anaerobic sludge of treated POME containshigh plant nutrients. Application of anaerobicsludge in the oil palm fields is carried out usingthe tractor-tanker system at the rate of 360 and 550litres/palm/year for coastal and inland soilsrespectively. In terms of fertilizer value, thisapplication is equivalent to 1.96 kg urea, 1.83 kgChristmas Island Rock Phosphate (CIRP), 1.45 kgMuriate of Potash (MOP), 2.30 kg kieserite forcoastal and 2.99 kg urea, 2.80 kg CIRP, 2.22 kg MOP,3.5 kg kieserite for inland soils.

Empty Fruit Bunch

Empty fruit bunches (EFB), besides being rich inplant nutrients, also improve soil physical andchemical properties in the following manner whenused as a mulch.1. Increases soil organic matter content.2. Improves soil structure.3. Increases infiltration and aeration.4. Reduces run-off.5. Improves soil water retention.

6. Increases soil micro fauna activity.7. Increases cation exchange capacity.8. Reduces soil temperature fluctuation.

In view of this, all Golden Hope estates that haveaccess to EFB supply from their own orneighbouring oil mills are encouraged to carry outmulching with EFB. As EFB mulching incursadditional cost, its benefits should be maximisedby giving priority to areas with poorer growingconditions, e.g., lateritic and sandy areas.

Mulching is carried out at a rate of 250 kg EFB/palm/year. In terms of fertilizer value, one tonneof EFB is equivalent to 8 kg urea, 2.9 kg CIRP, 18.3kg MOP and 4.7 kg kieserite. The evacuation of EFBfrom oil mill to the field is by tractor-trailer wherethe EFB is side-tipped to the “station” between thepalms along the harvester’s paths (Plates 33 & 34).In estates where rail transportation is available, theloco/wagons/tractor system is the most suitablefor transporting and spreading of EFB. EFBmulching is carried out once a year.

Composting

With the development of the composting systemin Golden Hope, the fore-described application ofPOME and EFB is expected to be gradually phasedout in favour of the more easily handled compost.

Plate 34: EFB are heaped at regular “stations” along harvester’spaths. Such placement ensures even distribution of recyclednutrients

Plate 33: EFB are transported by tractor-trailer to the field


WATERMANAGEMENT

Water management is a very important aspect ofoil palm cultivation. Deficit or surplus of waterwould create stress to oil palm and adversely affectyield of the crop. To realise full oil palm yieldpotential, focus should thus be given to ensuringadequate water and moisture in the soil throughoutthe year in tandem with other agronomic practices.

In Golden Hope, water management is aimed atachieving the following goals:1. Minimising impact of drought and floods.

2. Optimising utilisation of rainwater and freshwater from streams.

3. Maximising utilisation of effluent and EFBfrom the oil mill.

4. Minimising impact of salt-water incursion andacidity level.

Water management in Golden Hope is basicallydivided into three main categories according to thenature of the problem. These are management of

fresh water, management of tidal water andmoisture conservation on undulating and hillyareas.

Management of Fresh Water in Flat and

Coastal Soils

Management of fresh water in flat and coastalsoils is aimed at maintaining water of goodquality for oil palm growth, i.e., water withpH more than 4.5 and salinity level lower than1000 µs/cm. This is obtained by minimisingthe effect of floods, water-logging and incertain instances to reduce hyper-acidityconditions in acid sulphate soils (Plate 35).

In flat areas with a high water table, drainageis very important to remove excess water in

order for oil palm roots to proliferate the entire soilprofile rather than being restricted to the upperlayer as otherwise roots may be unable to supplythe needs of the palms during sustained dryweather. In non-acid sulphate soils, the water tableis retained between 60 cm – 90 cm below groundsurface at all times as long as possible, whereas inacid sulphate soil the water table should bemaintained above the pyretic layer (Plate 36). Inorder to achieve the desired water-level, the

Plate 35: Strategically placed and maintained water gates are crucialfor controlling water levels in coastal estates

Plate 36: Weirs are simple yet effective in controlling water level infields


minimum drain intensity required is at least onedrain to every eight rows of palm and the intensitycould be further increased to one in every four orone in every two rows of palms depending on theneed.

