CDX Group 2 Final

CHAPTER 1

THE INTRODUCTION

COMMUNITY

A social group of people interacting with each other determined by

geographic boundaries living together to attain certain and common goals and

sharing the same interest; also, A group of people living in a specific location

(Random House Webster's English Learner's Dictionary).

COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS

A process by which the nurses collect data about the community in order

to identify factors may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population to

formulate a community health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement

community health nursing intervention and strategies.

Community diagnosis is defined as a means of appraising the needs and

problems that are present in the community.

Aside from the fact that this study is a requirement for this course,

community diagnosis is a form of preparatory for higher education and for the

enhancement of the students' existing skills and knowledge. It is a good training

ground for student nurses who aim to be professional nurses in the future for it

is here where the application and improvement takes place.

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This also provides student nurses to share their existing knowledge to

the community so that 4they may alleviate their current health status.

Property isn't a new issue to be dealt with since all societies experience

this kind of problem everyday. Unfortunate people are outnumbered, having no

decent place to live in. Yes, a shelter may be essential but it doesn't necessarily

mean that it provides conduciveness among inhabitants. The health of an

individual is especially affected with the kind of environment that he's in. It is the

setting that makes a person enhance his well-being and enables him to be a more

productive member of the society.

Wald's experience resulted in a decision to dedicate oneself fully in order

to improve and protect human life. This has been the primary motive of

Community Health Nursing people.

A classical definition given by C.F. Winslow sets the role of Community

Health Nursing in context:

“Community Health Nursing is a science and an art of preventing disease

prolonging life promoting health and efficiency through organized community

effort for the sanitation of environment the control of communicable infection,

the education of individuals in personal hygiene the organization of the medical

and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventative treatment of

disease and the development of social machinery to ensure everyone a standard

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of living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits as

to enable citizen to realize his/her birth right of health and longevity.”

Community Health Nursing in its sense in an enjoined Nursing and Public

Health practice intended for human service that is further developed or applied

and has a tremendous impact on human well-being. Hence, it aims to enable

people to cope up with the interruption and threats to health through maximizing

their potential for higher level of wellness as well as promoting supportive

relationships between people as well as in their physical and social environment.

Moreover, it has a responsibility to the total population within a defined area of

environment as well as to the individual's and families whole well-being which is

essential to Community Health. Human beings are created to be the steward of

god in preserving His creation. Man is ought to be responsible in its

environment, work, and make the doest out of it.

The right functional relationship to society is the first task of an individual

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to his society. Find your real job and do it means you have to work with

endurance and perseverance in sustaining your health and well-being.

The community has a direct influence on the health of individuals and

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their families. On its own level, most of the health services provision occurs.

Health status is the product of interacting elements such as physical, population,

geographical character, topographical (physical and manmade features of places

like landscape etc.), socio-economic, and cultural factors, basic health and social

power within that community (Charlotte Perkins Gilman).

The community diagnosis being presented will greatly the people involved

in terms of

identifying the situations and cases which need change, development and

control. The Philippines is said to be one of the Third World nation in the world.

In fact, statistics released by the National Statistical Coordination Board last

2006 indicates that approximately 24 out of 100 Filipino families do not earn

enough to satisfy their basic food and non-food requirements including health.

As of 2004, statistics reveal that only about P494 are allotted for the

health care costs per capita of Filipinos.

Furthermore, only 50% of more than 80 million populations have access

to medications. And in terms of global ranking the Philippines ranks 103rd in

terms of the citizen's drug access. On the other hand, the ratio of the number of

available physicians to attend the health care needs of the people is only 1 for

about 1000 pesos. (Retrieved at http://www.nationamaster.com/red/country/rp-

philippines/health&b_cite=1).

With these alarming data at hand, you could just imagine how many

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Filipinos do not have any access to health care services which are said to be the

right of each and every individual. This just proves that here in the Philippines,

there is really much work to be done and lots of hands needed to make a

difference. And the key to make things happen is to empower the people or the

citizens themselves to do something about the country's current condition.

Together, people have the power to change things and in time, bring their

communities as well as the whole nation to its healing.

