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Cells Vocab words
1. Cell
2. Cell theory
3. Nucleus
4. Eukaryote
5. Prokaryote
6. Organelle
7. Cytoplasm
8. Nuclear envelope
9. Chromatin
10. Chromosome
11. Nucleolus
12. Ribosome
25. Diffusion
26. Equilibrium
27. Osmosis
28. Isotonic
29. Hypertonic
30. Hypotonic
31. Facilitated diffusion
32. Active transport
33. Endocytosis
34. Phagocytosis
35. Pinocytosis
36. Exocytosis
13. Endoplasmic reticulum
14. Golgi apparatus
15. Lysosome
16. Vacuole
17. Mitochondrion
18. Chloroplast
19. Cytoskeleton
20. Centriole
21. Cell membrane
22. Cell wall
23. Lipid bilayer
24. Concentration
Cell Theory Essential Questions
1. Explain how the development of the
cell theory was dependent on
technological advances and previous
knowledge.
2. Relate the function of a cell to its
organelles
3. How do osmosis, diffusion and active
transport maintain homeostasis in a
cell
The Cell• The Microscope
– An instrument that produces magnified
images.
• A light microscope bends rays of light.
–The compound light microscope
most common in biology labs.
– Led to the discovery of microorganisms
• Cell Theory
• Germ Theory
• In the 1600’s Anton van Leeuwenhoek
discovered he could magnify things using
lenses at the proper distance.
Early Microscope
• Van Leeuwenhoek used his microscope to
look at pond water and other liquids.
– Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to identify
Microscopic living things.
• He called these things
ANIMALCULES.
• Over the next several hundred years scientist improved the microscope.
– Led to other discoveries and the cell theory
Important Scientist
• Hooke
– used a microscope to observe flowers insects, spider webs, and slices of cork.
• Woody parts of plants contained tiny rectangular chambers which he called cells.
• Hooke and Schleiden
–concluded that all plants contained cells.
• Plants are made up of cells
• Schwann
–found that some animal tissue resembled cellular tissue of plants.
• Animals are made up of cells
• Virchow
–Proposed that animal and plant cells are produced only by the division of cells that already exist.
• Cells come from cells
–Through cell division
• Brown
–found an object near the center of cells.
• This object today is known as the NUCLEUS.
• The nucleus plays a role in cell reproduction.
• The discoveries and observations of these scientists make up what is now called the cell theory.
–The cell theory forms a basis for the way biologists study living things.
• Cells are found in all living things
–The cell theory applies to all organisms
• unicellular or multicellular
• THE CELL THEORY
–All living things are composed of cells.
–Cells are the smallest working units of living things.
–All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division.
• Cells are not all alike.
– Vary in size and shape.
• However cells have
some structures in
common.
• Common to all cells
are:
–Cell membrane
–Cytoplasm
–DNA
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
• The Nucleus
–Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
• The nucleus is where most of the
DNA is contained
–Prokaryotic cells do not have a
nucleus
• The DNA material is floating in
the cytoplasm
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Do not have a
nucleus
Kingdom
Do not have
membrane bound
organelles
Generally smaller
Archeabacteria
Eubacteria
Have a
nucleus
Dozens of
organelles
Plant
Protista
Fungi
Animal
Kingdom
DNA is
contained
in nucleus
Perform
many
functions
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Eukaryotes
Cell Theory Essential Questions
1. Explain how the development of the
cell theory was dependent on
technological advances and previous
knowledge.
2. Relate the function of a cell to its
organelles
3. How do osmosis, diffusion and active
transport maintain homeostasis in a
cell
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell
– It contains nearly all the cell’s DNA.
• Coded instructions for making proteins
and other important molecules.
– This storing of DNA enables the cell to
better regulate and control its use
• The DNA molecules and proteins in
the nucleus form CHROMATIN
– It is spread through out the nucleus.
– During Mitosis the chromatin will form
the chromosomes.