Another practice to conserve water and avoid/reduce flash floods in flat coastal areas is throughcreation of water bodies. Water bodies can be eitherin the form of silt pits or close-ended trenches (Plate

37). The trenches would store water during wetseasons and is connected to collection drains bypolypipes for discharging excess water. Thepolypipes are installed 45 cm below ground levelin acid sulphate soils and 60 cm in non-acidsulphate soils.

Fresh water retention in drains will reduce salinewater incursion due to the driving force ofhydraulic gradient from the water. Installing drainblocks or sluice gates at strategic points wouldachieve efficient water retention and release (Plate

38). This is particularly important on acid sulphatesoils where periodic flushing to reduce the salinityand acid concentration in the drain water isessential. During the wet season, all drain blocksand sluice gates are opened at intervals to allowflushing of poor quality water. It is thus importantfor drain blocks and sluice gates to be set in placewell before the dry season to retain the fresh waterto a required level. Proper maintenance of theblocks and gates thus needs no further emphasis.

In areas where bunds are constructed to keep outtidal water, bund side drains are also constructedto act as a catchment and thus buffer to avoid salinewater incursion. Such drains are constructed about4 m away from the bund to catch saline water ifbund leakages occur. Such buffer drains are directlyconnected to the bund outlet without any link tofield drains.

Plate 37: Close-ended trenches are used for conserving water in fields

Plate 38: Prefabricated metal drain blocks can be quickly installed tocontrol field water levels


Management of Fresh Water in Undulating/Hilly/

Inland Soils

Water conservation on undulating, hilly, or inlandsoils is much more critical compared to coastal soils.Management of fresh water in inland soil is not onlyto serve the purpose of conserving soil moisturebut also to minimise soil erosion and nutrientlosses. Large amount of nutrients can be washedaway with sediments during wet weather throughrunoff, thus gradually depleting nutrientconcentration in the soil. Therefore, propercontrol measures must be adopted in orderto minimise such losses.

Silt-pits are constructed to trap watersediments from surface runoff (Plate 39).These pits are dug near the roadside ormechanical terrace path and placed at 20 mto 30 m intervals depending on the degreeof slopes and seriousness of the erosion. Thedepth of the pits should not be more than 1m to enable the conserved water to be fullyutilised by the palms.

Foothill drains are a form of trenchconstructed at the fringes of hills where theslope or gradient changes abruptly. Waterfrom surface runoff will be trapped in thedrains during the rainy days. This drain actsas a breaker for surface runoff as well asconserving moisture.

Frond stacking is carried out to minimisethe velocity of water runoff down hill slopesand to conserve water through mulching.The cut fronds are normally stacked alongthe palm avenues across the slope.

Leguminous cover crops (LCC) assist soilconservation and moisture retention by:1. Interception of rainfall by absorbing the energy

of the raindrops and thus reducing runoff.

2. Retarding erosion by decreasing surfacevelocity.

3. Physically restraining soil movement.

4. Improvement of soil aggregation and porosity.

5. Increasing biological activity in the soil.

Plate 39: Silt-pits are made along terraces to trap water and sediments to reduceerosion


Plate 41: Deep-rooting Vetiver grass is effective in preventing collapse of terraces during very wet weather

Plate 40: Leguminous cover crops help conserve water and prevent erosion in steep terrain

Normally, LCC is establishedduring land preparation forreplanting. The common LCCestablished in Golden Hopeestates include Mucuna

bracteata, Pueraria phaseoloides

and Calopogonium cearuleum.Mucuna bracteata wasintroduced and planted inGolden Hope estates in viewof its desirable characteristicsof very vigorous and densecover, deep rooting systemand superior total biomassproduction (Plate 40).

In steep terraced areas, deep-rooting Vetiver grass is usedfor soil and moistureretention (Plate 41).


