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Cell Divisions
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
• Division of the nucleus of all cells except sex cells
• Produces 2 daughter cells each with the same amount and type of genetic material as the parent cell
Synthesis• Also called Interphase of the cell cycle
• Not technically part of Mitosis
• DNA is replicated (copied) to make an exact copy of itself
• Each “new” strand is 1/2 of the “old” strand and 1/2 of newly formed strand
Prophase
• 1st stage of Mitosis
• Nuclear membrane begins to weaken
Prophase• Centrioles (Protein structures) form and move to the poles of the nucleus
Metaphase• Chromosomes line up in the middle
• Spindle fibers extend from the centrioles to the centromeres
Anaphase• Spindle fibers shorten
• Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere
• Chromatids move to the opposite sides
Telophase• Nuclear membranes begin to reform
• Spindle fibers are gone
• Centrioles begin to disassemble
• Cleavage forms– Cleavage - an indentation in tissue
Cytokinesis• Nuclear membrane complete
• New cell membrane forms at cleavage
• Exact copy of the original cell
Cell Division for Sex Cells
Meiosis
• Division of the nucleus of sex cells
• Produces 4 daughter cells each with the 1/2 amount and type of genetic material as the parent cell
Meiosis
• The first 1/2 is identical to Mitosis
• Before the 2nd 1/2 the DNA is NOT replicated
Prophase 1 of Meiosis
• Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve
• Centrioles begin to form and move to the poles
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are needed to see this picture.
Metaphase 1 of Meiosis
• Chromosomes line up in the middle
• Spindle fibers extend from the centrioles to the centromeres
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are needed to see this picture.
Anaphase 1 of Meiosis
• Spindle fibers shorten
• Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere
• Chromatids move to the opposite sides
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Telophase 1 of Meiosis
• Nuclear membranes begin to reform
• Spindle fibers are gone
• Centrioles begin to disassemble
• Cleavage forms
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Cytokinesis 1 of Meiosis
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• Nuclear membrane complete
• New cell membrane forms at cleavage
• Exact copy of the original cell
Metaphase 2 of Meiosis
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• Single copy of the chromosomes line up in the middle
• Spindle fibers extend from the centrioles to the centromeres
Anaphase 2 of Meiosis
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
• Spindle fibers shorten
• Single Chromosome is pulled apart at the centromere
• Chromatids move to the opposite sides
Telophase 2 of Meiosis
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
• Nuclear membranes begin to reform
• Spindle fibers are gone
• Centrioles begin to disassemble
• Cleavage forms on 4 new cells
Cytokinesis 2 of Meiosis• Nuclear
membranes complete
• New cell membranes form at cleavage
• 4 cells each with 1/2 the genetic information of the parent cell
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are needed to see this picture.
Mutations
Mutations
• Mutation:– Any change in the sequence (order) of the DNA
• 3 main types– Insertion– Deletion– Substitution
Results of Mutations
• Benign - not good/not bad– This type of mutation leads to variations of traits•Different hair color, skin color, etc
• Helpful– This type of mutation is beneficial to the organism
• Harmful– This type of mutation interferes with normal protein production and often leads to illness or death
Variation
• A change in a trait which is caused by a change in the DNA
Insertion Mutation• If the DNA were a sentence like:
My sister is Betty
Insertion would add 1 or more letters to the sentence:
My sisters is Betty
Bad grammar, but the sentence still makes sense
Deletion Mutation• Using the same sentence:• My sister is Betty
• Deletion mutation removes one or more letters
• My sister is Btty
• This can still makes sense, but changes the meaning of the sentence which in a cell could change the protein
Problems with Insertion and Deletion Mutations• Once the message is carried out of the nucleus by RNA (we have not talked about this) all messages are read in 3 base segments
• Adding or removing 1 base causes these segments to be completely changed
Insertion and Deletion Continued
• Using our sentence the 3 base sequences would look like this:
• MYS IST ERI SBE TTY• Insertion would cause this:• MYS IST ERS ISB ETT Y • Deletion would cause this:• MYS IST ERI BTT Y
Substitution Mutation
• Still using the same sentence:
• My sister is pretty
• Substitution changes one or more letters
• My mister is pretty