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Classification
– The process of grouping things based on their similarities• Biologists use classification to
organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study.
Taxonomy-Taxonomy-
The science of identifying, classifying, and naming things.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Swedish Botanist that selected physical characteristic that led to classification based on relationships of organisms.
Also invented the 2 word naming system - Binomial Nomenclature.
Usually written in Latin
Scientific name-
– An organism’s genus species in Latin or Greek. The genus is written with a capital letter and the species is with a lower case letter.Ex: Homo sapien (human)
Felis domestica (cat) Genus species
• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
Didn’t King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghett
i
Levels of ClassificationMnemonic device
As you move down the levels of
classification, the # of organisms
decreases. The organisms at lower levels share more
characteristics with each other
Do robins have more in common with lions or with
owls?
Explain
Domains and Kingdoms
– Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells they have.
– The 3 domains are:
Protists Fungi Plants Animals
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Branching Tree Diagrams• Scientists draw branching tree
diagrams to show the probable evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Branching Tree Diagrams• A branching diagram shows evolutionary
relationships by grouping them based on shared derived characteristic.
• A shared derived characteristic is usually a homologous structure, such as a backbone, that is shared by all organisms in a group.
• Characteristics that appear lower on a branching tree probably developed before characteristics higher on the tree
Branching Tree Diagrams• A label indicates a
shared derived characteristic
• All the organisms ABOVE the label have the trait
ReptilesAmphibians
Egg with shellFishes
Four limbs
Backbone
Invertebrates
Ancestor of animals
Branching Tree Diagrams• Examples:
– All organisms shown except for the invertebrates have a backbone.
– Which characteristic developed first, a backbone or limbs?
– Come up with another example:
ReptilesAmphibians
Egg with shell
Fishes
Four limbs
Backbone
Invertebrates
Ancestor of animals
Constructing a Branching Tree
1. At the base of tree, write “common ancestor”
2. Just above the common ancestor, put the group of organisms with none of the characteristics
3. On the next higher fork, put the group with one of the shared derived characteristics
4. On the branch above that, put the organism with the two characteristics
5. Continue this until you get to the organism with the greatest number of shared derived characteristics
Constructing a Branching Tree
LET’S PRACTICE!• Turn to p.256 in your science textbook and look at
the data table called Characteristics of Plants.• Complete the Analyzing Data activity on pg 113 in
your SN - answer questions 1-4.• 1. Interpreting Data• 2. Interpreting Data• 3. Drawing conclusions• 4. Inferring