BIODIVERSITY

There is a general perception thatoil palm plantations, owing tothey being monocultures, are“devoid of life”. Studies inGolden Hope have howeverindicated otherwise. In a typicalcoastal oil palm estate, a total of268 species of flora and faunahave been recorded (Table 4).

Although most of these speciesare common to the agriculturalenvironment, relatively rarespecies like the leopard cat Felis

bengalensis could be found. Birdspecies are also unexpectedlyhigh, with 61 of the 87 speciesbeing breeding residents.

Notwithstanding the inherentbiodiversity of the oil palmplantation environment, GoldenHope strives to encouragebiodiversity in its plantationsthrough the followingconservation and enhancementactivities:

Conservation

1. Carrying out zero burning. By this practice,besides contributing to a cleaner environment,soil organic matter, physical properties andfertility are also enhanced. Such practicesfurther conserve if not improve soilbiodiversity.

2. Ensuring maximum conservation of soils bycarrying out appropriate land preparationtechniques for road establishment, terracing,and construction of silt-pits and bunds (Plate

42).

Table 4: Biodiversity in a Golden Hope coastal estate

Plate 42: Zero burning and proper land preparation minimises environmentdisturbance during replanting. This helps to conserve biodiversity


3. Planting of leguminous cover crops andVetiver and Guatemala grass to enhancesoil fertility and further check soil erosion.

4. Maintenance of natural vegetationriparian border along rivers (Plate 43).

5. Maintenance of permanent green belts atstrategic locations. This includes the steepareas with more than 25o slope and otherareas marginal for oil palm planting, e.g.,wetlands and swamps (Plate 44).

6. Maintenance of water catchment areasand water bodies (Plate 45).

Enhancement

1. Crop diversification. These include theplanting of agroforestry species inforested reserves, steep or lateritic landand land near catchment areas. Wheresuitable, commercial species like teak(Tectonia grandis) (Plate 46), Sentang(Azadirachta excelsa) and bamboo

Plate 43: Besides reducing siltation of rivers, riparian borders of naturalvegetation act as wildlife refuge and corridors

Plate 44: Steep land are retained as forest reserves

Plate 45: Natural vegetation are conserved around water catchment areas topreserve water quality and biodiversity

Plate 46: A grove of teak trees planted in an oil palm estate aspart of Golden Hope’s crop diversification programme


(Bambusa spp.) are planted around and withincultivated fields. Medicinal and culinaryherbal plants are also in the process of beingdomesticated for planting in estates.

2. Soil biodiversity is enhanced by establishmentof creeping leguminous covers such as Mucuna

bracteata, Pueraria phaseoloides andCalopogonium caeruleum through soilconservation and enhancement of beneficialrhizobium interactions (Plate 47).

3. Golden Hope has now adopted the practice ofinoculating all nursery seedlings witharbuscular mycorrhizalfungi (AMF) for thepurpose of enhancingvigour and growth ofplants and increasingtolerance to infection byGanoderma basal stem rotwhen planted out in thefield. AMF inoculatedseedlings are expected toincrease levels of thebeneficial AMF organismsin the soil.

4. The planting of beneficialplants like Euphorbia

heterophylla, Cassia

cobanensis, Antigonon

leptopus and Turnera

subulata are beingaggressively pursued (Plate

48). Besides enhancing safeand natural suppression ofleaf pests in oil palm, florabiodiversity is alsoincreased.

5. Emphasis on biologicalcontrol. Whereverappropriate, use of host-specific entomopathogenslike Cordyceps, Metarhizium

and virus is implemented.These will be

complemented with release of mass-bredpredators for natural control of leaf pests likenettle caterpillars.

6. The use of the barn owl as the primary meansof rat control in oil palm. By this, use ofchemical rodenticides have been reduced by70-100% in many oil palm plantations.

By adoption of the above multi-faceted approach,greater variety of flora and fauna have beenencouraged in Golden Hope estates in asustainable manner.

