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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 1
Planning Written and Spoken Messages
Chapter 4Lecture Slides
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2
Learning Objective 1
Identify the purposes and type of message
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3
Planning Written and Spoken Messages
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7Deter-mine the purpose and select the channel
Envision the audience
Consider the context
Choose a channel and the medium
Adapt the message to audienceneeds and concerns
Organize the message
Prepare the first draft
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4
The Purpose of the Message
• To Inform• To Persuade • To Convey Goodwill• To Establish Credibility
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5
Determine the Type of Message• Good news messages: positive news,
messages of appreciation or thank-you notes
• Neutral messages: routine messages, requests and claims, customer orders and credit, procedures
• Bad news messages: refusals of requests and claims, denials of credit, and problems with customer orders
• Persuasive messages: sales messages and persuasive requests
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6© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Communicate Ethically & Responsibly
• State information as truthfully and fairly as possible
• Do not exaggerate facts • Express ideas understandably• Support viewpoint with facts • State ideas with consideration that
preserves receiver’s self-worth• Design honest graphics
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7
Learning Objective 2
Develop clear perceptions of the audience to enhance the impact of the communication and human relations.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8
Envision the Audience
• Age• Economic level• Education and work
background• Needs and concerns• Culture• Rapport• Expectations
What should you learn about your audience?
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9
Types of Workplace Audiences
1. Managerial: look for the “big picture” and tend to ignore details
2. Non-expert: know little about a subject and need more details
3. Expert: know as much about the topic as you do
4. International/multicultural: may not speak English as a first language and may have differing cultural interpretations of symbols and behaviors
5. Mixed: all of the above22
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10
Audience Perceptions
• Previous experiences• Attitude toward sender and
ourselves• Attitude toward subject• Experience with channel,
especially in electronic communication
Audience perception is colored by:Audience perception is colored by:
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11
Learning Objective 3
Consider the context of the message and any environmental influences that may affect its delivery.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12
Step 3: Consider the ContextCONTEXTUAL DIMENSIONS
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•Physical Context
•Social Context
•Chronological Context
•Cultural Context
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 13
Physical Context
How would these settings change an interaction?
OfficeHallwayCompany PicnicMall
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Setting can influence the content and quality of interactions
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14
Social Context
How would these types of relationships change an interaction?
FriendlyCordialContentious
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The nature of the relationship between communicators
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 15
Chronological Context
The ways time influences interactions
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16
Cultural Context• Includes the organizational culture as well as
the cultural backgrounds of individual members.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17
Remember This!
Organizational Culture: a system of shared meanings and practices held by members that distinguish the organization from other organizations.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18
Learning Objective 4
Determine the appropriate channel and media for communicating the message.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19
Things to Consider When Considering Channel and Media
Richness vs. leannessNeed for interpretation
(ambiguity)Speed of establishing contactTime required for feedbackCostAmount of information conveyedPermanent recordControl over the message
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20
Two-Way, Face-To-Face
IN PERSON
Communicate an unpleasant or highly emotional message that
may be subject to misinterpretation, a persuasive
message, follow-up to a complex written message, or a personal
message.44
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21
Two-Way, Face-To-Face
TRADITIONAL GROUP MEETING
Provides an optimal communication environment for
discussing and reaching consensus on critical issues.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22
Two-Way, Face-To-Face
VIDEO OR TELECONFERENCE
Provide an optimal communication environment for
discussing and reaching a consensus on critical issues
when members are geographically dispersed.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23
Two-Way, Not Face-To-Face
TELEPHONE CALL
Deliver or obtain pleasant or routine information instantly.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24
Two-Way, Not Face-To-Face
VOICE MAIL MESSAGE
Leave message the receiver can reply to when convenient, eliminating telephone tag.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25
Two-Way, Not Face-To-Face
ELECTRONIC MAIL / INSTANT MESSAGING
Deliver the same message to a large, dispersed audience; inappropriate for personal, confidential, or highly sensitive messages because of privacy issues.
Contact colleagues while on the telephone or provide or seek general information.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26
One Way, Not Face-To-FaceLetter ormemorandum
Report or proposal
Web page or blog
Textmessaging
• Deliver written record of information internally or externally.
• Provide written record of procedures or policy.• Communicate complex or lengthy
information.• Engage in a free-flowing dialog that ensures
timely distribution and capture of knowledge about a topic of interest.
• Give immediate access to short, important messages that can be retrieved discreetly between events or detailed information that can be sent more accurately and easily than by voice mail.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27
Learning Objective 5
Apply techniques for adapting messages to the audience.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 28
Focus on Receiver’s View Point “Me” Attitude “You” Attitude
I want to congratulate you on your award.
Congratulations! You are the Employee of the Year.
I am interested in ordering . . .
Please send me . . .(You is the understood subject.)
I give you permission to take an extra day of vacation.
You earned an extra day of vacation because of your performance.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29
When Compliments Go “Bad”
Compliments can do more harm than good if paid at the wrong time, in the wrong setting, in the presence of the wrong people, or for the wrong reasons.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 30
Learning Objective 6
Recognize the importance of organizing a message before writing the first draft and select the appropriate message outline (deductive or inductive) for developing messages to achieve the desired response.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 31
Sender Benefits from Outlining
• Encourages ________ and _______
• Permits _____________ on one phase at a time
• Saves time in ___________ ideas
• Provides a ______________ lift
• Facilitates appropriate _________ of ideas
accuracy brevityconcentration
structuring
psychologicalemphasis
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 32
Receiver Benefits from Outlining• Makes messages more concise
and accurate• Makes relationships between
ideas easier to distinguish and remember
• Promotes a positive reaction to the message and the sender
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 33
Select an Outline for Written and Spoken Messages
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 34
Learning Objective 7
Prepare the first draft.
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 35
Get Ready, Set, Write!1. Brainstorm2. Write rapidly3. Intend to write and rewrite4. Revise until document is perfect5. Consider using technological help6. Create purposeful, effective,
logical final draft
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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 36
Get Ready to Write
Message type and purpose
Logical Sequence
Begin composing message
Channel and
medium
Context of message
Audience needs &
perspectiveInductive or deductive
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