As student researchers expand learning about health situations, the

students will also be able to enhance the skills in therapeutic communication in

communicating with the people and reaching out to others, and abilities in

critical thinking when analyzing and interpreting the data gathered and putting

together facts and comprehending results. The students will be more open about

the different situations in the environment and become more knowledgeable

about the people who need help and guidance regarding health issues. The

student nurses meets some of the people they will be of service of and make a

step in organizing and practicing their responsibilities, problems and obligations.

As future health care professionals, within our hands lies the power to awaken

the spirit of these people. With our

immediate access to their communities through Community Health Nursing, we

have the great opportunity in motivating and teaching them on how to resolve

their problems concerning health. But the first step in resolving these

predicaments is having an awareness of what their real problems are.

Every community is a unique community. Therefore, each of them has varied

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difficulties at hand. This is where the Community Diagnosis plays its function.

In every community there is work to be done, in every nation, there are wounds

to heal, and in every heart there is power to do it.

Marianne Williamson

In formulating preventive measures and essential programs, evaluation

of the problem of the individual, family and community should be assessed. In

the assessment process you treat each person individually. Different persons

constitute different illnesses, which manifest different symptoms.

Each person is unique and each symptom varies from each individual. If

we have the necessary details about each individual, we can make conclusions

about the family since they are treated as a unit.

If some members of the family manifest signs and symptoms of a certain disease,

everyone is perceived to be infected. There is also the possibility that one

member of the family has an ailment.

The preventive measures should be rendered to all the members in order

for them to be aware and immediately take into action the needed prevention.

In the community, we may be able to relate our intervention if we have a

background regarding the health status of the people living there. That

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background will serve as our guide to help them to be or conscious with their

health condition. And when each family has been assesses, programs for the

community can be formulated. These programs in turn shall be implemented and

should be based on the needs, Interests and within the capability of the

community.

Community health nursing is a typical way on how to provide basic

health care services towards the promotion of health, prevention of disease and

rehabilitation for community people.

Moreover, through the process of community health nursing, health workers can

be able to make a very comprehensive plan in health programs like delineating

health counseling. It also encourages each individual in the community to boost

their confidence until they can promote self reliance in decision making process.

The community health nursing needs the total participation of the community

people in order to reach their goal that has something to do for the improvement

of everyone.

According to the International Council of Nurses, one key role of a

nurse encompasses the care of individuals of all communities.

There are many ways in how to fulfill this role however, among all these

ways which is

effective and sufficient to provide appropriate care to the community? And one

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valuable and successful method that has been used over time and again to

accomplish this nursing role is Community Diagnosis.

Community is a group of people sharing common geographic

boundaries and/or common values and interests (Maglaya, 2004) while diagnosis

is the investigation or analysis of the cause or nature of a condition, situation, or

problem; so combining the analysis of the condition or problems of a particular

group of people delimited by geographic boundaries, common beliefs, values and

interests.

Putting this into mind, the study, Community Diagnosis of Purok 5, Barangay

Duquit, Dau Mabalacat, Pampanga, will primarily provide information regarding

the community's overall status encompassing its health, socioeconomic ,cultural,

and religious condition that was based largely from the data that was collected

beforehand.

With this, problems can be identified and nursing plans or solutions can

be created in order to address these pressing problems of the community.

Furthermore, the study could serve as a tool to future student nurses or

researchers who will be exposed to the specified community as they can use the

data gathered from this study as a basis and other recommendations and

propositions that were generated. And lastly, the study will enhance the

communication skills, modify the attitude and instill more learning on the

researchers' part.

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Interaction among the residents is the initial step in COPAR and this can

be achieved through data gathering in order to have a deeper understanding

about the Barangay and to determine their felt needs.

The actual data gathering happened last September in which each

subgroup is assigned

with different streets in the Barangay. Each subgroup conducted their survey

where the results were tallied and validated. After which, all subgroups had their

results collected to have the grand total of the survey results.

According to Untalan, “Community Health Nursing (CHN) is a synthesis

of nursing and public health practice applied to the promotion of the client's

optimum, level of functioning and preserving the health of the population. The

nature of this practice is general and comprehensive. It is not limited to a

particular age or diagnostic group. It is continuing not episodic.

