Ch. 14 - 2 Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Objectives Distinguish between simple and compound sentences. Punctuate compound sentences joined by

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 14 - 2

Objectives• Distinguish between simple and

compound sentences.

• Punctuate compound sentences joined by and, or, not, and but.

• Punctuate compound sentences using conjunctive adverbs such as therefore, however, and consequently.

Conjunctions That Join Equals


• Recognize correlative conjunctions such as either . . . or, neither . . . nor, and not only . . . but also.

• Use parallel constructions in composing sentences with correlative conjunctions.



What are conjunctions?

Conjunctions are words that grammatically join equal or unequal words or word groups.


Coordinating Conjunctions

• Join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical value or rank.

• Most common are and, or, but, and nor.




• Join words

Our copier is fast, simple, and economical.

• Join phrases

Hiring is heaviest in the spring and in the winter.




• Join clauses

Miss Soto is the accounts manager, but Mr. Heinz helps her when necessary.



• Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.

Ryan created the database.

Simple Sentences




subject

Simple Sentences




subject + verb

Simple Sentences




subject + verb + object

Simple Sentences




subject + verb + object = clause

Simple Sentences


Simple Sentences



subject + verb + object = clause

^period


• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.

Compound Sentences



Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.

Compound Sentences



subject


Compound Sentences



subject + verb


Compound Sentences





Compound Sentences



subject + verb + object = clause 1


Compound Sentences





Compound Sentences





Compound Sentences





subject

Compound Sentences





subject + verb

Compound Sentences






Compound Sentences


Compound Sentences






Punctuating Compound Sentences

• When a coordinating conjunction joins clauses in compound sentences, a comma precedes the conjunction unless the clauses are very short.

Conjunctions and Punctuation



Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for

larger businesses.

We called yesterday and we wrote today.




Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for

larger businesses.

We called yesterday and we wrote today.



Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when coordinating

conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your

management skills and enhance your career within months.























Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when

coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.

You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.























Where would you place a comma, if needed?

1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.

Check your skill . . .








Comma Not Needed








2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.




2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.




2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.




2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.




3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.









Comma Not Needed








4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.









Comma Not Needed







Conjunctive Adverbs

• In addition to coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs may be used to join equal sentence elements.



Conjunctive Adverbs

• Here are some common conjunctive adverbs:

consequently hence in fact however thus in the meantime therefore then moreover that is on the contrary on the other hand



Using Semicolons

• Semicolons are used before conjunctive adverbs that join independent clauses.

First, we noticed that the computer was acting strangely; then we ran our virus-scanning program.



Using Commas

• Commas immediately follow conjunctive adverbs of two or more syllables.

Many viruses are attacking computers; therefore, we must be careful.



Using Commas

• Many words that function as conjunctive adverbs may also serve as parenthetical (interrupting) adverbs.

• Use commas to set off parenthetical adverbs that interrupt the flow of a sentence.



Using Commas We are forced, therefore, to scan for viruses

daily.

You may, on the contrary, prefer automatic scanning programs.



Correlative Conjunctions

• Certain conjunctions are always paired:

both . . . and not only . . . but (or but also) either . . . or neither . . . nor



Correlative Conjunctions • For greater emphasis use correlative

conjunctions instead of coordinating conjunctions.

Your order will be mailed on Friday or on Monday.

Your order will be mailed either on Friday or on Monday.



Correlative Conjunctions • In using correlative conjunctions,

place them so that the words, phrases, and clauses being joined are parallel in construction.



Correlative Conjunctions Parallel:

You may go either in June or in July.

prepositional prepositional phrase phrase

Not Parallel: Either you may go in June or in July.

clause phrase



Correlative Conjunctions Parallel:

I am not only pleased but also honored to have your assistance.

Not Parallel: Not only am I pleased to have your assistance but I am also honored.



Other Coordinating Conjunctions

• Most commonly used coordinating conjunctions:

and but or nor

• Three other coordinating conjunctions used occasionally:

yet for so



Other Coordinating ConjunctionsJane said that she wanted to go, yet she

hasn’t called.

Filling that position will not be easy, for few applicants have the necessary

computer training.



Other Coordinating Conjunctions

• As a coordinating conjunction, the word so should be used only in informal writing or conversation.



Other Coordinating ConjunctionsInformal:

The west parking lot is full, so you should use the south lot.

Improved: The west parking lot is full; therefore, you

should use the south lot.Improved:

Because the west parking lot is full, you should use the south lot.



Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).

1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz



1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government, nevertheless, will suggest no new taxes.

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2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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2. This new benefit plan will cost more money; consequently, we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.

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3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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3. The board of directors is expanding benefits; hence the employees’ union is pleased.

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4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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Chapter 14 - Quiz



5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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5. New office furniture has been ordered, and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

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6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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6. Our gross income decreased last year; on the other hand, indications suggest increased income this year.

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7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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7. The president said, moreover, that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.

Chapter 14 - Quiz



8. We installed the software and I like it.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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Chapter 14 - Quiz



9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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9. His salary in his new position is low, but the potential for growth is great.

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10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices.

a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

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10. Our sales reps need laptop computers; consequently, I am checking prices.

Chapter 14 - Quiz


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Ch. 14 - 2 Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Objectives Distinguish between simple and compound sentences. Punctuate compound sentences joined by