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Channel Setting Instructions for ResponseCard RF
1. Press and release the "GO" or "CH" button.
2. While the light is flashing red and green, enter the 2 digit channel code (i.e. channel 1 = 01, channel 21 = 21).
Channel is 41
3. After the second digit is entered, Press and release the "GO" or "CH" button. The light should flash green to confirm.
4. Press and release the "1/A" button. The light should flash amber to confirm.
Response to PBS NOVA, “Triumph of Life: The 4 billion year war” movie
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcX1K8V-ZiA episode one 52 minutes, 4 billion year war
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15fYW4llExQ&feature=related
episode two arms racehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeY8kqAgMCo&feature=related
episode three mating gamehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVlbhwz8irE&feature=related
Episode six the survivors
Population—group of individuals of same species, breeding together on a normal basis
Biological species—organisms of the same type who can breed together under natural conditions and produce healthy, fertile offspring
Evolution—change in the % of individuals with particular variations in traits (alleles) over time—eventually may lead to new species developing
Natural selection—conditions allow some individuals in a population—with certain variations—to leave more offspring than others; over time, the population’s characteristics become more like the survivors.
Speciation—formation of a new species from a group separated (reproductively isolated) from its original group & affected by different natural selectors for a long time
Genetic drift—change in % alleles in a population versus its original population after it is separated (or after its size is decreased)—usually refers to adaptation in a small group
Adaptation—increase % of “fit” alleles due to natural selection
1 What process is referred to as “the 4 billion year war”?
photosy
nthesis
Cell resp
irati...
DNA re
plicatio...
Evolution
Predation
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. photosynthesis2. Cell respiration3. DNA replication4. Evolution5. Predation
20
2 Why is evolution referred to as “a 4 billion year war”?
Only in
dividua...
Animals
fight ..
.
Survival
requi...
People have al...
25% 25%25%25%
1. Only individuals who compete successfully for limited resources pass on their genes
2. Animals fight to find mates and to establish their territory
3. Survival requires fighting4. People have always fought
other social groups
3 Scientific evidence (radioactive dating) shows that the earth is about:
6000—10,000 y
...
4 –5 milli
on y...
4—5 b
illion y.
..
10—15 billi
on ...
25% 25%25%25%
1. 6000—10,000 years old2. 4 –5 million years old3. 4—5 billion years old4. 10—15 billion years old
4 For nearly 1 billion years after earth formed, no cells existed on the earth
because it was:
Too cold
Too hot
50%50%
1. Too cold2. Too hot
5 The first organisms to form from the molecules in the “primordial soup” of the
earth’s oceans were:
viru
ses
Eubact
eria th
e...
protists
fungi
plants
animals
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
1. viruses2. Eubacteria then
archaebacteria3. protists4. fungi5. plants6. animals
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
6 True or False. All other kingdoms are likely to have formed due to mutations in the DNA of the early bacteria. These mutations were harmless to the bacteria that survived, but over many generations as more and more harmless mutations were passed on, new alleles and even new genes formed. These new genes gave the survivors carrying them greater success in competing for limited resources. New genes that formed new kinds of bodies led to development of new kingdoms.
True
False
50%50%
1. True2. False
7 True or False. All mutations are harmful.
True
False
50%50%
1. True2. False
8 True or False. Even the newest species on earth are likely to share many genes in common with bacteria because they are the ancestors of all kingdoms of organisms.
True
False
50%50%
1. True2. False
bacteria
A population is a group where are members are the same species and where all normally breed together. A population can adapt to its surroundings differently from another to its surroundings without giving rise to a new species. If the populations are prevented from breeding together –reproductively isolated—many generations, then a new species does sometimes arise from some of the different populations. E.g., Genus (Strix) species (occidentalis) & populations that are still members of the same species but differently adapted (caurina versus lucida) versus longer separated snowy owls.
Strix nebulosa is a different species in the same genus, adapted to more northern, colder habitats
For example, many different species of the genus Strix (e.g., Strix occidentalis & Strix seloputo & Strix ocellata) have arisen as populations of the same species become isolated and adapt—by genetic drift—to their new environments.
Natural selection (survival of the fittest) causes adaptation due to genetic drift—increased % of population members having the more fit alleles and genes.
