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Challenges for geothermal development in
Aceh Province, Indonesia; a place where
disasters, political, and environmental issues
meet.Nazli Ismail
Department of Physics/Geophysics
Syiah Kuala University
Banda Aceh - Indonesia
Geothermal Energy Development for a Green Economy
Asian Workshop on Geothermal Energy
Hanoi, 13 – 14 November 2017
International Technology Collaboration Programme of the IEA and Vietnam
Institute of Geosciences and Minerals Resources (VIGMR)
Aceh Province
Located at the northern tip of Sumatra.
Close to the Andaman and Nicobar
Capital city: Banda Aceh.
Area: 57,365 km2
Population ~ 4 million
Geothermal Potential in Aceh
1. boih (25 MW)
2. Lhok Pria Laot (50 MW)
3. Jaboi (50 MW)
4. Ie Suum (63 MW)
5. Seulawah Agam (165 MW)
6. Alur Canang (25 MW)
7. Alue Long Bengga (100 MW)
8. Tangse (25 MW)
9.Rimba Raya (100 MW)
10. Geureudong (120 MW)
11. Simpang Balik (100 MW)
12. Silih Nara (100 MW)
13.Meranti (25
MW)
14.Brawang
Buaya (25
MW)
15. Kafi (25 MW)
16. Gunung Kembar (92 MW)
17. Dolok Perkirapan (25 MW)
Total: 1.115 MWe 625 275 215
Reserves Speculative Hypotethical Probable
Timeline of geothermal development
1972
Reconnaissance Jaboi Geothermal Area
1983-1984
Surface manifestation and geoelectrical survey
2005-2006
geochemical,
geomagnetic, gravity, resistivity and geoelectricalmapping, two shallow drilling temperature
2017
Started drilling, the project plans of 10-15 MW
Sabang Geothermal Energy
Geothermal development in Weh
Island takes more than 40 years,
exceeding the period of the Free
Aceh Movement (GAM) conflict
which started since 1974 to 2005
Conflict of Aceh
Aceh was the third richness province in Indonesia with
oil and gas resources in the past.
On the other most people live in poverty that caused
them feelings of unequal treatment by the central
government.
The prolonged social and economic imbalances have
trigered the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) in 1974.
This struggle between Government of Indonesia and
GAM continued until 2005.
The vertical conflict is one of the reasons for the slow
development of geothermal in Aceh
Conflict and Its Impact on Development
The conflict between GAM and GOI had different
stages.
The first stage had no significant impact in Aceh, and
GAM held little political or military clout.
The resurgence of conflict in 1989 saw a better
trained and armed GAM.
In response, the government transformed Aceh into a
military zone. This change resulted in the deployment
of a sizable contingent of military and police forces.
This phase was the most destructive of all.
These forces remained in the province until their pull-
out in late 2005 as a result of the MoU.
Conflict and Its Impact on Development ...
Many experts and observers of Aceh agree that the
conflict was driven mainly by two issues:
difficult center-periphery relations between Jakarta and
Aceh; and
a sense of exclusion or exploitation in Aceh in the
enjoyment of benefits of its natural resources.
Peace agreement and its impact
The 2005 Helsinki memorandum of understanding was the
latest attempt to end this 30-year conflict.
It offers great opportunity for Acehnese to improve their
communities’ economic performance, attain better living
standards, and move toward a good governance system.
The central government also agreed to provide Aceh with a
larger share of revenue from natural resources and special
allocation from General Allocation Fund.
Right to set interest rates different from those set by the
Central Bank of Indonesia Right to retain 70 percent of
revenue from oil and gas, hydrocarbon, and other natural
resources
Joint management of oil and gas resources between the
province and central government, and transparency in
revenue-sharing allocation
Seulawah Agam Geothermal Field
Seulawah Agam Geothermal field is located in Aceh
Besar Regency (about 60 km from Banda Aceh to the
east).
Seulawah Agam area was the first area to get the
attention of the new government.
Aceh and Pertamina sign a joint venture agreement
on Seulawah geothermal project.
Aceh through the Aceh Regional Development
Company and PT Pertamina through its subsidiary PT
Pertamina Geothermal Energy, form PT Geothermal
Energy Seulawah (GES) to develop a geothermal
power plant in Seulawah.
