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8/3/2019 Chap 1- Intro to Philosophy
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Introduction to Philosophy
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Definitions
Philosophy pursuit of wisdom
Ontology/metaphysics the study of whatis real
Epistemology the study of knowledge, itsscope and limits
Axiology the study of values Ethics the study of good and what constitutes a good life
Aesthetics the study of the beautiful
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The Value of Philosophy
Seeks knowledge increases knowledge
Gives freedom from narrow and practicalaims; an escape from the daily round
More apparent than real
Asks questions
Frees us from prejudices
Read the article The Value of Philosophy by Bertrand Russell.
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Philo-sopher
Philo-sopher one who loves
wisdomKnows, in reality, he knows and
understands very little
Draws people's attention to theeternally good, beautiful andtrue
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Mythology
Attempt to explain how things came to be,origins of the world, connected to religion,supernatural
Oral tradition
Roman and Greek
Most well-known Greek Homer writer circa850 BC Illiad and the Odyssey
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Rational Thinking
Aim of early Greek philosophers is to findnaturalrather than supernatural explanationsfor natural practices 580 Before CommonEra (BCE) or Before Christ (BC)
Emergence of rationalthinking, explanationswithout appealing to religion or tradition
First teachers who encourage students tothink for themselves, argue and discuss
Eastern Mediterranean was the birthplace of
Western Philosophy
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Eastern Philosophy
Confucianism TaoismBuddhist PhilosophyHindu Philosophy
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Natural Philosophers
Nature of the physical world
Science
Thales 625BC 545BC Greek colony in AsiaMinor first known philosopher everythingfrom water single basic substance
Anaximander 610-546 BC all created thingsare limited that which comes before and aftermust be boundless - basic stuff could not be asordinary as water
Anaximenes 570-526 BC source of all things
must be air or vapour
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Democritus
460-370 BC
everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks (p.
43) Each block was eternal and immutable
firm and solid
not all the same different shapes and sizes
unlimited number Called atoms, un-cuttable (p. 43)
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Athens
circa 450 BC
Cultural center of the Greek world. (p. 61)
Focus changed from natural philosophy tothe individual and the individuals place insociety. (p. 62)
Democracy evolved
Art of rhetoricsaying things in aconvincing manner. (p. 62)
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Prominent Philosophers
Sophista wise and informed person (p. 62)
man and his place in society (p. 62)
No absolute normsfor what was right or wrong. (p.63)
Protogoras (485-410 BC) Man is the measure of allthings (p. 62)
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Socrates
470-399 BC
there are norms
wrote nothing down
greatest influence on western thinking
taught in the city squares
known to us through Platos writings
we must use our reason to graspphilosophical truths p. 65
feigned ignoranceSocratic irony
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Reading Assignment
Athens (p. 72-77)
Plato (p. 78-93)
Aristotle (p. 104-120)
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Plato
428-347 BC
Pupil of Socrates
theory of ideas
Myth of the cavedenies the reality ofthe natural world
We must becomeenlightened
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Aristotle
384-322 BC
student of PlatoElemental theory fire, water, wind, earth
Rejected Plato's world of ideas
Senses are important
Women as inferior logic
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Ancient Eastern
Hinduism yoga, 3rd largest religion (Islam,Christianity), love, peace
Buddhism enlightenment, 3 jewels (Buddha- look up to enlightened one, Dharma belike Buddha, Sangha community ofenlightened), Kharma, end mental suffering
ConfucianismKung-tzu, 5 classics (),Golden Rule and Silver Rule (be nice toothers), respect and morality
Taoism Yin and Yang, positive andnegative, balance, duality that forms a whole
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Renaissance
Machiavelli 1469-1527 control populace politics, government - two books, The
Prince is still used today in politics (Stalinreally liked The Prince), ends justify themeans, fear tactic in leadership (better fearedthan loved)
Erasmus church is corrupt, opposed tochurch, but remained a catholic, wanted tobetter/purify
Luther reformation, better/clean up churchCalvin, Knox, Brahe, Descartes, Bacon
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Spinoza 1632-1677Ethicspantheismall is God one substance God is the
cause of all things, which are in himRationalist Mystic Man is the derived modeof all of Gods attributes
Hobbes 1588-1679 first materialistnatural, physical world is all there isgovernment and political thinking - TheLeviathanThe value or worth of a man is,as of all things, his price.
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Locke 1632-1704 father of empiricismand liberalism, education. All mankind is
good and ought not to harm one another.No mans knowledge here can go beyondhis experiences. primary and secondaryqualities in all objects
Hume 1711-1776 nothing is certain,empiricist, take actions because of moralssenses Beauty is in the mind whichcontemplates them. sensation is outwardsentiment and reflection is the inward
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Leibniz 1646 1716 rationalistborrowed realityThere is a reasonwhy every fact is as it is and nototherwise. calculus (Leibniz orNewton)
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Enlightenment
17th to 18th centuryMoving from religion to fact/scienceAge of reasonNot a single movement or thought, but rather
a set of values Figure out a reason why we are here without
using religion as an answer thinkingoutside the box The way people thought was changingPolitics and how people were governed
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European Thinkers
Voltaire (French) rationalist - theatre isgreatest form of artno reason for war
Rousseau (French) humans innately good,but corrupted by society common good ofsociety should live according to social rules
Smith (British) wealth and economicsmoney shapes the individual
Immanuel Kant (German) rationalism andempiricism come together
Schopenhauer (German) westernphilosophy meets eastern greatly
influenced music, literature and other arts
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Existentialism/Modernism
Kierkegaard 1813-1855 father ofexistentialism - individual finds own identity a
problem mystery of own existenceExistentialism study of existence,
questioning ones existence, perceive what isthought to be true
deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 Frenchexistentialist Sartre - feminism
Sartrewe create our own purpose, bad faithto lie to ones self free choiceDescartesI think therefore I am. doubted
method of doubt - rationalist
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Senses or Reason
Epistemology the theory of knowledge -nature of knowledge what we can know
Empiricists believe that we learn throughour senses; we learn based on observation,experience ; we are born with a clean slate(tabula rasa). Remember: Empiricist =Experience.
Rationalists believe one has to have anunderstanding of ones self to learn Knowthyself; senses offer a limited world; rely ontruths, logic and intuition
Kant synthesized the two need reason andthe senses to learn
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New words
Priori statements using reason alonePosteriori judgements using sensory
experienceNoumenal pertaining to things as they are in
themselves (not as they appear to oursenses)
Phenomenal pertaining to the senses
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Rationalists
DescartesLeibniz
Spinoza
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Empiricists
LockeBerkeley
Hume