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Chapter 7-4Cell Structure and
Function
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
_______ ___________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
TRANSPORT PROTEINShelp move substances across the cell membrane
Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif
http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif
More on this in Chapter 7-3
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Acts as a boundaryControls what enters and leaves cell
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Cell membranes MOVE!
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing
Click here to seeFluidityAnimation
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
CELL WALLSupports and
protects cell
Outside of cell membrane
Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________CELLULOSE
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg
CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell
membrane)
ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
Organelles suspended in gel-like goo
NUCLEUS
Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleusImage from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
WHAT DOES IT DO?Contains genetic material (DNA)
DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Control center of cell
Image from:
Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do
Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
NUCLEOLUS
Dark spot in nucleus = __________
Makes RNA for ribosomes
Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg
NUCLEOLUS
CYTOSKELETON• Helps cell maintain shape
• Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA
)
Look like “little sausages”
Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg
MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane increases surface areafor more chemical reactions
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
Has its own DNA
MITOCHONDRIA
Come from cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Burns glucose to release energy
Stores energy as ATP
“Powerplant of cell”
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image by: Riedell
RIBOSOMES
•Made of PROTEINS and RNA
•Protein factory for cellJoin amino acids to make proteins
Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg
Image by: RIedell
RIBOSOMES
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
free in cytoplasm
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2 KINDS:SMOOTH or ROUGH
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Has RIBOSOMESattached
• Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth
ER)
• Has NO ribosomes attached
• Has enzymes for special tasks
Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth
ER)Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif
•Makes membrane lipids (steroids) •Regulates calcium (muscle cells) •Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)• Pancake like
membrane stacks
Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
LYSOSOMES
Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html
Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
LYSOSOMES
Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
See lysosomes in action:
http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpghttp://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg
“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________APOPTOSIS
Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells
See animation
Apoptosis plays a role in:
Embryonic developmentNormal body cell
maintenance Immune system responses
CancerAIDS infectionTransplant rejection
http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Made ofPROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg
CILIA•Many•short
FLAGELLA•Few•Long
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
• Cell wall
• HUGE vacuoles
• Chloroplasts
• No centrioles
Plant vs Animal cells
CELL WALLSupports and
protects cell
Outside of cell membrane
Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________CELLULOSE
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg
VACUOLES
Storage space
Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif
http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif
VACUOLES
• Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLSNO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg
Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells
(HOMEOSTASIS)
1
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
CHLOROPLASTS
• Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif
CHLOROPLASTS
• Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
• Contains own DNA
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm
•Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis
Go to Section:
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall
• NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• DNA is circular
• No membrane bound organelles
http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm
See video
BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES
than plant cell walls!
_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!
More on this in Chapter 18!
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall Cell wall made of
CELLULOSE
Cell wall made ofPEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA is a single circular ring
CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes
Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts
SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST
BACTERIA arePROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALSare EUKARYOTES
No membrane bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
• Transportcell membranes, homeostasis
• Photosynthesis and respirationATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts
LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things
9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa.
• Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things
Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
High school students performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
High school students performing at the
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes)
recognize that different structures perform different functions
identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code
define homeostasis;
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
• Transportcell membranes, homeostasis
• Photosynthesis and respirationATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts
LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things