Ch 81 Organizing and Managing Your Hard Disk. Ch 82 Overview Learn how to organize a hard disk efficiently and logically to serve your specific needs

Ch 8 1

Organizing and Managing Your Hard Disk

Ch 8 2

OverviewOverview

Learn how to organize a hard disk efficiently and logically to

serve your specific needs.

Ch 8 3

OverviewOverview

How to determine the best command to use to locate a

specific file, or to manage the hard disk, will be discussed.

Ch 8 4

OverviewOverviewWill discuss the purpose and

function of the CHKDSK command and then use the command to accomplish

various tasks.

Ch 8 5

OverviewOverview

Use the Disk Defragmenter program to optimize

performance of your disk.

Ch 8 6

Why Organize a Hard Why Organize a Hard Disk?Disk?

Will accumulate many programs. Each program generates many files.

Ch 8 7

Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?

Windows XP Professional is installed, certain folders are created including:

Windows (WINNT) Program Files Documents and Settings My Documents

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Integrated programs (suites):Provide tools for common types of

work.

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Additional programs must be installed on the hard disk before they can be used.

Ch 8 10


Critical programs that should be purchased/downloaded: Virus checking program File compression utility

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Need to determine:How program is installedWhere program is installed

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Root directory table capacity varies depending on the file

system used.

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Can choose own installation location.

Can present problem when asking for technical support.

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Fig 8.1 A Typical Hard Disk Configuration p. 377Fig 8.1 A Typical Hard Disk Configuration p. 377

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Where should data files be placed? Do NOT place data files in program folders.

Data files contain information. Program files contain instructions.

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Part of good organizational scheme is to create meaningful names for data files Need naming conventions Long file names problematic Use of spaces can create problems Similar file names problematic

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Why Organize aWhy Organize aHard Disk?Hard Disk?

Fig 8.2 Organizing a Hard Disk by Software Application Fig 8.2 Organizing a Hard Disk by Software Application Package p. 379Package p. 379

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Data files used in conjunction with different programs

can be problematic.

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Organize disk by way you work.

Application programs are tools.

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Organization should assist you in saving, retrieving, and backing up data files.

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Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk

Criteria for Organizing a Hard Disk

A. Root directory - map to rest of disk

B. Plan organization of hard disk

C. Develop a naming convention for files and directories

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D. Create many folders/subfolders prior to copying files into them

E. If application software installed on computer, cannot/must not rename/move program/program support files

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F. Create shallow/wide folders NOT compact deep folders

G. Data files and program files should not be in same subdirectory

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H. Many small directories with few files better than a large subdirectory with

many files

I. Directory names short but descriptive

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J. Create separate subdirectory for batch files

K. Create UTILS (utilities) subdirectory

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L. Learn how to use application packages and how packages work

M. Learn how application package works with subdirectories

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N. Analyze way you work

O. Analyze your environment

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Hard disks can be organized in many ways.

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Organization should be result of: How you work How programs work

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Organizing a DiskOrganizing a Disk

Hard disk can be reorganized without reformatting it or losing

files.

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Viewing Disk Structure with Viewing Disk Structure with Tree CommandTree Command

TREE command used to see graphic representation of disk

structure.

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Viewing Disk Structure with Viewing Disk Structure with Tree CommandTree Command

TREE syntax:

TREE [drive:] [path] [/F] [/A]

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Activity - Using the TREE Activity - Using the TREE CommandCommand

KEY CONCEPTS: See graphical representation of folder

structure Tree command with /A and with /F Extended character set Using graphic representation with

redirection or MORE filter

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Organizing the DATA DiskOrganizing the DATA Disk

Looking at structure, not contents, of text files

Reorganizing DATA disk will make it easier to manage

Note: in next slide, … represents file names

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Organizing the DATA DiskOrganizing the DATA DiskFig. 8.5 Current DATA Disk Structure p. 388Fig. 8.5 Current DATA Disk Structure p. 388

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Activity—Setting Up the Activity—Setting Up the GAMES SubdirectoryGAMES Subdirectory

KEY CONCEPTS: COPY - copies only files not subdirectories Can manipulate default directory to

shorten path name Advantages of XCOPY command Using ATTRIB -S -H - R *.* Take care when using DEL with a wild

card

Ch 8 37

MOVE Command RevisitedMOVE Command Revisited

MOVE command can: Move files to new location Rename subdirectories

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Safe to move data files and data directories.