The dominant responsibility is the population as a whole. Therefore,

nursing is directed to individuals, families or a group that contributes to the

health of the total population.

CHN is an umbrella and one of the most important parts of CHN is

Community Organizing Participatory Action Research (COPAR), because the

researchers are just more facilitators in order to help the people to know or

realize the existing problems that have been identified in the community and

enable them to participate in finding solutions to these problems.

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COPAR is initiated in order for the researchers to dig deeper in the

community through data gathering and this is possible through Community

Diagnosis in order to know the various aspect of the community which includes

the political, behavioral, socio-economic, environmental aspects, and its health

care delivery system.

Through the data gathered it gave the researchers a glimpse on the life

of the community and it enables the researchers to know the areas of their

strength and weaknesses, the existing problems in the community, and areas of

concerns, which needs the outmost interventions. Furthermore, it provides an

assessment on the health status of the people which is considered as the heart

and soul of this program, because this will determine on how the implementation

will be prioritize in accordance with the existing problems in the community.

COPAR is a two way process, the researchers act as mere facilitators,

while the community and officials continue whatever program implementation

has been started; this is to achieve the ultimate goal of COPAR which is self-

empowerment.

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STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

General Objectives

In line with concepts and principles established in directing the study,the

researchers after several months of community visits or exposure at Purok

5 Duquit Dau Mabalacat Pampanga, the researchers will accomplish the

following general objectives:

To hone the proficiency of the researchers in the accomplishment of the

Community Diagnosis.

To identify the problems that the community is experiencing.

Specific Objectives

At the end of the community diagnosis, the researchers will:

To accomplish the Community Diagnosis

To seek from permission to the Barangay Officials in Barangay Duquit.

To gather information from their records in the Barangay Hall and to the

Barangay Health Center.

To survey at least 5% of the total number of families of Purok 5, Barangay

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Duquit.

To establish good working relationship with the people of Purok 5,

Barangay Duquit.

To be familiar with the vicinity of Barangay Duquit.

To collect and tally all the data gathered accurately.

To define and interpret gathered data by using statistical and numerical

method.

To know current and possible health needs and problems of the community

through the data collected.

Research Objectives

This Community Diagnosis was undertaken to answer the following queries:

How may the status of the community be assessed as their social,

economic, environmental, cultural indicators and health behaviors?

What are the problems encountered by the people in the community?

What are the suggestion and recommendations of the group?

How the environmental condition of the residents of Purok 5, Barangay

Duquit may be

affected by their Drainage, and Water and Toilet Facility Ownership

How may couples, (those female between 15-49y/o,and other criteria

mentioned, to fall under productive age) surveyed, of the Purok 5,

Barangay Duquit be categorized as to their productivity?

How the children in the surveyed street may be described as to their type

of infant feeding, including their immunization, and their nutritional status.

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How may the food supply of the family be described as to their source,

storage and coverage status?

How may the health services of the different streets of Purok 5, Barangay

Duquit are describe as to their facility or provider?

What are the ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Barangay

Duquit?

METHODOLOGY

A community diagnosis, in order to be successful, must be accurate,

feasible, and should contain pertinent data information acquired through proper

assessment and continuous data gathering for a set amount of time.

In order to achieve this goal, the researchers made use of practical

methods of data gathering.

These methods include observation, interview, questioning, and measurement.

Observation is a methods of a data gathering which involves detailed

examination of something, such as the community, before analysis, diagnosis, or

interpretation.

Tools used for observation are as follows:

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Tally Sheets refer to a form on which quantities (obtained numerical data of

elicited response) are recorded, especially when conditions make counting errors

likely.

Questioning is the act of asking or interrogating the people in the community

on a one on one basis for

the purpose of gathering required data or information.

Structured Interview/Survey Form are readily prepared survey forms which

are presented to each families to gather required reply based on a set of criteria.

Measurement is a process of data completion done through instrumentation

and computation such as poverty threshold, height and weight, house dimension,

and nutritional status.

Sources of Data is the study utilized surveys where in the people in the

community were the

respondents. The study made use of a structured type of questionnaire during

the data collection.

