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Case study 2

CGA case 2.pptx

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Page 1: CGA case 2.pptx

Case study 2

Page 2: CGA case 2.pptx

• ผปวยชายอาย 75 ป ญาตพามาปรกษา เนองจากผปวยชอบถามซำ าๆเรองทเพงเกดข นมานาน

ประมาณ 3 ป ชวง 1 ปมาน อาการเปนมากข น เชน ลมวารบประทานอาหาร ลมวาอาบนาแลว จำาชอ

เพอนบานไมได เรยกสงของเปนอนน น อนน แตงตวลำาบาก

เปลยนชองทวดวยรโมทคอนโทรลไมได ท งๆทเคย ทำาได หลงทางกลบบานไมถก จนญาตไมใหออกไป

ไหน

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• PHx: HT, BP 140/90 mmHg มาตลอด• Current Medications : Enalapril 5 mg/d• FHx: หกลมบอยๆ เดนไมคลอง ตองมคนชวย

พยง กล นอจจาระและปสสาวะลำาบาก• SHx: อยกบลกเขยและลกสะใภ ตอนกลางวนเมอ

กอนอยบานคนเดยว ชวง 1 ปมาน จางคนมาดแลตอนกลางวนเพราะกลวผปวยออกจากบานแลวหลงทาง

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Physical examination

• Afebrile, P 72/min regular, R 18/min, BP 140/90 mmHg

• No carotid bruit, No LV heaving, no thrill, no murmur

• Clear chest, No hepatosplenomegaly• No pedal edema• No localizing signs

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คำาถาม

• 1. จงใหการวนจฉยโรค พรอม เหตผล

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Discussion

• จากอายของผปวย 74 ป• มประวต multiple cognitive deficits ไดแก 1) Recent Memory impairment ถามคำาถามซำ าๆ ลมกจวตรประจำาวนททำาแลวไป

2) Cognitive disturbances - เรยกอนน นอนน จำาชอเพอนไมได Agnosia - แตงตวลำาบากเปลยนชองทวไมได Apraxia - หลงทางกลบบานไมถก จนญาตไมใหออกไปไหน

Disturbance in executive functioning

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• ความผดปกตทเกดข นในขอ 1 และ 2 มมากถงกบสงผลกระทบตอความสามารถทางสงคมและ

อาชพ และมระดบความสามารถทลดลงจากเดมไมมdilirium โรคprogress 3ป

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DSM-IV Dementia• A. The development of multiple cognitive deficits

manifested by both– 1. Memory impairment– 2. One (or more) of the following cognitive disturbances

• a. Aphasia• b. Apraxia• c. Agnosia• d. Disturbance in executive functioning

• B. The cognitive deficits in Criteria A1 and A2 each cause significant impairment– in social or occupational functioning and represents a

significant decline from a– previous level of functioning

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Derilium•acute disorder of attention and global cognition (memory and perception) •treatable

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risk factors

• age, pre-existing brain disease, and medications.

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the most common

D Dementia E Electrolyte disorders L Lung, liver, heart, kidney, brain I Infection R Rx DrugsI Injury, Pain, Stress U Unfamiliar enviroment M Metobolic

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Prevention

• avoidance of psychoactive drugs• quiet environment• daytime activity• dark and quiet at night• visual and hearing assistive devices,

orientation devices • avoidance of restraints.

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Diagnosis

• based on clinical observation (no diagnostic tests ).

• The essestial features of delirium include: Acute onset (hours/days) and a fluctuating course Inattention or distraction Disorganized thinking or a altered level of consciousness

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Onset Acute/subacute Insidious (generally)

Duration Days-weeks Months-years

Course Fluctuating Progressive

Level of Consciousness Altered & Variable Normal (unless severe)

Attention Impaired Intact (initially)

Psychomotor Slowed, agitated or mixed Often normal

Sleep Sleep-Wake cycle disrupted Less disruption

Clinical feature Derilium Dementia

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คำาถาม

• 2. การวนจฉยแยกโรคกบโรคของผป วยมอะไร บาง พรอมเหตผล

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DDx : Type of dementia

Type Common Diesase

Degenerative / inherited

Alzheimer’s disease

Cerbrovascular Diffuse small vessels disease

Demyelinating Multiple SclerosisNeoplastic Metastatic Disease

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Alzheimer's disease

• Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia– a general term for memory loss and other

intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life.

– Alzheimer's disease accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases.

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Alzheimer's disease

• Symptoms: – Difficulty remembering names and recent events

• Early clinical symptom; apathy and depression are also often early symptoms.

• Later symptoms include impaired judgment, disorientation, confusion, behavior changes and difficulty speaking, swallowing and walking.

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Vascular dementia

• Previously known as multi-infarct or post-stroke dementia, vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease.

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Vascular dementia

• Symptoms: – Impaired judgment – Impaired ability to plan steps

– as opposed to the memory loss often associated with the initial symptoms of Alzheimer's.

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Vascular dementia

• Occurs because of brain injuries such as microscopic bleeding and blood vessel blockage. The location of the brain injury determines how the individual's thinking and physical functioning are affected.

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คำาถาม

• 3. การสบคนทางหองปฏบตการเบ องตนมอะไร บาง พรอมเหตผล

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Laboratory testStandard tests Additional tests

-CBC-BUN/Cr-Electrolyte-ALT-TSH-VDRL-FPG

-Brain imaging-Serum&CSF VDRL TPHA if serum VDRL positibe-Anti-HIV-LFT, Calcium, ESR, S.B12, -S.folic/red cell folate-Toxicology&heavy metal-Chest X-ray-LP,EKG,EEG

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Laboratory test• การตรวจทางหองปฏบตการเพมเตมเปนการหาสา

เหตอนๆ ของการเกด Dementia

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คำาถาม

• 4. จงวางแผนการรกษาในรายน

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Management

• The major goal of dementia management are to treat correctable cause and to provide comfort and support to the patient and caregiver

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Treatable DEMENTIA

• D : Drug toxicity(alcohol , organic poison)• E : Emotional disorder (depression)• M : Metabolic(B12,Folate,B1,niacin def,wilson)

& endocrine disorder(thyroid,PTH,pituitary,insulinnoma)

• E : Eye & ears disorders• N : Nutritional disorder & NPH• T : Tumor & trauma (SDH)• I : Infection (Syphilis,chronic meningitis)• A : Arteriosclerosis (vascular&vasculitis)

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Promoting and maintaining independence of people with dementia

• consistent and stable staffing• retaining a familiar environment• minimising relocations• flexibility to accommodate fluctuating abilities• assessment and care-planning advice regarding ADLs,

and ADL skill training from an occupational therapist• assessment and care-planning advice about

independent toileting skills; if incontinence occurs all possible causes should be assessed and relevant treatments tried before concluding that it is permanent

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• environmental modifications to aid independent functioning, including assistive technology, with advice from an occupational therapist and/or clinical psychologist

• physical exercise, with assessment and advice from a physiotherapist when needed

• support for people to go at their own pace and participate in activities they enjoy

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Interventions for cognitive symptoms and maintenance of function for people with dementia

• Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive symptoms and maintaining function– People with mild-to-moderate dementia of all types should be given

the opportunity to participate in a structured group cognitive stimulation programme.

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• Pharmacological interventions for the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease– The three acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors donepezil, galantamine and

rivastigmine are recommended as options for managing mild to moderate – Memantine is recommended as an option for managing Alzheimer's disease

for people with:• moderate Alzheimer's disease who are intolerant of or have a

contraindication to AChE inhibitors or• severe Alzheimer's disease.