Plate 48: Besides encouraging natural control of leaf pests, beneficial plants increase flora biodiversityin oil palm estates

Plate 47: Vigorous Mucuna bracteata are expected to increase soil biodiversity through soilconservation and beneficial rhizobium interactions


HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE FOREST(HCVF)

Golden Hope has with the new millenniumembarked on the development of HighConservation Value Forests (HCVFs) on estates ofthe company. HCVFs are defined as areas that haveat least one of the following attributes.1. Containing significant biological diversity

resources.

2. Containing rare, threatened or endangeredecosystems.

3. Providing basic services of nature such aswatershed management or erosion control.

4. Providing basic needs of the local community,with historical and/or cultural significance.

Within the Golden Hope estates, areas that wouldbe considered for development into HCVF are:

1. All existing natural forest areas within estates.

2. All swamp areas.

3. All riverine boundaries.

4. Water catchment and effluent pond areas.

5. Marginal soil areas.

6. Areas with slopes of more than 25o gradient.

Pilot studies on the development of HCVFs have

been initiated at Tangkah and Bradwall Estates at

Johore and Negri Sembilan respectively. The former

involved five hectares of regenerated secondary

jungle on hilly terrain and riparian reserves on the

estate bordering the Gunung Ledang Forest

Reserve (Plate 49). At Bradwall, 35 hectares of fresh-

water swampland was chosen (Plate 50).

Plate 49: Secondary forest at Tangkah Estate earmarked for development into a HCVF


In the first stage of the studies, an inventory of floraand fauna was conducted. At Tangkah, 86 speciesfrom 43 families of flowering plants were identified.On the bird population, 94 individuals wererecorded from 13 families, 18 genus and 22 species.The bird population was highest in the oil palmfields followed by forest fringes and riparianreserves. However, the diversity was highest forriparian reserves and jungle fringes followed by oilpalm and rubber environment. As for batpopulation, 249 individuals were captured. Theseindividuals were made up from 5 families, 10 genusand 12 species. Eight species of small mammalswere identified based on observations andtrapping. It was of interest to note that the SiberianBlue Robin Erithacus cyane, a migrant from NorthIndia and South China, was trapped in the junglereserve, indicating importance of even this smallplot of forest as a refuge for migratory birds (Plate

51). In addition, a rare species of Guttiferae,

Plate 50: Fresh-water swampland at Bradwall Estate holds promise as a conservation and recreation reservation

Plate 51: The migratory Siberian Blue Robin found in the TangkahEstate secondary forest reserve

Calophyllum biflorum, was found at the study site.This is the second record of the species inPeninsular Malaysia.


At the wetlands of Bradwall Estate, 80species of flora were identified, ofwhich 48 species were indicated to beof scientific and ethnobotanicalinterest (Plate 52). Twenty species ofbirds were identified, many of whichare migratory in nature. Owing to theproximity of the wetlands to the birdsanctuary of Tanjung Tuan, the studysite at Bradwall has a potential to bean alternative harbour for migratoryas well as resident breeders. Waters ofthe study area are well-stocked withfishes common to such habitat, e.g.,the snakeheads (Channa spp.), cat fish(Clarias acrocephalus), gouramy(Trichogaster pectoralis), knife fish(Notopterus notopterus), eel (Mopterus

albus) and climbing perch (Anabas

testudineus).

Futher action in development of theabove areas into HCVFs would be to:1. Ensure their conservation.

2. Enhance their attractiveness andability to sustain fauna diversityby planting food tree speciesalready endemic in the areas.

3. Encouraging resting by migratingbirds by building perches andretaining dead tall trees.

4. Convert the areas in stages intoeducation and recreation sitesfollowing Low Impact Activitypractices (Plate 53).

Plate 53: Proposed development of the Bradwall wetlands into an education and naturereserve

Plate 52: Flora of scientific and ethnobotanical interest found in the wetlands of BradwallEstate


COMMITMENT TOLOCAL COMMUNITIES

Golden Hope Plantations Berhad has19,652 employees, making the Group oneof the biggest private sector employer inMalaysia. Of these, 83% of personnel areemployed in Agribusiness, the bulk ofwhich are distributed over the Group’s78 estates throughout Malaysia andKalimantan, Indonesia. Plantations inGolden Hope are thus very importantcentres of economic and social life ofentire communities. The Company takesthis responsibility seriously and policieshave long been in place to ensure thewell-being and development of thesecommunities. These take the form of:

1. The local population of estates andsurrounding communities are givenpriority for any employmentopportunity within the properties.