Sometimes after long periods of time isolated into different habitats, the separated populations become so different that they need to be classified into a new genus. Bubo scandiacus Genus Bubo species scandiasisBubo bengalensis Genus Bubo species bengalensis
Found in India
Eventually, isolated long enough and adapted to different environments and types of competition for resources, all groups of organisms can arise from a common ancestor. Grouping organisms by their evolutionary relationships—as seen by their similarities in traits—is called taxonomy or classification.
Classification or Taxonomy—grouping organisms into smaller and smaller categories according to how related they are through
evolution and to their trait similarities:
Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Spaghetti?
Three domains (blue bacteria, purple archaebacteria, yellow eukaryea—all the eukaryotes whose cells have nuclei)six kingdomsSeveral phyla in each kingdom, etc
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Which population is the same species as the owl Strix occidentalis caurina?
Bobus occi
dent...
Strix
occident..
.
Occ
identalis
s...
33% 33%33%
1. Bobus occidentalis2. Strix occidentalis
lucida3. Occidentalis strix
Which population is the same genus as the owl Strix occidentalis?
Strix
ocella
ta
Bobus occi
dent...
Occ
identalis
s...
33% 33%33%
1. Strix ocellata2. Bobus occidentalis3. Occidentalis strix
9 The arising of new alleles or genes in a population OR the loss from the population of certain alleles or genes OR an increase or decrease in the percent of individuals with a particular allele
Macro
evolution
Genetic d
rift
Parasiti
sm
Symbiosis
Extincti
on
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. Macroevolution2. Genetic drift3. Parasitism4. Symbiosis5. Extinction
10 When genetic drift results in a population of a species becoming more fit to compete for resources & to survive & reproduce in its environment, the population has ___________.
Gone exti
nct
Deve
loped into
...
Destr
oyed all ...
Adapted to
its...
25% 25%25%25%
1. Gone extinct2. Developed into a new
species3. Destroyed all the other
populations in its community
4. Adapted to its environment.
11 The requirement for competition for resources within a population, such that those bearing new alleles or genes giving them better ability to compete for limiting resources, is called ______.
Natu
ral s
elect...
Survival
of th...
Continental dr..
.
Both a and b
A, b, a
nd c
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. Natural selection2. Survival of the fittest3. Continental drift4. Both a and b5. A, b, and c
12 All of the species on earth today arose from ancestors who lived:
In th
e air
On th
e land
In th
e oceans
Underg
round
25% 25%25%25%
1. In the air2. On the land3. In the oceans4. Underground
13 According to this phylogenetic tree and according to the sequence of events shown in the movie, the kingdom that arose after bacteria was:
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. animals2. fungi3. plants4. protists5. eubacteria
13 According to this phylogenetic tree, the newest kingdom on earth is the:
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
1. animals2. fungi3. plants4. protists5. Eubacteria6. archaebacteria
14 In the movie, ______ were the first animals thought to occupy land—after photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen for ozone O3 to form. Fl
ightle
ss inse
cts
Flyin
g inse
cts
Ancesto
rs of in
sects, th
e...
Amphibians
Reptiles Bird
s
Mammals
14% 14% 14% 14%14%14%14%
1. Flightless insects2. Flying insects3. Ancestors of insects, the
horseshoe crabs4. Amphibians5. Reptiles6. Birds7. Mammals
15 The horseshoe crabs’ who had more fit traits left more offspring than other members of their population, so over time the fit alleles increased. That is,
A new specie
s ...
Natu
ral s
elect...
Genetic d
rift ...
Land dwellin
g ...
All of t
he abo...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. A new species better adapted to life in the ocean arose
2. Natural selection increased the number of fit crabs, laying eggs on land, compared to the number still laying eggs in the ocean.
3. Genetic drift resulted in new species who could survive on land
4. Land dwelling arthropods evolved from horseshoe crab descendents
5. All of the above
16 Does the order that phyla of animals evolved in the movie match the order that evolutionary biologists and taxonomists report?
yes
no
50%50%
1. yes2. no
17. According to the phylogenetic tree, also called a cladogram, for which animal phyla would the oldest fossils be newer than the oldest amphibian fossils, but older than the oldest bird fossils?
Mollu
sks l
ike ... fish
Reptiles like
...
mammals
Arthro
pods lik...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. Mollusks like clams2. fish3. Reptiles like snakes
& dinosaurs4. mammals5. Arthropods like
insects
18. According to the movie, 65 million years ago, what event resulted in natural selection that favored survival of mammal species over dinosaur species—which underwent a mass extinction? .F
ormati
on of
superco
ntinent...