– CHROMOSOMES: made up of condensed
chromatin (DNA).
• The formation of chromosomes is
important in dividing the genetic material
evenly and accurately
• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
–performs the same function as the cell membrane.
–Nuclear pores in the envelope allows movement in and out of the nucleus
• The cytoplasm
–The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid mixture (Cyto = cell, Plasm = fluid).• Filled with salts, sugars, and other
dissolved substances.
• Found inside the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
–In Eukaryotes the cytoplasm contains many small structures called ORGANELLES.• Little organ like structures that
perform specialized functions
• RIBOSOME
– made of RNA and protein.
– the smallest and do not have a membrane.
– the site where protein production begins.
– The number of ribosomes is dependent upon the number of proteins a cell must make.
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER).
– Processing and transporting proteins and other macromolecules is the function of the ER
– made up of tubes, sacs, and channels that provide it with a large surface area.
– 2 types of ER rough and smooth.
– Rough makes membranes and secretory proteins.
– Smooth makes lipids and helps to remove harmful substances.
• GOLGI APPARATUS
– Made up of a system of membranous sacs.
– Materials that need to be modified, sorted, and packaged are handled by the golgiapparatus.
– Materials for cell membranes are packaged and distributed by the golgi apparatus.
• LYSOSOMES
– sac-like membranes filled with chemicals and enzymes that can break down almost any thing.
– Lysosomes are the clean-up crew. They are also used to break down non-functioning organelles.
– Without lysosomes, aged and dead cells as well as other cellular debris would build up within the body.
• VACUOLES
– Sac-like structures used to store materials (water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates).
– VACUOLES in both plant and animal cells,
• Animals have many small vacuoles.
• Plants usually have a large central vacuole.
–used for support and water storage.
–PLASTIDS are used for storage of starch and pigment.
• MITOCHONDRION
– The organelle that produces cellular energy from a chemical fuel (glucose)
– Cellular respiration.
• Converts glucose into ATP
– Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic organisms
– Mitochondria contain DNA.
The Power
house of the cell
• CYTOSKELETON
– The supporting framework
• Made of microtubules and microfilaments.
• holds organelles in place.
• aids in movement of material within the cell.
• helps in cell movement.
–Cilia and flagella are used to propel cells.
• CHLOROPLASTS,
– Converts sunlight into chemical energy
(glucose).
• Photosynthesis
– Found in plant and plant-like cells
– Contains chlorophyll (pigment).
• Centrioles are found in animal cells
• Usually only visible during cell
division.
• Aid in the assembly of
microtubules.
– Help to divide the
chromosomes
• CELL WALL
• In plants, algae, and some bacteria there is a boundary on the outside of the membrane, the cell wall.
– It helps to protect the cell and give it support.
– It is made of fibers of carbohydrates and proteins.
• Cellulose and lignin
• CELL MEMBRANE
– The outer boundary.
• It encloses the cell.
• It separates the cell from its surrounding
• It protects the cell
– It regulates what goes in or out of the cell
• Allows certain things to pass through.
–For this reason a cell membrane is described as SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
• Cell membranes are built around a core of
PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
– They have a POLAR end, the HEAD, tends
to attract water.
– They have a NON-POLAR end, the TAIL,
tends to avoid water.
– Because of their structure, in water they are
found in a double-layered pattern.
• A LIPID BILAYER
• The cell membrane consists of several different types of
molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates.
– Some proteins are used to protect the membrane
• Provide the cell membrane with support
– Some of the proteins form protein channels,
• help to move material across the membrane.
– Some proteins along with carbohydrates act as an
identification card
• used to determine which cells are foreign objects.
Mosaic
• Mosaic is an art form which uses small
pieces of materials placed together to
create a unified whole.
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
All the pieces make a whole
Animal Cell
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell Theory Essential Questions
1. Explain how the development of the
cell theory was dependent on
technological advances and previous
knowledge.