Moving program files and renaming program directories may cause program to fail.

Ch 8 39


Program files: Not usually copied to location Installed in location with a setup

program

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Activity—Using MOVE to Activity—Using MOVE to Organize Your DiskOrganize Your Disk

KEY CONCEPTS: ATTRIB - hide files that won’t be moved

REN - does not rename subdirectories Results of using MOVE command Differences between moving files and renaming subdirectories When GUI is more efficient

Ch 8 41

Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS

CHKDSK is a viable utility program.

Ch 8 42


Use CHKDSK to get information about a disk:

Free space available Bad spots File fragmentation Logical structure problems

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CHKDSK command with FAT file system: Analyzes:

File Allocation Tables on disk Integrity of files

Traces chain of data for each file Gives statistical information

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NTFS uses MFT to track files on disk.

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CHKDSK command with NTFS: Stage 1

Looking for discrepancies or problems Stage 2

Verifies directories Checks for internal consistency Verifies files times/dates/size

Stage 3 Checks/verifies security for each directory and

file

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CHKDSK syntax:

CHKDSK [volume] [[path] filename]]

[/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]

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Some parameters valid only with . . . FAT file system. NTFS drives.

Need administrator privileges to run CHKDSK on hard disk.

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Activity—Using CHKDSK Activity—Using CHKDSK on Hard & Floppy Driveson Hard & Floppy Drives

KEY CONCEPTS: Information provided by CHKDSK How to repair a disk

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Verbose Parameter with Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Commandthe CHKDSK Command

CHKDSK with /V on FAT drive: Running in verbose mode Gives status report Displays every file on disk

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CHKDSK with /V on NTFS drive: Displays any clean-up messages

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Parameters: Are associated with specific

commands Perform specific tasks for those

commands

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Activity—Using /V Parameter Activity—Using /V Parameter & Using DIR Parameters& Using DIR Parameters

KEY CONCEPTS: Redirect output of CHKDSK /V to file and

use command line editor to view it DIR /S vs. CHKDSK /V How to pause display How to display files and directories Use of DIR with /A, /D, /R, /H,/S, & /A Use of - sign before attribute

Ch 8 53

Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems

FAT disk: FAT and Directory work together Each file has entry in directory table

FAT points to next cluster if file longer than one cluster

Pointer chains all data together in a file If chain broken (lost pointer) end up with

lost clusters

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Lost clusters: Occur when chain broken (lost pointers) Marked as used in FAT Do not belong to specific file Cannot be retrieved Lose space on disk

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Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk ProblemsFig 8.6 Lost Clusters p. 414Fig 8.6 Lost Clusters p. 414

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Why lost clusters occur: Program not exited properly Power failure or power surges

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NTFS disk (Stage 2): CHKDSK looks for orphaned files

Has entry in MFT - but not listed in any directory

Similar to lost cluster in FAT file system

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If lost or orphaned files occur, may not be able

to boot back into Windows.

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Cannot use CHKDSK /F to repair disk errors when Windows XP

Professional is running.

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When executing CHKDSK /F command, you get message at beginning of display similar to this:

C:\>CHKDSK /FThe type of the file system is FAT32.Cannot lock current drive.

CHKDSK cannot run because the volume is in use by another process. Would you like to schedule this volume to be checked the next time the system restarts? (Y/N)

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Can schedule CHKDSK /F to run when computer starts up next time.

Can use /F and /R with CHKDSK on a floppy disk.

