CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

Lecture 3: Cell Biology

Instructor: L.R. ChevalierDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringSouthern Illinois University Carbondale

Environmental Biology

for Engineers

Cell Biology

ObjectivesReview the size and basic structure of the

cell Identify major differences between

prokaryotes and eukaryotesReview cell reproductionUnderstand the difference between binary

fission, mitosis and meiosisReview current research trends

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Cell Biology

CELLS alive!

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Cell Biology

CELLS alive! How Big?

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Cell Biology

Relative Sizes and Detection Devices

1m

1m 10-1m 10-2m 10-3m 10-4m 10-5m 10-6m 10-7m 10-8m 10-9m 10-10m 10-11m

1dm 1cm 1mm 100mm10mm 1mm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 1 A 0.1 A

Human Eye

Light Microscope

Electron Microscope

Apple

Wasp

Ant

Hair

Cell

Bacteria

Virus

DNA

SmallMolecule

Atom

ElectronOrbital

Human

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Cell Biology

Types of cells Prokaryotes

◦ Include bacteria Eukaryotes

◦ Plants, animal and _____◦ _______ eukaryotes do not have a cell wall◦ Feature lost by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to

the kingdom Animalia Main distinction

◦ Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, all genetic material is contained in a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in cytoplasm

◦ Eukaryotes have a nucleus that contains long, complex chains of DNA called chromosomes

Most cells range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope.

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Cell Biology

Types of cells: ProkaryotesThe highest level of biological classification,

the domain, is based on the cell typeProkaryotes are single-celled organisms that

are the __________________of life on earthProkaryotes are/are not able to live and

thrive in various types of environments including extreme habitats such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and the guts of animals

A scanning electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogene cells

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Cell Biology

Prokaryotesprokaryotes (from the Greek pro, meaning "before" and karyon, meaning "kernel" or "nucleus") because they contain a nucleoid region rather than a true nucleus where their genetic material is found.

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Cell Biology

CELLS alive! Prokaryotes

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Cell Biology

Types of Cells: EukaryotesMore complex than prokaryotic cells

◦ Can either be single-celled (amoeba) or multi-celled◦ Can reproduce in one of several ways (e.g. meiosis,

mitosis)Have cell nucleus within containing its

_______The nucleus is the most evident distinction

between eukaryotes and prokaryotesMost organisms that we can see, such as

trees, grass, worms, flies, mice, humans, mushrooms and yeast are eukaryotes

Human breast cancer cell

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Cell Biology

Overview Comparison

___________, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of material

_________, the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus, that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it

___________, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place

_______, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes

nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes

membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes

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Cell Biology

Types of Cells: EukaryoticEukaryotic cells (from the Greek eu, meaning "true" and karyon, meaning "kernel" or "nucleus"). Below is an animal cell.

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Cell Biology

Eukaryotic: Plant Cells

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Cell Biology

Structure and Function of Cell Parts

Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells

Structure Function

Nucleus Contains genetic material

Ribosomes Protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum Synthesis/modification and transport of proteins and lipids

Golgi apparatus Processing, distribution of proteins, lipids

Lysosomes Digestion of substances in cell

Peroxisomes Digestion and detoxification

Chloroplasts Photosynthesis

Flagella/Cilia Cell movement

Vacuole and vesicle Storage of cellular substances

Centriole Cytoskeletal organization

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Cell Biology

CELLS alive! Eucaryotic Cell Interactive Animation

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Cell Biology

Plant and Animal Cell Simulation

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Cell Biology

How cells divide Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually

◦ Binary fission◦ Single DNA molecule replicates and the original cell is

divided into two identical cells. Begins with the single DNA molecule replicating Cell membrane begins to grow between the two DNA

molecules Once the cell just about doubles its original size, the

cell membrane begins to pinch inward A cell wall then forms between the two DNA

molecules dividing the original cell into two identical daughter cells

Cell membrane

DNA

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Cell Biology

Binary Fission: Desmid

B0004467 Credit Spike Walker, Wellcome Images Desmid (Micrasterias) undergoing binary fission, LM

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Cell Biology

Video Resource: Single Cell Organisms

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Cell Biology

How cells dividePresence or absence of a nucleus is

important when it come to cell reproductionRecall that prokaryotic cells divide by binary

fission◦ Genetic material is in a single strand of DNA

Typical eukaryotic cell contains about ______ more DNA

Instead of a single strand, DNA forms many distinct molecules called _____________

Mitosis is the complex and multistep process for assuring that daughter cell receives one and only one of each ________________

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Cell Biology

How cells divide: Mitosis

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Cell Biology

Reproduction: Mitosis

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Cell Biology

NSF VISUAL Exhibit (Image 4)

This image shows a mammalian cell getting ready to pinch into two daughter cells

The purse-string is made up of the same molecular components found in our muscles