2. Within the estates, amenities such ashousing (Plate 54), utilities, adequatemedical services (Plate 55), schools(Plate 56), places of worship (Plate

57), playgrounds and day-carecentres are provided for use by theemployees and their dependents.Where appropriate, social amenitiesare also extended to the surroundingpopulation.

Plate 54: Good quality accommodation are provided for employees and dependents ofGolden Hope estates

Plate 55: Medical facilities are readily available on estates

Plate 57: Places of worship are a consistent feature on all GoldenHope estates

Plate 56: A modern school at the Lavang Oil Palm Project, Bintulu


3. Company scholarships are alsoawarded annually to qualifiedstudents to pursue courses at thepre-university to university andpost-graduate level. In 2002,Golden Hope has spent RM563,724 managing 46 scholarships.In 2003, RM1 million has beenbudgeted to provide financialsupport for education of thechildren of employees and thepublic.

4. In-house courses are conductedregularly at the Golden HopeAcademy to upgrade skills ofestate personnel. In 2002, 86training programmes were carriedout, involving 1,424 employees.This translated to 2.49 days of training peremployee (Plate 58).

5. Sustainable development education is alsohigh on Golden Hope’s agenda for its humancapital. This has taken the form of Student’sOil Palm Environment Awareness Camps thathave been conducted annually since 1995(Plate 59). Such camps are aimed at enablingschool children to learn andappreciate the oil palm plantationecosystem and environment totake back and share with theirschool mates and families.Integrated education and trainingon quality, environment, andoccupational safety are alsocontinuously conducted foremployees. Training programmesinclude courses on TQEMSAwareness, ISO 9001, ISO 14001,OHSAS 18001, GH QCS andHACCP.

6. The Group continues to monitorclosely the Occupational Safetyand Health (OSH) performance of

its plantations and other business units. Theclose tracking of OSH has provided GoldenHope with better understanding of the statusof OSH Group-wide so that remedial measurescan be taken to resolve OSH issues. This isparamount towards realization of the Group’s

Plate 58: Participants of an in-house course on nursery management

Plate 59: The Students’ Oil Palm Environment Awareness Camp is part of GoldenHope’s agenda on sustainable development education


philosophy that all occupationalinjuries and illness can be avoided(Plate 60).

7. Golden Hope inculcates pride ofownership of its operations in itsemployees through itsEmployees’ Share OptionSchemes (Plate 61). Through these,every level of employees,beginning from field workers,have an opportunity to ownGolden Hope shares and thusbecome stakeholders in theCompany.

8. Steps are being taken to preservethe century of plantation heritage in GoldenHope for the benefit of future generations.Buildings of historical significance are beingconserved within the Group’s properties (Plate

62). Replicas of such heritage buildings willalso be established in Golden Hope’s “Visionand Heritage Island” development at CareyIsland.

Plate 60: Adequate training on occupational safety and health is the core of Golden Hope’sphilosophy that all occupational injuries and illness can be avoided

Plate 61: The Golden Hope Employees’ Share Option Schemeallows employees at all levels to become stakeholders ofthe Company

Plate 62: A Golden Hope heritage building on Carey Island, Selangor


Quality throughout the entire palm oil productionchain is assured by Golden Hope’s Total Quality &Environment Management System (TQEMS).TQEMS is the system through which GoldenHope’s commitment toquality, environmentand occupational healthand safety is formalisedand implementedthroughout the Group.