Design of Questionnaire

Structured Questionnaire is a printed paper or form containing specific

questions that serve as a guide for obtaining specific information from an

individual; and Close-Ended Questions Which limit the respondent's response

to dichotomous answers such as ye/no, true, false, and the like.

Tools in Data Gathering

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Checklist/Survey Form is a list for checking and references.

Pen is a long, thin instrument used for writing with the use of ink; Pencil

is an instrument of writing which consists of graphite or black lead

enclosed in a wooden cylinder or metal case and Eraser is something used

to rub out writing; a piece of rubber for pencil markings.

Weighing Scale is an instrument used to obtain the weight of children

ages 3-6 years old. Units used may be in pounds or kilograms and Tape

Measure is a long roll or strip of fabric, plastic, paper, or thin metal that is

marked off in inches or centimeters for measuring the height of children

age 0-6 years old. It is also used in measuring the total living space and

total window length of each house in the community.

Calculator is a handheld device that performs mathematical calculations

and functions.

Methods of Data Processing/Methods of Analysis

Tallying refers to the counting of data acquired and Tabulation refers to

the act of systematic arrangement of the obtained data in columns, rows,

or tables.

Graphs is a diagram that shows relationships between numbers. Graphs

arrange numerical information into a picture such as histograms, pie

charts, or line graphs from which it is often possible to see overall patterns

or trends in the information.

Systemic Observation is a method used to identify systemic events

occurred or presently occurring in the community which are important in

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the identification, breakdown, and analysis of data.

Interview are meetings during which respondents/interviewee are asked

questions by the researchers/interviewers to obtain needed data. This is

the primary source of data gathering utilized in the study and Survey

answers a number of questions in order to obtain necessary information

needed for the assessment of the problems in the community.

Records Review is a method which involves reviewing of accessible data

which will be utilized to set criteria.

Data Presentation

Frequency Distribution refers to the manual tallying of the number of

occurrence of a specific data.

Percentage Distribution is obtained by dividing the frequency with the

total population then multiplying the quotient by 100.

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Age and gender

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“Children and adolescent make up nearly 40% of the world’s population.

Among the

most vulnerable of population, their health problem account for over 50% of the

gap in

health equity between the world’s richest and poorest people”. This accounts for

their

statement that the seeds of health in adulthood and old age are sown during

infancy,

childhood and adolescence. Meaning, the children require safe and supportive

environments, including families to nurture their growth and development. This

serves as a foundation for a good healthy status and will progress as the child

ages.

In each case, gender norms, values and behavior certainly affect health. On

the other

hand between health risk and opportunities to enjoy health, women face a

greater number

of unavoidable health risks, in part because of their reproductive health. In

health needs o

access to resources, which is again, largely because of the reproductive role,

women, have more different health needs than men. Men on the other hand are

not conscious enough when it comes to their health and will not consult a

physician unless their health is at risk.

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Civil Status

Marriage or wedlock is an interpersonal relationship (usually intimate and

sexual)

with government, social, or religious recognition. It is often created by contract

or through civil processes. Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a

governmental

institution. Single status is categorized as people who never married within 15

years old

and above or an individual without a spouse and offspring.

On the other hand, a widow is a woman whose spouse has died. A man whose

spouse has died is a widower.

A couple is legally separated only if the couple has successfully petitioned a

court to

recognize their separation; simply living apart does not constitute separation for

these

purposes. “Marriage keeps you alive and the effect is remarkably large. The

excess mortality for the unmarried is similar to that of a smoker”.

According to the studies of research and development (RAND) center for the

study of

aging, married person tend to live longer than their un married counterparts.

They showed that there is a connection between longer life expectancy and the

married state.

There is “protection” provided in marriage that can help contribute to good

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health.

In the publication entitled “Sex Roles: A Journal of Research” September 1,

2005, it

has been said that married may serve as health-promoter by encouraging

positive health

behaviors, but mostly it depends on the health belief of the couple involved.

In their study they also protected that divorce and widowhood might lead to

deterioration of health behaviors including poorer diet, decrease physical activity

and increase in vices. It is probably a very experience for them.

