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introduction to membrane technology. This subject covers types of membrane and its usage in the modern world.
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
1
Chapter 1Introduction to Membrane Technology
Syed Mohd Saufi
SMS2011
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Subject & Lecturer Information
Subject Information BKC3652 Membrane Technology Elective 2 Credit Passing marks – 40
Lecturer Dr Syed Mohd Saufi Office: A3-16 Phone: 09-5492823 H/P: 013-2897675 Email: [email protected] Email 2: [email protected]
2SMS2011
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Syllabus
Chapter 1: Introduction to Membrane Technology Chapter 2: Classification of Membrane Process Chapter 3: Preparation of Synthetic Membranes Chapter 4: Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Chapter 5: Membrane Process Chapter 6: Gas Separation Membrane Chapter 7: Research & Development in Membrane Technology
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Teaching Plan
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Week Chapter
1 - 2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Membrane TechnologyDefinition of MembraneTerminology in Membrane ProcessAdvantages of Membrane ProcessLimitation of Membrane Process
3 - 4 Chapter 2: Classification of Membrane ProcessType of MembraneMembrane StructureMembrane ModulesMembrane Process
5 -6 Chapter 3: Preparation of Synthetic MembranesPhase Inversion TechniqueFlat Sheet MembraneHollow Fiber Spinning Composite MembraneCharacterization of Membrane Materials
7 Chapter 4: Membrane Fouling and CleaningMembrane FoulingMembrane Cleaning
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Teaching Plan – Cont.
Week Chapter
8-10 Chapter 5: Membrane ProcessMicrofiltrationUltrafiltrationReverse OsmosisNanofiltrationElectrodialysis
11-12 Chapter 6: Gas Separation MembraneOxygen – Nitrogen SeparationHydrogen SeparationCarbon Dioxide SeparationOther Gas Separation
13-14 Chapter 7: Research & Development in Membrane TechnologyMembrane for Biotechnology ApplicationMembrane for Fuel Cell ApplicationAdvance in Membrane MaterialMembrane ContactorForward Osmosis
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Assessment
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Assessment Percentage
Test 1 15%
Test 2 15%
Assignment 20%
Quiz 10%
Final Exam 40%
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Lets start our lecture today……
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction to Membrane Technology
Definition of Membrane
Terminology in Membrane Process
Advantages of Membrane Process
Limitation of Membrane Process
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Definition of Membrane Membrane – the original word: “membrana “ (Latin, which mean
skin) Some definition of membrane:
Selective barrier between two phases Thin barrier that permits selective mass transport A phase that acts as a barrier to prevent mass movement, but
allows restricted and / or regulated passage of one or more species.
The selectivity is due to: Size Shape Electrostatic charge Diffusivity Physicochemical interactions Volatility Polarity/solubility
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Membrane vs. Conventional Filter
Conventionalfiltration
Microfiltration
Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration
Reverseosmosis
10-10 10-9 10-8 10 -7 10-6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2
Pore size (m)
Ionic range Micronrange
Coarseparticle range
Macromolecularrange
Fine particlerange
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Terminology in Membrane Process
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Permeate
Feed
Retentate
Flux
xDriving forceP C E T
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Driving Force in Membrane Processes
Transmembrane pressure (TMP) Concentration gradient Chemical potential Osmotic pressure Electric field Magnetic field Partial pressure pH gradient
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Type of Flow in Membrane Process
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Applications of Membrane Process
Product concentration, i.e. removal of solvent from solute/s Clarification, i.e. removal of particles from fluids, a special
case being sterilization which refers to removal of microorganisms from fluids
Removal of solute from solvent, e.g. desalting, desalination, demineralization, dialysis
Fractionation, i.e. separation of one solute from another Gas separation, i.e. separation of one gas from another Pervaporation, i.e. removal of volatiles from non volatiles
(usually solvents)
Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Advantages of Membrane Process
Relatively low capital & running cost Direct separation, eliminating the use of additives / foam
fractionation / filter aid filtration. Closed module separating operation, avoiding formation of
aerosols Flexibility: “Tailor made” to meet individual requirement.
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Limitation of Membrane Process
Concentration polarisation: Accumulation at the membrane-fluid interface Reduce membrane performance, both selectivity & flux Design devices with diffusional mass transfer – reduce polarisation No problem on gas-phase process
Membrane fouling: Definition: A loss of flux when all variable are held constant. Permeate flux observed to decrease with time. Analogous to fouling in heat exchanger – lower heat transfer
performance. Regenerated by cleaning, or controlled by pre-treatment methods.
Modelling & design: Good theoretical frameworks, not feasible to predict the
performance from its structure, nor the flux & flux decline from knowledge of feed.
Overcome by interpretation & extrapolation of pilot plant data
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Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP
Limitation of Membrane Process
Membrane stability: pH stability:
Polymeric membrane are limited in pH stability Cellulosics: 4 – 8 Polysulphone: 2 – 12
Temperature: about 60ºC (some can withstand to 100ºC) Sensitive to organic solvent
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