Quality in the palm oilproduction chain isassured through theadoption of variousquality managementcertifications andmethodologies. To date,11 of Golden Hope’s 17oil mills, an estate (BukitBenut Estate), both itsrefineries and its seedproduction centre have

been certified to ISO 9000standards. Of these, four oilmills and one of the refinerieshave now complied with ISO14001 standards, theinternational benchmark forexcellence in environmentalmanagement (Plate 63). GoldenHope has successfullyupgraded these centres to thenew ISO 9001: 2000 Standards.One of our refineries, i.e.,Golden Jomalina FoodIndustries, has also compliedwith the food safety assurancesystem and obtained theHazard Analysis CriticalControl Point (HACCP)certification (Plate 64). In

anticipation of the need for HACCP certificationin the global market for palm products, plans arebeing made to introduce HACCP system to Golden

Plate 63: Golden Hope being awarded the MS ISO 14001 Certificate for the Sepang Oil Mill

Plate 64: Golden Jomalina Food Industries was awarded HACCP certification in July 2001. The award ceremonywas held in February 2002 in the presence of the Minister of Science, Technology and Environmentand the Minister of Health

QUALITYASSURANCE


Hope’s palm oil mills to enhance palm oilquality and safety to our consumers.

The in-house Golden Hope QualityCertification Scheme (GH1 QCS:2000) forestates and palm oil mills was developed tocater to internal suppliers along the value chainfor quality, environment and occupationalsafety and health management (Plate 65). Thissystem integrated the three internationalsystems of ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS18001 into a single system as there are genericsimilarities among the three standards.Expected benefits from adoption of thisscheme are lower costs, better operationalproductivity and internalisation of TQEMS. Todate, an oil mill and two estates have beencertified with the scheme.

Quality improvement methodologies likeBusiness Process Quality Management(BPQM), Quality Planning Process (QPP),Quality Improvement Process (QIP) and WorkTeam Excellence (WTE) are continuouslyconducted in Golden Hope to strategise,implement and realise improved productivityand quality targets (Plate 66). Through suchefforts, dramatic improvements in oil palm

yields and oil extractionrates of more than 30 tonnesEFB and 23.3% OERrespectively have beenachieved.

In order to ensure qualityback-up services, fourlaboratories at the GoldenHope Research Centre thatcaters for foliar, nutrient,soil and product qualityanalyses are accreditatedunder the Skim AkreditasiMakmal Malaysia based onthe internationallyrecognised ISO/IEC Guide25.Plate 66: A quality methodology training session for personnel from Golden Hope estates and palm oil

mills

Plate 65: The in-house Golden Hope Quality Certification Scheme


The following are publications originating from Golden Hope Plantations Berhad that can be referredto for further information on topics highlighted in this booklet.

Ahmad Sarawani, A., Chang, A.K., Ho, C.T., Teoh, C.H., & Mohd Fadzil, A. (1999) Environmentalimpact assessment in oil palm planting from secondary forest – Golden Hope’s experience. In:Proceedings 1999 PORIM International Palm Oil Congress “Emerging Technologies and Opportunities

in the Next Millennium”. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 183-179.

Golden Hope. (1997) Integrated Pest Management in Oil Palms. Golden Hope Plantations Berhad, KualaLumpur. 25 pp.

Golden Hope. (1997) The Zero Burning Technique for Oil Palm Cultivation. Golden Hope PlantationsBerhad, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.

Golden Hope. (2003) Golden Hope Plantations Berhad 2003 Annual Report. Golden Hope PlantationsBerhad, Kuala Lumpur. 272 pp.

Ho, C.T. (1996) The integrated management of Oryctes rhinoceros (L) populations in the zero burningenvironment. In: Proceedings of the PORIM International Palm Oil Congress “Competitiveness for

the 21st Century” (Ariffin Darus et al., eds.). Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, KualaLumpur. 336-368.

Ho, C.T. & Teh, C.L. (1997) Integrated pest management in plantation crops in Malaysia: Challengesand realities. In: Plantation Management for the 21st Century, Vol. 1 (E. Pushparajah, ed.) TheIncorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur. 125-149.

