Cells to Organelles

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Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

Organelles

These are Organisms (living things)

Any organism is made up of structures called organ systems

An organ system is a group of organs that work together. Digestive

System

Cardiovascular System

Skeletal System (Front View)

Muscular System (Front View)

Organ systems are made up of structures called organs

Heart

Lungs

Brain

EyeLiver

An organ is a part of an organ system that has a special job to do.

Organs are made up of structures called tissues

A piece of an organ is a tissue.

http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/cardiology/heart/photographs.html

Unhealthy Heart Tissue (enlarged)

A tissue is a collection of cells (a bunch of cells).

Tissues are made up of structures called cells

.A cell is the smallest living part of an organism that has a specific job to do.

Cells are made up of structures called organelles

Organelle

Organelle

Organelle

Organelle

Organelle

An organelle is a part of a cell.

Important Point About Cells

The STRUCTURE of a cell “follows” FUNCTION of the cell. In other words, the way a cell is put together will fit its job!

Some interesting cells

Notice that these cells LOOK like they could expand (stretch) and contract – which they must do to work together to pull, lift, carry, push, etc. What kinds of cells are they?

Muscle cells!

Some interesting cellsNotice that these cells interlock (fit into each other). Interlocked cells would be harder to break apart. What kinds of cells might these be? Hint: Since these cells are hard to break apart, they could hold together and support an organism well!

Bone cells

Some interesting cells

Notice the structure of these cells – they have NO sharp corners. They are shaped more like pillows – so that they won’t get “stuck,” so that they’ll slide through “tubes” called arteries and veins!

Red blood cells

http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Redbloodcells.jpg

Redbloodcells.jpg (144 × 166 pixel, file size: 5 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)    This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a collection of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. The description on its description page there and licensing information can be seen below.The description on its file description page on the shared repository is shown below.Copied as is from en:Image:Redbloodcells.jpg

Some interesting cells

The FUNCTION of these cells is to pass along messages from and to the brain. Notice their STRUCTURES. How do they “pass along” the information?

Nerve cells

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PurkinjeCell.jpg

Cells that are in plants are made of these organelles:

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole (huge)

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Body

RibosomeLysosome

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

Interesting Fact about Cells

The human body has more than 75 trillion cells in it. If these cells were lined up around the Earth, they would circle the Earth more than 47 times!

Source: 2002/BrainPop.com

Draw a Plasma (Cell) Membrane:

Cell MembraneOR Plasma Membrane

Facts about Cell MembraneStructure (what’s it like):• Very plasmatic (I.e., it

changes it shape easily)• Acts like a fence or netFunctions: • It allows food and water

to enter cell• Holds the cytoplasm

inside• Keeps bacteria out

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Which structure holds the “innards” in but keeps bacteria out?

Cell MembranePlasma Membrane

Draw cytoplasm:

Cytoplasm

Facts about Cytoplasm

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

STRUCTURE• This organelle is the

“living sea” of the cell.• It is ALIVE. FUNCTIONS• It moves other

organelles around• It keeps other

organelles from smashing into each other

Which structure is the “Living Sea” which separates organelles?

Cytoplasm

Draw the Nucleus:

Nucleus

Looks like a Nucleus

Looks like a Nucleus

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

STRUCTURE: Large, round shape in

cell.

FUNCTION:• This structure acts

like the “brain” or “boss” of the cell.

• It “tells” the cell what to do: reproduce, take in water and food

Facts about Nucleus

Which structure is the “brain” of the cell?

Nucleus

Draw a Vacuole:

Vacuole

Facts about a Vacuole

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

STRUCTUREThis structure acts like the

“pantry” of a cell. FUNCTION• It holds the food and water that

enter the cell through the cell membrane

• It holds “trash/waste” from the cell until it can be dumped fromthe cell

FACT• In a plant cell, these structures

tend to be very large. Why?

Which structure holds food & water like a pantry and waste

like a trash can?

Vacuole

Draw Several Mitochondria(or One Mitochondrion)

Mitochondrion

Mitochondria

http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/mitoch1.htm

Mitochondrion Facts:

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

WHAT IT’S LIKE• Called the

energy-supplier and powerhouse of the cell.

• Think of it as the “mighty mitochondrion”

FUNCTION• Gives energy to

the cell.

Which structures are the “powerhouses” of cells?

Mitochondria

Draw a Cell Wall

Cell Wall

STRUCTURE:

FUNCTION:

FACT:

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Facts about Cell Walls

Only in plant cells

“Protects” the cell against “invaders” such as heat, bacteria, insects, etc.Support

It is tough, stringy Acts like a wall

or a suit of armor

Facts about Cell Wall

Celery is made mostly of cellulose. Cellulose is tough, remember? It has to be (to protect each cell. Millions of cells surrounded by tough cell walls would result in tough tissue, yes? •When we eat cellulose (cell walls),

we call it fiber. It’s good for us!

James A. Sullivan

Cell wall

Cell wall

What is the cell’s “protector”?

Cell Wall

Ribosome

Draw Ribosomes

STRUCTURE: • Small, grain-

like structures• Think of them

as tiny living factories

FUNCTION• Produce

protein for the cell

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Facts about Ribosomes:

LysosomeGolgi Body

Ribosome

Ribosome

Which structure is the “Protein Producer”of the cell?

Draw Chloroplasts:

Chloroplast (Empty)

Chloroplast (Full)

Facts about ChloroplastsWHAT THEY’RE LIKE

• Cooks or chefsFACT

• Found ONLY in plant cells

FUNCTION• To make food

(chlorophyll) with the help of the sun (in a process known as photosynthesis)

CELLS alive!James A. Sullivan

Chloroplast

ChloroplastVisible from Underlying Cell Layer

Think:

Chloroplast

Why are some chloroplasts colored green and others left clear?

