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Carolina Curto Inês G. Costa Rui Duarte Sandra Cró. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in BWS. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. GENETIC BASIS. Growth disorder associated with abnormalities in the imprinted domain of chromossome 11p15.5. · Histone modification · Non coding RNAs - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms in BWS
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Carolina CurtoInês G. CostaRui DuarteSandra Cró
GENETIC BASIS
· Histone modification· Non coding RNAs· DNA methylation
ICs (DMRs)
Genomic Imprinting
Fig1. Ilustrative image of chromossome 11p15.5. Source:http://www.intellmed.eu/cs/mdl/info/lsi-h-ras-orange/index.html
Growth disorder associated with abnormalities in the imprinted domain of chromossome 11p15.5
Gene expression is altered according to the parental origin of the allele.
GENETIC BASIS
Chromossome 11p15.5
· Histone modification· Non coding RNAs· DNA methylation
ICs (DMRs)
Genomic Imprinting
Fig2. Ilustrative image of the mecanisms of DNA methylation .Source:http://cnx.org/content/m26565/1.1/
GENETIC BASIS
Maternal expressed genes:CDKN1C; KCNQ1; H19
Methylated IC2 and Non methylated IC1
Paternal expressed genes:IGF2 ; KCNQ10T
Methylated IC1 and Non methylated IC2
Fig3. Schematic representation of chromossome 11p15.5 imprinted region on a normal individual. Source:Rosanna Weksberg,Cheryl Shuman and J. Beckwith: Practical Genetics- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. European Journal of Human Genetics (2010);18,8-14.
Fig4. Schematic representation revelent genes from chromossome 11p15.5.
GENETIC BASIS
Fig5. Schematic representation of chromossome 11p15.5 imprinted region altered. Source:Rosanna Weksberg,Cheryl Shuman and J. Beckwith: Practical Genetics- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. European Journal of Human Genetics (2010);18,8-14.
GENETIC BASIS
Paternal uniparental di-somy (20%)
IC1 gain of methylation (7%)
IC2 loss of methylation (50%)
CDKN1C mutations (10%)
Translocations/Inver-sions/Duplications (2%)
Unknown (11%)
Fig6. Distribution of BWS genetic causes.
GENETIC BASISPaternal
Uniparental Disomy
(Segmental)
Mosaic Distribution
Fig7. Schematic representation of Segmental Uniparental disomy mechanism. Source:http://www.peds.ufl.edu/divisions/genetics/teaching/syndrome_gene_maps.htm
IC2 LOSS OF METHYLATION
Imprinting control region 2
REGULATES
CDKN1C gene
hypomethylated
Gene activity is reduced
IC2 LOSS OF METHYLATION
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C
Responsible for restraining growth
Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the cell cycle. They must be binded to a cyclin in
order to be active.
CDKN1C binds to CDK and distorts cyclin binding
CDKN1C acts as a tumor suppressor
BWS Overgrowth and high risk of tumors
IC1 GAIN OF METHYLATION
Insulin-like growth factor 2
Promotes cell division before birth
IC2 hypermethylation Increased activity of IGF2 gene
Overgrowth and high risk of tumors(embryonal tumors)
LOSS OF IMPRINTING
Normally
IGF2Maternal copy
Paternal copy
INACTIVE ACTIVE
LOI
IGF2Maternal copy
Paternal copy
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Over-expression of IGF2 gene, which might stimulate the development of tumor cells
SYMPTOMS• Macrosomia • Anterior linear ear lobe• Creases/posterior helical ear pits• Macroglossia• Omphalocele/umbilical hernia• Visceromegaly • Embryonal tumors (Wilms tumor,
hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma) in childhood
• Hemihyperplasia • Cytomegaly of the fetal adrenal cortex
(pathognomonic)• Renal abnormalities including structural
abnormalities, nephromegaly, nephrocalcinosis, later development of medullary sponge kidney
• Placental mesenchymal dysplasia • Cardiomegaly• Hypoglycemia Fig7. Illustrative pictures of symptoms related to this condition.
Source:http://www.perinataljournal.com/20110193008;http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Kprones/HemihyperplasiaID10046.html;http://www.pediatricsconsultant360.com/article/newborn-macroglossia-mass-umbilical-area-and-hypoglycemia
DIAGNOSISBlood analysisAbdominal X-RaysMRIs and EcosGenetic Studies
Clinical Evaluation
Methylation sensitive
MLPA
Southern blotting
Q-PCR determination
of copy numberGUSB
Fig8. Different techniques used in BWS diagnosis. Source: Algar E, Dagar V, Sebaj M, Pachter N. An 11p15 imprinting center region 2 deletion in a family with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome provides insights into imprinting control at CDKN1C.PLoS One. 2011;6:e29034. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029034.
DIAGNOSIS
Fig9. Schematic representation of the approches used to diagnose BWS . Source:Rosanna Weksberg,Cheryl Shuman and J. Beckwith: Practical Genetics- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. European Journal of Human Genetics (2010);18,8-14.
TREATMENT
Standard supportive medical and surgical stratagiesDosing of α-fetoproteinTumor surveillance
Prenatal diagnosis
Fig10. Surgical treatment for macroglossia. Source:http://curiosoebizarroo.blogspot.pt/2010/08/macroglossia.html
Fig11. CT scan image of bilateral Wilms Tumor. Source:http://med.brown.edu/pedisurg/Brown/IBImages/Abdomen/BilatWilms.html
BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Kprones/HemihyperplasiaID10046.htmlhttp://cnx.org/content/m26565/1.1/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/919477-clinical#a0218http://ghr.nlm.nih.govhttp://med.brown.edu/pedisurg/Brown/IBImages/Abdomen/BilatWilms.htmlhttp://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/bolsas/137779/investigacao-molecular-funcao-cdkn1c-p57kip2/http://www.chc.min-saude.pt/servicos/Genetica/beckwith-wiedemann.htmhttp://www.intellmed.eu/cs/mdl/info/lsi-h-ras-orange/index.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15811927http://www.pediatricsconsultant360.com/article/newborn-macroglossia-mass-umbilical-area-and-hypoglycemiahttp://www.peds.ufl.edu/divisions/genetics/teaching/syndrome_gene_maps.htmhttp://www.perinataljournal.com/20110193008Rosanna Weksberg,Cheryl Shuman and J. Beckwith: Practical Genetics- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. European Journal of Human Genetics (2010);18,8-14.Jacqueline R Engel, Alan Smallwood, Antonita Harper, Michael J Higgins, Mitsuo Oshimura,Wolf Reik, Paul N Schofield, Eamonn R Maher: Epigenotype-phenotype correlations in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome; J Med Genet 2000;37:921–926Shaffer LG, Agan N, Goldberg JD, Ledbetter DH, Longshore JW, Cassidy SB. American College of Medical Genetics statement of diagnostic testing for uniparental disomy. Available online. 2001. Accessed 6-26-12.Algar E, Dagar V, Sebaj M, Pachter N. An 11p15 imprinting center region 2 deletion in a family with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome provides insights into imprinting control at CDKN1C.PLoS One. 2011;6:e29034. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029034.