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With multiple hard drives can run CHKDSK on hard drive that is not default drive.

On an active partition may report erroneous error messages.

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/F - repairs logical errors.

/R - locates bad sectors and recovers readable information.

Using /R implies /F.

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Be careful when running CHKSDK: Back up data files Large number of files can take a

long time to repair disk

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Cross-linked files: Usually occur on FAT disk Two files claim same cluster

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Fig 8.7 Cross-Linked Files p. 416Fig 8.7 Cross-Linked Files p. 416

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It is possible to recover data from cross-linked files.

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Activity—Using CHKDSK Activity—Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problemsto Repair Disk Problems

KEY CONCEPTS: To run CHKDSK Windows XP

Professional needs total access to disk. How errors on FAT disk are resolved

Ch 8 69

Activity—Using CHKDSK to Activity—Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsRepair Disk Problems

Fig 8.8 A Lost Cluster Opened in Notepad p. 418Fig 8.8 A Lost Cluster Opened in Notepad p. 418

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Checking Disks with Checking Disks with System ToolsSystem Tools

System Tools (found in GUI) can be used to check a disk: Error-checking (CHKDSK) Backup Defragmentation

Ch 8 71

Activity—Checking Disks Activity—Checking Disks with System Tools with System Tools

KEY CONCEPTS: Three choices for floppy

Check and fix errors If bad sectors found, copy files to other disk -

throw bad floppy away Backup disk Defragmentation (can’t be done)

Defragmentation - only on hard disk

Ch 8 72

Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files

Data - string of bytes OS keeps track of by grouping information into files.

To store/retrieve files disk divided into number blocks called sectors.

Contiguous sectors grouped into clusters.

Ch 8 73


Cluster: Smallest unit operating system

can read from/write to Comprised of one or more sectors File (usually) consists of more

than one cluster

Ch 8 74


The directory and FAT are used by the operating system to

keep track of the location of all parts of a file.

Ch 8 75


NTFS: Keeps track of files by means of MFT Beginning with Windows 2000 NTFS

is supported Allows local security

Ch 8 76


Decision on which file system to use determined when disk volume originally partitioned.

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FAT keeps record of cluster numbers each file occupies.

Files written to disk in adjacent clusters whenever possible.

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Fig 8.9 One File in Clusters p. 423Fig 8.9 One File in Clusters p. 423

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Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Noncontiguous Files

Fig 8.10 Contiguous Files in Clusters p. 423Fig 8.10 Contiguous Files in Clusters p. 423

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Fig 8.11 Noncontiguous Files in a Cluster p. 423Fig 8.11 Noncontiguous Files in a Cluster p. 423

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Fig 8.12 Adding a File p. 423Fig 8.12 Adding a File p. 423

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Fig 8.13 Adding More Files p. 423Fig 8.13 Adding More Files p. 423

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Noncontiguous, or fragmented, files can slow disk performance.

On FAT volumes CHKDSK with parameter used to see if files are contiguous or fragmented.

Ch 8 84

Activity—Using CHKDSK to Activity—Using CHKDSK to see if Files are Contiguoussee if Files are Contiguous

KEY CONCEPTS: Adding file name parameter after CHKDSK Using wildcards with common denominator Use of wildcards with CHKDSK command Importance of contiguous files Disk Optimization programs

Ch 8 85

Defragmenting Your Defragmenting Your Hard DiskHard Disk

Disk maintenance should be performed on a regular basis to make programs run faster and

better.

Ch 8 86


Run Defragmenter program from:Tools menu (Disk Drive Property Sheet)Start Menu

Ch 8 87


Disk Defragmenter program: Moves data on disks so files are

contiguous Can be run without closing all

programs Better/faster/safer to close all programs

prior to running program

Ch 8 88

Activity: Using Disk Activity: Using Disk DefragmenterDefragmenter

KEY CONCEPTS: Can choose to defragment or view

analysis report Wise to defragment hard drive

regularly to improve performance of system