The “clear” chloroplast is empty because it has not yet made chlorophyll. The green chloroplast is full of green chlorophyll that

has been produced with the help of the sun!

• Perhaps it is winter time, and the Earth directly enough to provide enough energy for photosynthesis to occur.

•Perhaps the plant is unhealthy and cannot produce chlorophyll.

•Perhaps the plant is in a spot that is too shady.

Which organelle produces food for the cell?

Chloroplast

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Draw an Endoplasmic Reticulum

STRUCTURE:• A maze of

passageways

FUNCTION:Carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Facts about Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Which structure is the “passageway” of the cell?

Lysosomes

Draw a Lysosome

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

What’s a Lysosome?

Lysosome

This structure acts like a garbage disposal for a cell.

FUNCTION: Breaks down “food” particles and

worn-out cell parts, and then release them from the cell.

FACT Usually, this organelle dumps the

broken down material into a vacuole.

WHAT’S IT LIKE:

Lysosome

Which structure is the “Garbage Disposal” of the cell?

Golgi Body

Draw a Golgi Body

*These organelles could act as pipelines between the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, for example)

WHAT IT’S LIKEThis structure acts like the packaging and distributor of the cell.

FUNCTIONIt receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and sends them to other parts of the cell.

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

What’s a Golgi Body?

Lysosome

Golgi Bodies

Golgi Body

Which structure is the “Pipeline ” or “Distributor” of the cell?*

*These organelles could act as pipelines between the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, for example)

CELL THEORY

Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory in 1838 and cell biology research was forever changed. The cell theory states that:

The Cell Theory

1. All life forms are made from one or more cells.

2. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

3. The cell is the smallest form of life.

Cells Alive Interactive

Want a Fun Test?

Go to this site and play “Concentration” andother games about cell organelles…

http://www.quia.com/jg/2744.html

Learn More about Cell Organelles(OPTIONAL!!!)

Go here for an interactive diagram of a cell: http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/plntcell.htmClick on this website and scroll down to the bottom of the page to view a good diagram.

Go here to learn more facts/details about each organelle: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html http://www.win.co.nz/bioweb/ http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/cell/

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

Learn More about Cell Organelles(OPTIONAL!!!)

Go here for an interactive cell diagram (although this site is still under construction: Cell Structure and Process

Organelle Functions

Protects cell from invaders (sun & insects)

Holds cytoplasm & allows food/water to enter/exit cell

Stores water & food

Gives energy to the cell

Gives instructions to the cell

Receive materials from E.R. and send them to

other parts of cell.

Chlorophyll (food) is made in this structure (through photosynthesis)

Passageway through which

materials in cell are moved

Safely holds all organelles

Breaks down bacteria/food/worn-out cell parts and releases

them from the cell (usually into a vacuole)

Learn the Function

Protects cell from invaders (sun & insects)

Holds cytoplasm & allows food/water to enter/exit cell

Stores water & food

Gives energy to the cell

Gives instructions to the cell

Receive materials from E.R. and send them to

other parts of cell.

Chlorophyll (food) is made in this structure (through photosynthesis)

Passageway through which

materials in cell are moved

Safely holds all organelles

Breaks down bacteria/food/worn-out cell parts and releases

them from the cell (usu. Into a vacuole)

Test Yourself: Name the Organelles in a Plant Cell

3

2

6

4

1

5

7

8

9

10

11

Interesting Fact about an Organ

Your ______ is the largest organ of your body.It comprises about 12% of your total body weight. In other words, if you weigh 100 pounds, 12 of those 100 pounds come from your skin.Even your eyes are covered by a layer of skin.By the time you reach the age of 70, you will have shed over 40 pounds of dead skin cells. Think about holding 4 10-pound bags of potatoes. That’s how much skin you will lose by age 70.

skin

http://www.innerbody.com/image/nerv16.html

Interesting fact about hair, a structure that grows in your skin. This is a human hair and part of its root, viewed at 100x. What does it remind you of?

Photo by Student in 406, 2003Interesting Fact Source: http://www.innerbody.com/image/nerv16.html

“Did you know ?

The average person is believed to have over five million hairs growing on their body at the same time. Isn't it amusing to know that humans have just as many hair follicles as gorillas do? Hair color depends on amount of melanin (pigment). As we age, less melanin is formed and small air bubbles form, making the appearance look gray.”

See lots of protists (single-celled organisms) at this site:

http://ebiomedia.com/downloads/Protists.pdf

Next Lab Investigations:View Elodea at 40x, 100x, and 400x

View cheek cells at 100x

See also: separate slide show, “Elodea”

Let’s concentrate on the nucleus next…

What’s in the Nucleus?

The nucleus contains chromatin.

Chromatin

Mitosis.ppt

What do Chromatin do?

Before one parent cell divides to become two cells, the chromatin coil and condense to become chromosomes.

CELLS alive!

BU WebCentral Learning: Flash - IntroductionSee chromatin become chromosomes:Mitosis.ppt

Genes

In the chromosomes is DNA,

http://www.marfan.org/pub/newsletter/vol04/video.html

http://www.biosciences.bham.ac.uk/labs/minchin/tutorials/lgdna.html

Mitosis.ppt

DNA

In the DNA are genes, the...

Mitosis.ppt

http://www.psc.edu/science/Rosenberg/Rosenberg.html

See separate slide show: Mitosis

Watch for more information about…

http://www.jls.palo-alto.ca.us/science/7/cell.html

Mitosis: A Type of Reproduction

http://www.cellsalive.com/ecoli.htm

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/celldivision/crome3.swf

Locomotion (Movement)

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/movies.html