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Change of the industrial structure and Change of the industrial structure and human activity spaces in Chinese human activity spaces in Chinese
mining citiesmining cities
LIU YungangLIU Yungang(( Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou,China)Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou,China)
(E-mail: [email protected])(E-mail: [email protected])刘云刚,中山大学刘云刚,中山大学
My research approachMy research approach
事 实 (FACTS)
区域地理学
(Regional Geog-
raphy)
理论 (THEORY )
系统地理学
(Systematic Geog-
raphy)
逻辑 (LOGIC )
地 图 学 (Cartography )
语言 (Words )
数 学 (Mathematics )
Begin from FACTS or THEORY?
Source : Bunge.W ( 1966 )
Let’s discover the FACTS first!
My research approachMy research approach
Focus local places
discover →explanation/analysis →construct the framework → explanation/comparison → theory
Emerged with resource developmentEmerged with resource development
Located on main resource areasareas and mining industry and mining industry areasareas
become the main problem areas in China after become the main problem areas in China after ReformationReformation
The The characteristics of Chinese mining citycharacteristics of Chinese mining city
Distribution of Chinese mining citiesDistribution of Chinese mining cities
They mainly locate in the Northeast China and the Central China.
The mining cities can be divided in terms of type of mines into colliery cities, oil-field cities, metal-mining cities, and nonmetal-mining cities.
According to our definition, 58 organizational cities are identified as mining cities.
Population of Chinese mining citiesPopulation of Chinese mining cities1/5 population of total cities are in the mining cities
The first stage
The second stage
Two great developed StageTwo great developed Stage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of cities Cumulative number
Be on the decline?
GDP/P and its rate of increase(1984-GDP/P and its rate of increase(1984-2005)2005)
Low rates, but no minusLow rates, but no minus
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Average of all Chinese Average of all Chinese citiescities
RMB
%
Average of all Chinese Average of all Chinese citiescities
An-Shan
Tang-Shan
Mao-Ming
Dong-Ying
Pu-YangShuo-
zhou
Zao-Zhuang
Lai-Wu
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Fu-Shun
Xu-Zhou
Population,2005 ( 10thousand )
Rate
of
incre
ase
(19
84-2
005
) (
%)
Da-Tong
Population and its rate of increasePopulation and its rate of increase
Low rates, but no minusLow rates, but no minus
The question & The pointThe question & The point
Compares with western countries, Chinese mining cities developed with larger population scale, the increasing industry, increasing population, Low rates, but no minus, no decline.
“Sustainable development”?
遼源市$Z $Z$Z %%%%#Y
%
%$Z$Z%
%%#Y%"́"́
%#Y
%%%% #Y
%"́%%#Y%%%
%%
%%%%%%
%
%"́
"́"́
"́
#Y
#/
"́ %
%
%"́ %
% "́"́
#Y
#Y
"́
%
In North-East China, JILIN
Upland
Average-temperature 5.2℃Average-precipitation 666.5mm
Coal developed since 1911s.
Population:450,000
A case study of Liaoyuan CityA case study of Liaoyuan City
Song-Liao Plain
Chang-Bai Mountains
Liaoyuan City
Dropped off, the coal outputDropped off, the coal output
0
100
200
300
400
500
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Private Wartime Control
Developed in Planned Economy
Rationalization with
Reformation
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
But, the population have no dropped offBut, the population have no dropped off
0
100
200
300
400
500
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000
10
20
30
40
50
coal output
Non-Agriculturalpopulation
popul ati on
Working population
coal working population
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
10t ton 10t person
The main industries dropped offThe main industries dropped off
0
4
8
12
16
20
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 2000Mining industry material industryprocessing industry light industry
10t person10,000 person
Especially the State-owned and Especially the State-owned and Collective enterprisesCollective enterprises
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1985 1990 1998 2002
State-owned
Collective
private
A high unemployment society is formingA high unemployment society is forming
Amount(10,000)
%
23.1 100%
8.1 35
9.2 40
3.5 15
2.3 10
25.8 100%
8 31%
The employment structure in Li aoyuan ci ty
Urban l abors
Danwei workersLai d off s
Source: Labor force survey, Labor bureau of Li aoyuan ci ty2002 .( )
Sel f-empl oyed workers
Unempl oment
Rural l aborsextra l abors
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000 人
転入人口 転出人口
population move into the city
population move out of the city
Many People move out of Liaoyuan?Many People move out of Liaoyuan?
Family registration data, by Liaoyuan yearbook
A study: where are the people living?A study: where are the people living?
The main industries have declined ,but The main industries have declined ,but population have not scaled downpopulation have not scaled down
AAlthough the unemployment is rising, the lthough the unemployment is rising, the population have not moved out.population have not moved out.
Why does not the unemployment move out?Why does not the unemployment move out?
Where are they living? Where are they living?
How are they making their living in the city?How are they making their living in the city?