Seulawah Agam Geothermal Field ...
The project has been on the drawing board for six
years.
It is expected now that this project can be completed
within 3.5 years or a maximum of 4 years, and
thereby help with the ongoing electricity crisis in Aceh.
The peak load of electricity demand in Aceh is around
325 megawatts (MW), so to serve the needs well,
ideally PLN has 50 percent energy reserves of that
need, or about 500 MW, but in reality, currently only
340 MW.
Seulawah Agam Geothermal Field ...
This geothermal project has actually been initiated the first
time in 2008.
The idea was well received by the German Government,
which in 2009 was willing to grant funds of $10 million.
Under conservative estimates, the potential is expected to be
up to 165 MW.
For the initial phase of the development, Pertamina and Aceh
Regional Development Company are planning with the
development of 55 MW.
Meanwhile, earlier this year a grant worth €7.72 million from
German development bank KfW Germany for the construction
of the Seulawah geothermal plant in Aceh was cancelled as
the soft loan was considered to have a too high interest rate
(at 4 percent).
Geothermal Energy Devopment and
Environmental Issues
Although the two former geotermal fields, Seulawah Agam
dan Jaboi, are still not able to be developped, the
government is also actively seeking new geothermal
potential areas.
Three of the areas are located in Mount Leuser National
Park.
Mount Leuser National Park is part of the wider Leuser
Ecosystem, a nationally protected area constituting one of
Southeast Asia’s last great swaths of intact rainforest.
But the Aceh government’s 2013 spatial plan makes no
mention of Leuser, and local officials have argued that the
province has a right to develop the area.
Gunung Leuser National Park
Gunung Leuser National
Park is a national park
covering 7,927 km2 in
northern Sumatra,
straddling the border of
North Sumatra and Aceh
provinces.
The national park, settled in
the Barisan mountain range,
is named after Mount
Leuser (3,119 m), and
protects a wide range of
ecosystems.
Gunung Leuser National Park ...
Gunung Leuser National
Park is one of the two
remaining habitats for
Sumatran orangutans
(Pongo abelii).
Other mammals found in the
park are the Sumatran
elephant, Sumatran tiger,
Sumatran rhinoceros,
siamang, Sumatran serow,
sambar deer and leopard
cat
Gunung Leuser National Park ...
These creatures may have to make way for a new
addition to their habitat - geothermal energy - a
prospect that has conservationists wringing their
hands.
The plan targets a core zone of the 800,000-hectare
Leuser National Park - a UNESCO World Heritage
site at the heart of the 2.8 million-hectare ecosystem.
The government is already embroiled in a class-action
lawsuit against a pending 2013 provincial spatial plan
that seeks to leave Leuser open for development — a
clear violation of national-level protections.
Gunung Leuser National Park ...
The plan was against by many environment NGO’s.
This action is also supported by the new elected governor
whom some called Aceh’s “green governor”.
During the conflict, the historical logging and palm-oil
concessions had been abandoned, the forests were actually
regenerating quite healthfully, after the tsunami and the peace
accords, trees started falling again.
Jaboi Geothermal Field
The most progress gethermal energi development in Aceh is
Jaboi Geothermal field.
The geothermal project at Jaboi by Sabang Geothermal
Energy has already started drilling.
The project plans with a power generation potential of 10 to
15 MW.
If successful, the energy produced from the geothermal plant
of Jaboi could reach 80 MW in capacity.
However, the area is located in a small island at the north-
west of Sumatera with very low electricity consumption.
The government plan that surplus energy from Jaboi will be
supplied to PLN Banda Aceh via submarine cables, of this
statement is not as easy to say.
Geothermal energy and natural disasters
Aceh is prone area of many natural disasters.
The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, some destructive
earthquakes along the Great Sumatran Fault and the
unfinished eruption of the Sinabung Volcanoe at the North
Sumatera Privince made the people psichologically sensitive
to the potential for disasters.
For example soon after the 2013 Takengon and Tangse and
the 2016 Pidie Jaya Earthquakes, people always associate
the earthquakes with volcanic eruption and geothermal
exploration.
It means that public understanding of the utilization of
geothermal energy is still very low. In one hand the goverment
need to develop the geothermal energy but in the other hand
goverment also need to put attention on educating people on
geothermal energy utilization.