Ho, C.T. (1998) Safe and efficient management systems for plantation pests and diseases. The Planter,

Kuala Lumpur. 74(868): 369-385.

Ho, C.T. & Teh, C.L. (1999) The use of Euphorbia heterophylla L. for natural reduction of leaf pestsdamage to oil palm. In: Proceedings 1999 PORIM International Palm Oil Congress “Emerging

Technologies and Opportunities in the Next Millennium”. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur. 139-164.

Jamaluddin, N., Pupathy, U.T., & Abdul Rahim, O. (2000) Golden Hope’s experience in managingsaline soils for oil palm cultivation. In: Proceedings of the International Planters Conference 2000

“Plantation Tree Crops in the New Millennium: The Way Ahead”. The Incorporated Society ofPlanters, Kuala Lumpur. 341-346.

SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHY


Jamaluddin, N., Mohd Fadzil, A. & Rahman, S. (1999) Zero burning in jungle to oil palm planting. In:Proceedings 1999 PORIM International Palm Oil Congress “Emerging Technologies and Opportunities


Khairudin, H. (1993) Basal stem rot of oil palm caused by Ganoderma boninense: An update. In:Proceedings of PORIM International Palm Oil Congress, Update and Vision (Jalani Sukaimi et al.eds.). Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 739-749.

Khairudin, H., Shawaluddin, T., Mohd Noor, A.G. & Muhd Tamrin, Z.A. (2002) FSC certification inestates – Golden Hope’s experience. National Workshop on Standards for Certification of Plantation

Forests, Grand Continental Hotel, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.

Mohd Hashim, T., Mohd Noor, A.G. & Ho, C.T. (2000) Is biodiversity and plantation agriculturemutually exclusive? – Golden Hope’s experience. In: Proceedings of the International Planters

Conference 2000 “Plantation Tree Crops in the New Millennium: The Way Ahead”. The IncorporatedSociety of Planters, Kuala Lumpur. 185-194.

Shaharuddin, B. & Stephen, T.K.Y. (2000) Establishment of leguminous cover plant (Mucuna bracteata).In: Proceedings of the International Planters Conference 2000 “Plantation Tree Crops in the New

Millennium: The Way Ahead”. The Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur. 317-323.

Teoh, C.H. & Chia, C.S. (1993) Waste or By-Products? – The recycling aspects of oil palm cultivationand palm oil processing. In: Proceedings of PORIM International Palm Oil Congress, Update and

Vision (Jalani Sukaimi et al. eds.). Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 90-114.

Toh, P.Y. & Poon, Y.C. (1981) Effect of water management on field performance of oil palms on acidsulphate soils in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the Bangkok Symposium on Acid Sulphate

Soils ( H. Dost and N. Van Breemen eds.) International Institute for Land Reclamation andImprovement Publication 31.

Toh, P.Y., Yeow, K.H. & Mohd Hashim, T. (1983) Commercial utilisation of treated effluent as a nutrientsource in oil palms. In: Proceedings of Seminar on Land Application of Palm Oil and Rubber Factory

Effluents. Malaysian Society of Soil Science and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. 104-116.

Whiting, D.A.M. & Lim, K.H. (1981) Biological treatment of palm oil mill wastes by two-phase anaerobicdigestion and aeration. In: Palm Oil in Agriculture in the Eighties, Volume II (E. Pushparajah ed.)The Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur. 583-593.

Yow, T.K. Chong, C.F. & Rahman, S. (1999) Zero burning technique in cocoa to oil palm replanting. In:Proceedings 1999 PORIM International Palm Oil Congress “Emerging Technologies and Opportunities


Golden Hope Plantations BerhadTingkat 9-16,19&20, Menara PNB, 201-A Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Designed and printed byIzshen Associate Sdn Bhd (Reg. No. 170853-U)

Documents

Chap1 - Sustainable Biodiesel Alliancesustainablebiodieselalliance.com/doc/sustainablepalmoil.pdf · days of its operations in the plantation industry, ... are proud to share our