Pangea?
2.Form
ation of...
early auto
trop...
Impact
of gia...
Astero
id causi.
..
14% 14% 14% 14%14%14%14%
. Formation of supercontinent Pangea?2. Formation of O2
by early autotrophs3. Impact of giant Asteroid causing
dark,cold climate
19. Which fossil formed 1st (which is oldest)?
Top layer
Seco
nd from to
...
Third fr
om top
Bottom layer
25% 25%25%25%1. Top layer2. Second from top3. Third from top4. Bottom layer
Evolution OGT Questions
Set responder to Go 41 GoKeep a record of what questions you
answered correctly and incorrectly to use in studying.
1. Scientists have hypothesized for years that Earth’s continents once formed a single landmass that broke apart and became the continents as we know them today. The model below shows the landmasses (Gondwanaland) as they started to break apart to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia. What evidence best supports the model proposed above?
0%
0%
0%
0% A. Igneous rocks have been found on all the continents.B. Similar fossils have been found in parts of Africa and South America.C. Australia has marsupial species that are not found on other continents.D. Indications of sea level changes have been recorded on all the
continents.
index
2. The following diagram is found in an evolutionary biology textbook.
This branching tree diagram is most likely used to represent the theory
that suggests
0%
0%
0%
0%
A. new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction.
B. all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time.
C. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between.
D. all species originated during
Question 3
index
Use the information and tables to answer
3. Kettlewell’s results indicated that black moths in industrialized areas
0%0%0%0%
had greate... could out-... had a high... could chan...
Info
index
1. had greater genetic variation than light moths.
2. could out-compete light moths for food and habitat.
3. had a higher survival rate than light moths in the same area.
4. could change their phenotype when environmental conditions changed.
Use the information to answer questions 4-6Butterflies
The monarch is a bright orange butterflywith black stripes. It acquires toxins from the milkweed plants it eats as a caterpillar. Adult monarchs retain these chemicals. Experiments have shown that blue jays that eat poisonous monarchs become sick within 15 to 30 minutes. The viceroy is also an orange, black-striped butterfly, which is difficult to distinguish from a monarch. Viceroy larvae consume primarily non-toxic poplar or willow tree leaves. Scientists have long suggested that viceroys have avoided predation by mimicking the monarch’s coloration pattern. New evidence indicates that this may not be the case. Descriptions of two sets of experiments with monarchs and viceroys are given below.
Experiment 1 (1958): Blue jays that were raised in captivity were offered viceroys. The hungry jays devoured the viceroys. The same jays were offered monarchs. After eating one or two monarchs, the blue jays refused to eat monarchs or viceroys. All butterflies’ wings were intact when given to the birds.
Experiment 2 (1991): Researchers fed the wingless abdomens of monarch, viceroy, queen, and non-toxic control butterflies to red-winged blackbirds and monitored the percentage of each type eaten. While 98% of control butterflies and 70% of queen butterflies were eaten, only 40% of viceroys and 40% of monarchs were eaten.
index
4. The diagram shows a partial classification scheme for monarch and viceroy butterflies. Based on this diagram, monarchs and viceroys belong to the same
index
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. genus.2. family.3. species.4. subfamilies.
5. What statement regarding the similarities between monarchs and viceroys best agrees with Charles Darwin’s theory of natural
selection at the time of its publication in 1859?
0%0%0%0%
Monarch butterfli... Similarities betw...
Viceroy butterfli... Variations in DNA...
1. Monarch butterflies are an older species than viceroy butterflies.
2. Similarities between monarch and viceroy butterflies result from their diets.
3. Viceroy butterflies avoid predation due to their resemblance to monarch butterflies.
4. Variations in DNA sequences are responsible for the similarity between monarch and viceroy butterflies.
6. A scientist studying a large population of a particular species of bird concludes that monarch butterflies are toxic to that bird species. However, upon studying a second, smaller population of the same bird species, he discovers that the second population is able to eat monarchs without becoming sick. How could the scientist best explain his findings?
0% 0%0%0%
1. The larger bird population has a small gene pool.
2. Monarchs are only toxic if eaten in large quantities.
3. Genetic drift has occurred in the smaller population.
4. Natural selection has increased populations of non-toxic butterflies.
index