In this image, the muscle-like material is shown in red; it forms a band around the edge of the cell and at the middle, where the purse-string-like contraction occurs

Also, notice that the red purse-string appears to be cutting through the green filaments-the microtubules-near the middle of the cell

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Cell Biology

Cell Differentiation The majority of organisms consist of many more than one

type of cell About 200 different types of cells -- many highly specialized --

make up the tissues and organs of the human body. Human originate as a single, simple-looking cell -- a fertilized

egg, or zygote -- so tiny that it can barely be seen without a microscope. (A human egg cell is about 1/100th of a centimeter in diameter, or a bit smaller than the width of a human hair. )

Shortly after fertilization, the zygote begins dividing, replicating itself again and again

All cells develop from this zygote Cell differentiation is controlled by genes, the genetic

instructions encoded in the DNA of every cell Genes instruct each cell how and when to build the proteins

that allow it to create the structures, and ultimately perform the functions, specific to its type of cell.

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Cell Biology

Cell Differentiation

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Cell Biology

Cell Differentiation

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Cell Biology

How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis To make the move from asexual to sexual

reproduction, nature took a system by which parent cells reproduced simply by dividing (asexual reproduction) and altered it to allow two parent cells to combine to create offspring (sexual reproduction)

It met this challenge by devising (again, speaking from a human perspective) a system by which parent cells incorporate genetic information from both of its parents but contain half the amount of DNA

With only half the DNA, when the parent cell combines with another parent cell, the proper amount of DNA is maintained

This solution is called ___________

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Cell Biology

How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis _______ describes the process by which the nucleus of a

cell divides to create two new nuclei, each containing an identical copy of DNA.

Cytokinesis describes the division of the rest of the cell. Almost all of the DNA duplication in your body is carried

out through mitosis. ______ is the process by which certain sex cells are created. If you're male, your body uses meiosis to create sperm

cells; if you're female, it uses meiosis to create egg cells. Others cells in your body contain 46 chromosomes: 23

from your father and 23 from your mother Your egg (or sperm) cells contain only half that number - a

total of 23 chromosomes When an egg and sperm unite to make a fertilized egg, the

chromosomes add up to equal 46

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Cell Biology

How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Cell Biology

Biology: An Overview of NSF Research

Environmental Biology

for Engineers

Cell Biology

ObjectivesReview the size and basic structure of the

cell Identify major differences between

prokaryotes and eukaryotesReview cell reproductionUnderstand the difference between binary

fission, mitosis and meiosisReview current research trends

Environmental Biology

for Engineers

Cell Biology

ReferencesEnvironmental Biology for Engineers and

Scientists – Chapter 4Cells Alive

◦ http://www.cellsalive.com/toc_cellbio.htmProkaryotes

◦ http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/prokaryotes.htm

Biology Reference◦ http://www.biologyreference.com/index.html

Environmental Biology

for Engineers

Cell Biology

Images Scanning electron micrograph of Listeria

monocytogene cells◦ http://www.biologyreference.com/Bl-Ce/Cell.html

Schematic of prokaryote and eucaryotes (plant and animal)◦ Wikimedia Commons, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal◦ http://commons.wikimedia.org/

Binary fission◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/◦ B0004467 Credit Spike Walker

Human breast cancer cell from Cellupedia◦ http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.

html Mitosis

◦ http://myersscience.barrow.wikispaces.net/Biology+Home

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Cell Biology

Images Relative Sizes and Detection Device

Adapted from Molecular Expressions http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/index.html

Biology – An overview of NSF Research http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/int_full.jsp

NSF VISUAL Exhibit (Image 4) http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=61577&fr

om=mmg

Environmental Biology

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Cell Biology

Video and Flash Mitosis (tdc02_vid_dnadivide)

◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org. ◦ ©1995, 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science

Foundation Binary Fission (Single-Celled Organisms

tdc02_vid_singlecell)◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org. ◦ © 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science

Foundation Cell Differentiation (tdc02_vid_different)

◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org ◦ ©1993, 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science

Foundation

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Cell Biology

Video and FlashPlant and Animal Cell Simulation

◦ http://www.forgefx.com/casestudies/prenticehall/ph/cells/cells.htm

How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis◦ Nova Online◦ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divide.html

Dance of Development (sps07_int_devdance)◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org ◦ © 2007 WGBH Educational Foundation. ◦ Adapted from the Exploratorium‘s Dance of

Development http://www.exploratorium.edu/index.html

◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science Foundation

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Cell Biology

Sources of photographs and images in the sidebar Human brain

◦ http://www.healthnak.com/mind/

X-rays images◦ http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html

Cold Virus (altered in Photoshop)◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/

About the Instructor

Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering, American Academy of

Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE) Board Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of

Environmental Engineers (AAEE) Licensed Professional Engineer, State of Illinois