Municipal government
Mining bureau subsidence area subsidence area
Newly developing area
(Longshan distric)
Mining area (old area )
(Xi’an district)
Direction of expansion
The development zoneThe development zone
A background: divided urban spaceA background: divided urban space
(元 /m 2 )
The distribution of the basic price of land using
Mining bureau
Municipal government Yuan/m2
The basic price of land using
highest
lowest
Mining areaMining area
newly developing areanewly developing area
Trends of the population increaseTrends of the population increase
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Long- shanXi ' an
10, 000
A hypothesisA hypothesis
On the background of the differentiation of On the background of the differentiation of residence, the population increase continue only in residence, the population increase continue only in Longshan district. In Xi’an district, the population Longshan district. In Xi’an district, the population didn’t decrease, but also didn’t increase.didn’t decrease, but also didn’t increase.
Hypothesis:Hypothesis:
The impoverished and unemployment people are The impoverished and unemployment people are moving into the mining area. And most of them live moving into the mining area. And most of them live there. there.
Questionnaire surveyQuestionnaire survey
Theme: The human activity spaces in spaces in Liaoyuan cityLiaoyuan city
Subject: If the most of unemployment are Subject: If the most of unemployment are moving into the mining area and live there? moving into the mining area and live there?
Time: 2005/02/25-2005/03/02 Respondents: extracted 50 households
separately from 2 housing plots along the Kuandian street (the main street in Liaoyuan city).
Compare the income Compare the income
Income The source of income
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
No Income <400 <800 <2000 >2000
Xi'an Longshan
Longshan Xi’an
The poor mainly live in Xi’an district. Much of them get income beyond salary, or no earned income.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Others Investment Insurance incomebeyondsalary
salary
Xi'an Longshan
Compare the Danwei and the occupationCompare the Danwei and the occupation
Danwei the householder belonged to
the occupation of the householder
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Xi ' an Longshan
no danwei
not state-owned
state-owned
governmentorgani zati on
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
manageri al
tecnol ogi cal
admi ni strati ve
merchant
producti ve
fi ndi ng j obs
no j obs
Xi ' an Longshan
The age and education
ageage
Graduated from
Graduated from
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
<30 30- 39 40- 49 50- 59 60- 65 >65
Xi ' an Longshan
Education structure of the householder
Age structure of the householder
the second-generation living together (N=29×2)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
preschool student no job be employed
Xi'an
Longshan
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
≦ 6 127 ~ 13 18~ 19 24~ 25 30~ >30
Xi ' an
Longshan
the occupation of the second-generation
Age structure of the householder
The electrical appliances
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
television
refrigerator
washing machine
telephone
Oven
air-conditioner
carLongshanXi ' an
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Xi ' anDi stri ct
LongshanDi stri ct
no acti vi ti es
stayi ng at home
studi ng/ worki ng
vi si ti ng fri ends
doi ng sports
travel i ng
The difference of life style
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Xi ' anDi stri ct
LongshanDi stri c
several ti mesa weekonce a week
once or twi cea monthnever
The activities on holidays
The frequency of eating out
Xi’an-district (Mining area)becomes the main area where the poor and the unemployment live.
The living conditions between mining area and newly developed area are quite different. The polarization human activity spaces forms.
Why does the polarization appear?
House and Job, The Danwei regulation
the polarization of human activity spaces
Solutions to housing
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
bef ore now
to bui l d i l l egal l y
purchase
l oan
get f rom Danwei
get f romparents' Danwei
Most of the inhabitants no idea to move out of the city
Expected place to movement
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Longshan Xi ' an
to other ci ty
to the bi rthpl ace
to other di stri ct
to the same di stri ct The years have Lived in the city
0
10
20
30
40
50
over 30years
i n 30years
i n 20years
i n 15years
i n 10years
i n 5years
LongshanXi ' an
No education Qualification Worked in the hospital affiliated with Mining bureau Worked in the Mining bureau from 1961. Monthly salary ,35 yuan (until 1985) Retired in 2000. Retirement pension, 440 yuan every month. The retirement pension was received from Mining bureau every month
Borrowed a house for marriage in 1961. Got a house (30 m2) for the allocation of Danwei in1962 The house was destroyed in1982. Rent a house (paid 10 yuan monthly) In 2000,house relocation. Bought a new house . Paid 20,000 yuan, got the property certification.
For example: the experience of Z(65 years old, male)
ConclusionConclusion
The factors limited the migration of the habitants:
work, househouse→ Danwei Danwei The polarization of human activity spaces:
newly developed area and mining area The local area’s poverty issues and
environmental issues are localized
to a small area gradually.
Problem area
New areaOld area
Because of the Danwei regulation, most of unemployment men still strand in the city instead of moving towards to the other cities. Moreover, the difference in the reformation of Danwei regulations also accelerates the polarization of human activity spaces. As a result ,the scale of the poverty and environment issues reduce. New topics are introduced. Urban Governance, Politics……
Project: Urban Governance in problems areas
End