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Ch. 13 Warm up
1. Compare sexual to asexual
reproduction.
2. Compare/contrast mitosis to meiosis.
3. What are homologous chromosomes?
4. Describe what major processes occur
during a sexual life cycle.
Ch. 13 Warm up1. Describe and compare the 3 sexual life
cycles
1. How does random assortment, crossing over and random fertilization contribute to genetic variation?
2. Define: locus, karyotype, alternation of generations, synapsis, tetrad, chiasmata
Warm up1. Describe what occurs during crossing
over.
2. What are 3 sources of genetic variation?
3. Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both?A. Chromosomes line up at metaphase
plateB. Crossing overC. CytokinesisD. Chromosomes are replicatedE. Four haploid daughter cells resultF. Two diploid daughter cells result
Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles
What you must knowThe difference between asexual and sexual
reproduction.The role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually
reproducing organisms.The importance of homologous chromosomes to meiosis.How the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to
haploid through the stages of meiosis.Three important differences between mitosis and
meiosis.The importance of crossing over, independent
assortment, and random fertilization to increasing genetic variability.
Types of Reproduction
ASEXUALProduces clones
(genetically identical)Single parentLittle variation in
population - only through mutations
Fast and energy efficient
Eg. budding, binary fission
SEXUALMeiosis produces
gametes (sex cells)2 parents:
male/femaleLots of
variation/diversitySlower and energy
consumptiveEg. humans, trees
Asexual vs. sexual reproduction
Genes: segments of DNA that code for basic units of heredity
Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
Chromosomes• Somatic (body) cell: 2n = 46 chromosomes• Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes
1 chromosome from each parent• Autosomes: 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not
determine sex• Sex chromosomes: X and Y• Females: XX• Males: XY
• Gametes (n=23): 22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome• Egg: 22 + X• Sperm: 22 + X **or** 22 + Y
Homologous Chromosomes in a Somatic Cell
Meiosis = reduction divisionMeiosis = reduction division
Cells divide twicetwiceResult: 4
daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as parent cell, each daughter cell is genetically unique
Meiosis IMeiosis I (1st division)Interphase: chromosomes replicatedProphase I: Synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair up Tetrad = 4 sister chromatids Crossing over at the chiasmataMetaphase I: Tetrads line upAnaphase I: Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate (Sister chromatids still attached by
centromere)Telophase I & Cytokinesis: Haploid set of chromosomes in each cell Each chromosome = 2 sister chromatids Some species: chromatin & nucleus reforms
Meiosis IIMeiosis II (2nd division) = create gametes
Prophase II: No interphase No crossing over Spindle formsMetaphase II: Chromosomes line upAnaphase II: Sister chromatids separateTelophase II: 4 haploid cells Nuclei reappear Each daughter cell genetically
unique
Events Unique to Meiosis I (not in mitosis)
1. Prophase I: Synapsis and crossing over
2. Metaphase I: pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
3. Anaphase I: homologous pairs separate sister chromatids still attached at centromere
Sources of Genetic Variation:
1. Crossing Over Exchange
genetic material Recombinant
chromosomes
Sources of Genetic Variation:
2.Independent Assortment of ChromosomesRandom orientation of homologous pairs in
Metaphase I
Sources of Genetic Variation:
3. Random Fertilization Any sperm + Any egg 8 million X 8 million = 64 trillion
combinations!
Mitosis Meiosis Both are divisions of cell nucleus
Somatic cells1 division2 diploid daughter cellsClonesFrom zygote to deathPurpose: growth and
repairNo synapsis, crossing
over
Gametes2 divisions4 haploid daughter cellsGenetically different-less
than 1 in 8 million alikeFemales before birth
follicles are formed. Mature ova released beginning puberty
Purpose: Reproduction
Mitosis vs. MeiosisMitosis vs. Meiosis
Life cycle: reproductive history of organism, from conception production of own offspring
Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
Meiosis: cell division that reduces # of chromosomes (2n n), creates gametes
Fertilization: combine gametes (sperm + egg)Fertilized egg = zygote (2n)
Zygote divides by mitosis to make multicellular diploid organism
Varieties of Sexual Life Varieties of Sexual Life CyclesCycles
Human Life CycleHuman Life Cycle
AnimalAnimalss
• Plant and some algae• Sporophyte (2n):
makes haploid spores by meiosis
• Spore gametophyte by mitosis
• Gametophyte (n): makes haploid gametes by mitosis
Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations
Fungi, Fungi, protists, protists,
algaealgae
Karyotype: a picture of an organism’s complete set of chromosomes
Arranged from largest smallest pair
Making a karyotype – unsorted chromosomes
22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes
Male or female?
Male or female?
Karyotype - used to determine genetic abnormalities
Cancer cellsSome have abnormal #’s of
chromosomes
Karyotype of Metastatic Melanoma
Breast Cancer Cell Karyotype
HeLa CellsOldest and most commonly
used human cell lineCervical cancer cells taken
from Henrietta Lacks (d.1951)
HeLa Cells“Immortal” cells – do not die
after a few divisionsActive version of telomerase
Used in research:Develop vaccine for polioCancer, AIDS, virus, radiation
research
Estimated that cells produced in culture exceeded # cells in Henrietta’s body
HeLa Cell Karyotype
HeLa Cells – Ethical ConcernsControversy: Cells harvested
without patient consent“Discarded tissues can be
commercialized” – sold for profit
Genome published in 2013 without family’s consent
“The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” by Rebecca Skloot
Check for understanding
1. What phase directly follows metaphase I?
2. How many cells are present at the end of meiosis I ?
3. A cell has a diploid number of 60, what is the organism's haploid number?
4. Meiosis occurs in what type of cells?
5. In what phase do homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing-over can occur?
6. In what phase do the CHROMATIDS separate?
anaphase I
2
30
gametes
prophase 1
anaphase 2
7. Identify the phase: 8. Identify the phase:
anaphase 1 anaphase 2
Concept Check1. Meiosis results in _____
a. 2 haploid daughter cellsb. 4 haploid daughter cellsc. 2 diploid daughter cellsd. 4 diploid daughter cells
2. Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?a. sperm cellsb. liver cellsc. unicellular organismsd. all of these
3. The picture depicts what phase of meiosisa. prophase 1b. prophase 2c. anaphase 1d. anaphase 2
Concept Check1. Crossing-over occurs during:
a. anaphase 1b. metaphase 1c. prophase 1d. prophase 2
2. A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
a. 6b. 12c. 24d. 48
Concept Check
Name of Phase
Description
1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad
2.Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides
3. Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed
4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs
5. Crossing-over occurs
6. Chromatids separate
7. Homologs line up alone equator
8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed