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Cell Biology
Robert Hooke, and his drawing of cells
Van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope
Schleiden and Schwann
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells(eubacteria and archaea)
- no nucleus - no organelles
- binary fission- small (0.2 – 2.0 um)
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
- biofilms
Staphyloccocus aureus biofilm
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells(protists, plants, fungi, animals)
- nucleus - organelles - mitosis - larger (10-100 um)
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed)
ADP +P ATP
mitochondria
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed)
and - transform radiant energy to chemical energy
ADP +P ATP
mitochondria
ADP +P ATP
chloroplast
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) - use energy to make stuff (like enzymes and other
proteins,and lipids,
polysaccharides, and nucleic acids)
- DNA determines sequence of amino acids in enzymes and other proteins
ADP +P ATPribosome
ADP +P ATPribosome
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure
1. phospholipids
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure
2. proteins and carbohydrates
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
Aqueous Solution (inside cell)
dissolved ions
dissolved polar molecules
suspended non-polar(lipid soluble)
Aqueous Solution (outside cell)
dissolved ions
dissolved polar molecules
suspended non-polar(lipid soluble)
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport
Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibrium
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport - diffusion
Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibriumNet diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport - osmosis
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport – facilitated diffusion
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport – active transport
Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds tothe sodium-potassium pump
Na+ binding stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP.
Phosphorylation causesthe protein to change itsconformation, expelling Na+
to the outside.
Extracellular K+ bindsto the protein, triggeringrelease of the phosphategroup.
Loss of the phosphaterestores the protein’soriginal conformation.
K+ is released and Na+
sites are receptive again;the cycle repeats.
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)4. signal transduction
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)4. signal transduction5. cell-cell binding6. cell recognition7. cytoskeleton attachment
Study Questions: 1. List three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2. What is a biofilm? 3. Describe the function of mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and liposomes. 4. Why is the lipid bilayer a barrier to water soluble molecules? 5. Describe diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. 6. How does solute concentration and pressure affect water potential and osmosis.