2. Relate the function of a cell to its
organelles
3. How do osmosis, diffusion and active
transport maintain homeostasis in a
cell
• TRANSPORTING ACROSS THE
MEMBRANE.
–All cells have a cell membrane
–The cell membrane regulates what
enters and leaves the cell.
–There are two types of transport
• PASSIVE
• ACTIVE.
–PASSIVE TRANSPORT involves
substances crossing the membrane
without the cell expending energy.
• DIFFUSION is caused by the energy
in molecules which leads to constant
movement and collisions of
molecules.
–Substances move from regions of
high concentrations to regions of
low concentration.
–EQUILIBRIUM is the state at which
the concentration of the substance
is equal on both sides of the
membrane.
• The molecules will continue to
move, however there will be no
net change in concentration.
• Some substances can diffuse directly across the
phospholipid bilayer.
• Others can diffuse only through special channels.
– The process of diffusion through the protein
channels is called FACILITATED DIFFUSION.
• Passive transport
• There are hundreds of protein channels
–each specific for an ion, sugar, salt, or
other substance.
• OSMOSIS is the diffusion of water
molecules.
– Water is vital to cell survival.
– The CYTOPLASM of a typical cell is
filled with salts, sugars, and other
dissolved substances.
• It is not just water
• Controlling the movement of water is
important to the survival of the cell.
• OSMOTIC PRESSURE is the force that
prevents water from moving into a solution.
– If a cell is surrounded by distilled water (hypo)
• the cell has a much lower osmotic pressure
than the water.
–Therefore water will flood the cell.
– If a cell is surrounded by a concentrated salt
solution (hyper)
• This sets up the opposite relationship the
cell has a higher osmotic pressure
–Water will leave the cell.
• Solution types
– Water moves into RBC by osmosis when
surrounding solution is HYPOTONIC,
• or less concentrated than cells (below)
– Water moves out of RBC by osmosis when
the surrounding solution is HYPERTONIC
• or more concentrated than the
cells(dehydration) (above).
– In an ISOTONIC solution there is no
movement of water across the membrane
• it is an equal concentration
RBC = red blood cell
• Three ways to control osmotic pressure.
– 1. Organisms use a cell wall, which prevents
the cell from expanding.
– 2. Organisms pump out the water many
unicellular organisms have a contractile
vacuole used to pump water out.
– 3. Organisms bathe cells in blood prevents
cells from being in direct contact with dilute
water. An animal’s blood and cells have
nearly the same concentrations of dissolved
substances.
– ACTIVE TRANSPORT occurs when a cell
expends energy to move substances.
• This movement can occur against a
concentration difference.
• The process of active transport is like a pump.
–Most animal cells have membrane proteins
that will pump sodium ions out and
potassium ions in.
– Active transport is not limited to small ions or
molecules. Some transport large molecules
and even whole cells.
• ENDOCYTOSIS occurs when a cell wraps its
membrane around a particle. Then turns its
membrane inside out to take in the particle.
• If the particle is very large the process is called
Phagocytosis. (Pinocytosis liquids)
• EXOCYTOSIS is when a cell expends energy to
expel material.
• CELL SPECIALIZATION
– Many cells are specialized to perform a specific
function in an organism
• this is the key characteristics of cells in a multicellular
organism.
– Some cells are specialized to move or transport
ciliated cells in the airways and lungs
– Some cells are specialized to react to their
environment.
• Nerve cells and cells in your eye.
– Some cells are specialized to make certain products.
• Pancreas cells produce enzymes for digest.
• Cell Diversity– Cells in multicellular organisms develop in different
ways to perform particular functions within the organism.
• This is cell specialization.
• LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION– The levels of organization in a multicellular organism
include:• Cells
• Tissue- Groups of similar cells that perform a function.
• Organ- Tissues working together.
• Organ system- various organs working together.
• Specialization and interdependence is an important characteristic of living things.
• Multicellular organisms have cell specialization, single cell organisms do not need to.