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about IT having details about the various things used in IT
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Course Assessment• Class Participation : 10%• Test /Assignment/IT Quiz : 10%• Presentation : 10%• Mid - Term Exam : 10%• End -Term Exam : 60%
TOTAL : 100%
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CHAPTER 1
Basics of Computing
1.1 Computer Applications1.2 What is a Computer?
1.3 Computer Generations
1.4 Classification of Computers
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Computer Application• Education• Banking System• Science/Aerospace• Business & Marketing• Government• Entertainment
Applications• At Home
– Mostly to check mails– Small documentation– Gaming– Music and Video– To solve homework – Photo Printouts using Good Printers
Applications..• In Education
– Schools to Universities– To Educate necessary skills demanded by
Industries– To give a demo or training– Server the purpose of Teaching Aids– To convey messages using Internet
Applications…• In Science
– To analyze large data acquired over a period of time
– To do complex floating point arithmetic– Image Processing– Research
Applications….• In Industry
– To develop software, mostly to automate the manual work
– To provide necessary solution to clients’ needs
– Software is developed for the needs of networking, banking, business, retail etc
Applications…..• Entertainment
– Music Industry– Games– Movies – to watch and create – 200 Linux
Machines in parallel to create visualization in Titanic, the movie
– Cartoons, special effects– Nowadays to promote theirs productions
Business • Banking
– To store, access and modify huge amounts of data
– Online business called e-business is becoming popular with a small amount of limitations
– Paying bills become easy and time saving– online promotions
Applications……• Government
– “Biometrics Attendance Monitoring”– Weather Forecasting and military
applications– Online payment of taxes, Insurances
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A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it in a storage media for future use
System Unit
What is a Computer?
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Computer Generation
1. 1st Generation2. 2nd Generation3. 3rd Generation4. 4th Generation5. 5th Generation
1. Vacuum tubes
First Generation of Computers
1946-1958
1959-1964
1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
Second Generation of Computers
1946-1958
1964-19701959-1964
1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
3. Integrated circuits
Third Generation of Computers
1946-1958
1971 - present1964-19701959-1964
1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
3. Integrated circuits
4. VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits
Fourth Generation of Computers
1946-1958
Present & Beyond
1971 - present1964-19701959-1964
1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
3. Integrated circuits
4. VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits
5. Artificial Intelligence
Fifth Generation of Computers
1944-1958
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1st Generation (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes
Memory was made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes
Gave off so much heat
Input and output media were punched cards and magnetic tapes
Very large in size, taking up entire rooms.
IBM Punched Card (input)
Magnetic Tapes (output)Vacuum Tubes (memory)
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UNIVAC UNIVersal Automatic Computer ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
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•Vacuum tubes were replaced with transistors
•An electronic switch that alternately allow or disallow electronic signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes
•These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce
•Much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate less heat, conduct electricity faster.
2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Transistor
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An electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic components into one small silicon chip called semiconductor.
The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip has increased, shrinking both the size and cost of computers.
Keyboards and monitors were used.
Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage
3rd Generation (1964 - 1970) : Integrated Circuit
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•A silicon chip on which transistors are integrated onto it.•Microprocessor can do all the processing of a full-scale computer – smaller in size , faster in speed.
4th Generation (1971-Present) : Microprocessor
•These circuit integrations are known as Large-scale integrated (LSI) and Very Large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits
Microprocessors led to the invention of personal computers.
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•Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications. such as voice recognition, that are being used today
•Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with making computers behave and think like humans.
•AI studies include robotics, expert systems, games, etc..
5th Generation (Present & Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence
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Questions
• List the 5 generations of computers.
• Magnetic tapes and vacuum tubes were used in which generation?
• We are now in the _____ generation.
• Processor = microprocessor = CPU ( T/F?)
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Classification of Computers
(1) Supercomputers
•The Fastest computer •Used for intensive numerical Computation•The most expensive.•process billions of instructions in a second•Can have hundreds of processors.•Speed is measured in nanoseconds•used by some exclusive group only•Main memory around >64 GB & Secondary Storage In TeraByte•scientific research, weather forecasting, climate research (global warming),
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(2)Mainframes
•1 to 16 CPUs (modern machines more) •Organizations such as banks & insurance companies which process large number of transactions on-line.•Process data at very high speed•Less expensive than Supercomputer•used for processing large amount of data•user work with terminal e.g. IBM Mainframe
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(3)Workstations
•Powerful desktop computers •Used by engineers and scientists for engineering applications,software development, application that require a high amount of computing power
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•designed to support a computer network that allows you to share files, application software, hardware, such as printers and other network resources.
•Mainframes, personal computers can be used as a server.
•Server computers usually have following characteristics:
•Designed to be connected to one or more networks
•The most powerful CPUs available
•Multiple CPUs to share the processing tasks
•Large memory and disk storage
•High-speed communications capabilities
(4)Servers
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• The most common for home users , computers that can fit on a desktop or in one's briefcase.
• Can perform all of its input, processing, output and storage activities by itself.
(5)Microcomputers / PC
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Why are COMPUTERS so Useful?
• Storage• Reliability• Speed• Accuracy• Communication• Versatile• No Emotions
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Questions• advantages of computers?• Supercomputers are used for _______• What are portable computers?