Upload
leroy-kane
View
36
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Cells & Systems Review. 2009 Exam Review. Cells & Systems. CELL THEORY Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow ALL living things are made from CELLS CELLS come from preexisting cells (you can’t make them) CELLS are the basic unit of structure and function - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Cells & Systems Review
2009 Exam Review
Cells & Systems
• CELL THEORY• Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow• ALL living things are made from CELLS• CELLS come from preexisting cells (you
can’t make them)• CELLS are the basic unit of structure and
function• The activity of an organism depends on
the total activity of all of its CELLS!
Cells & Systems
• Living Organisms Must:• Grow• Repair themselves• Obtain energy (and nutrients)• Remove wastes• Respond to the environment• Reproduce• DIE - Finite lifespan
Cells & Systems• Important People and
Contributions• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - invented a
microscope• Robert Hook - created the term “cell”• Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow – Cell
theory• Invention of more powerful tools: compound light microscopes – electron microscopes –
computers & MRIs – dissections etc.
Cells & Systems PLANTS & ANIMAL CELLS
• Both have:• Nucleii• Cell membrane• Vacuoles• Endoplasmic
reticulum• Cytoplasm• Mitochondria
• only PLANTS have:
• Chloroplasts• Cell wall
Cells & Systems Transport of nutrients and wastes
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• Requires NO energy• “downhill” (H → L)• OSMOSIS – diffusion
across a selectively permeable membrane
• SMALL molecules
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT• Requires energy input• Can go “uphill”• Often uses CARRIER
PROTEINS” – special gate like structures
• SMALL or LARGE molecules
The Main PointsDIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
• UNICELLULAR• Single cells -
microscopic• No specialization –
must do all life functions
• Live in water, soils, air• Include:• BACTERIA - Monera• PROTISTS – Euglena,
Amoeba, Paramecium, etc.
• MULTICELLULAR• 2 or more cells
working together• Can specialize –
perform certain functions well
• Organisms can be larger
• Live in all environments
• Plants, animals, fungi
Cells & Systems Specialization
• Cellular organization• Cells →Tissues → Organs →
Systems → Organisms
• Example:• Cell – epithelial tissue – skin –
integumentary system - human
Cells & Systems Specialization
• Multicellular Organisims• Specialization must occur as most cells do not
have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS
• HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE:• CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to
and from ALL cells• RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)
Cells & Systems Specialization
• Multicellular Organisims• Specialization must occur as most cells do not
have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS
• HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE:• CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to
ALL cells• RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)
Cells & Systems
• HEART CIRCULATION• 4 chambers: 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles• Major Blood vessels:• VENA CAVA (superior & inferior) – bring
deoxygenated blood back to heart from body• AORTA – largest & thickest artery – sends
oxygenated blood to body• PULMONARY ARTERY – only “blue” artery) –
sends from heart to lungs• PULMONARY VEIN – only “red” vein) – sends
from lungs to heart
The Main PointsLabel the parts of the heart:
The Main Points
AortaPulmonary Artery
L. Atrium
R. Atrium
Valve
Valve
Valve
P. Vein
R. Ventricle
Vena Cava
Valve
L. Ventricle
Septum
The Main PointsA figure 8 circulation pattern:
R. ATRIUM
R. VENTRICLE
L. ATRIUM
L. VENTRICLE
body lungs
Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta
Cells & Systems Blood vessels
• ARTERIES – move blood AWAY from Heart
• ROUND & THICK• UNDER LOTS OF
PRESSURE• No valves• MOST ARE
OXYGENATED
• VEINS – move blood INTO Heart
• Flatter & thinner• UNDER some OF
PRESSURE• MOST ARE
DEOXYGENATED• Have VALVES to
keep blood moving toward heart
Cells & Systems Blood vessels
• Capillaries• Smallest of the blood vessels• Connect arteries & veins
• Bring nutrients and O2 to EVERY Cell in the body
• REMOVE wastes (CO2, urea) from all cells
The Main Points:Blood Components
• Plasma – mostly water – largest amount, carries sugar, CO2 carries the blood cells
• RBCs – carry oxygen• WBCs – fight infection• Platelets – clot blood (form scabs
etc.)
The Main Points:EXERCISE AND the BODY’S RESPONSE
• Cells undergo RESPIRATION to produce energy
• This reaction requires O2 which makes breathing and heart rate increase when you exercise
• This also speeds up the removal of wastes produced!
• RESTING HEART RATE ~ 70 – 75 bpm
Cells & Systems:THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
• PRIMARY• Blocks germs from
entering the body• Saliva - mouth• Earwax - ears• Mucous - respiratory
• Cilia - respiratory
• Tears – eyes• Skin - body
• SECONDARY• Inside the body• Kill germs that get
by the primary• WBC – kill bacteria• Lymphatic system• Antibodies
The Main Points:Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
• Eat Healthy• Exercise• Don’t Smoke• Get Adequate Amounts of Sleep• Drink lots of water
The Main Points:Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
• Heart Disease – low fat diet, weight maintenance, exercise
• Hardened Arteries – low cholesterol, eat well, exercise
• Stroke – lower stress, low salt, exercise• Leukemia – may be genetic, may be
caused by exposure to chemicals
Cells & Systems:Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM
• Science has helped us:• Vaccines – dead, weakened forms
of germs help us produce antibodies.
• Antibiotics – help us defeat infections