Types of Family

Children of today are growing up in a variety of households and different

family systems. Their growing competence and development is largely influence

by family life and family relationship. Their well-being continues to depend on

the quality of family interactions. In short, family type plays an integral role an

integral in children’s development.

Children of large families obviously experience different conditions from

those in

smaller or one child families. Children in larger families have the advantage of

having

relationships with siblings. These relationships and interactions give them the

opportunity

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to have companionship, emotional support and assistance while they are growing

up.

Children in larger families often experience degrees of rivalry and may need to

fight for parent’s attention. The positive interactions that occur between siblings

contribute to perspective taking, moral maturity, and competence in relating to

other children”.

Family is the basic unit of society. It is a group of people living in a

particular location sharing common culture, belief and tradition. It denotes a

group of people affiliated by consanguinity (by blood), affinity (kinship) and co-

residence. There are different types of families: Nuclear family developed in the

western world referring to a family group consisting of parent (usually a father

and mother) and their children.

Extended family it is consists of a nuclear family and some intermediate relative

(grandparents, auntie, and uncles) living in one roof. Small sized family consists

of 1 to 4 members. Medium sized family it is consists of 5 to 6 members. A large

sized family consists of 5 to 6 members. (wikipedia.com) other family types are

as follows: Dyad family refers to the beginning family a couple without children.

Cohabitation is an emotionally and physically- intimate relationship which

includes a common living place and which exists without legal or religious

sanction. Stem family traditionally, a stepfamily is the family one acquires when a

parents enters a new marriage, weather the parent was widowed or divorced.

For example, if one’s mother died and one’s father marries other women, the

new woman is one’s stepmother. A single parent (also lone parent and sole

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parent) is a parent who cares for children without the assistance of other parent

in the home. The legal definition of “single parenthood” may vary according to

the local laws of different nations or regions. But the study was only limited to

some types, and the other were not shown.

Religion

One factor that made a large impact on seeking medical care is religion.

It clearly effects the mind of an individual that God is the center and the one that

controls what could happen in this world. This can discourage a person’s

decision because he would think that God is the only one who can give solutions

to his problems in health and better not to perform consultation to a health care

provider since he believes that God can help him. In certain religious areas

where they give emphasis on female modesty, midwives tend to attend childbirth

rather than men. This is because there are certain rituals that must be

performed and health workers should understand these ceremonies before they

can start to determine their relation to the health of an individual.

Another example is that of the culture of the Muslim people. They prefer

to use herbal teas and vitamins in preparation for childbirth. They base their

prenatal care on their beliefs about pregnancy. Like most pregnant women, they

also seek medical attention whenever there is a serious problem like bleeding.

In seeking medical attention, patients are instructed to follow the right

medication on medicine a physician gave. Certain procedure are explained,

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which are in regards to their health. But not all religious groups tend to follow

this procedure. Jehovah’s Witness patients would refuse to undergo blood

transfusion, as it is against their belief. Health care provider’s duty then is to

explain every procedure and the consequences that may happen if a patient

refuses to undergo such intervention. It is also their responsibility to give proper

care and medication to patient but if they refuse to because of their belief, health

workers have no other choice but to respect it.

Catholics are the people who belong to the universal Christian church; a

member of a Catholic Church especially Roman Catholic while according to

Britannica Dictionary, non-catholic refers to those who are affiliated outside the

Roman Catholic Church. Such religion outside the Catholic Church includes:

protestants, Buddhists, Muslim , Jehovah’s Witness, and Seventh day Adventist.

Educational Attainment

According to the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, the data that the

authors presented show that the more education report having lower morbidity

from the most common acute and chronic disease (heart condition, stroke

hypertension, cholesterol, emphysema, diabetes, asthma attacks, and ulcer).

More educated people are less likely to be hypertensive, or o suffer from

emphysema or diabetes.

Physical and mental functioning is also better for the better education.

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The better education are substantially less likely to report that they are in poor

health, and less likely to report anxiety or depression. Finally, better educated

people report spending fewer days in bed or not at work because of disease, and

they have fewer functional limitations.

The magnitude of the relationship between education and health varies

across conditions, but is generally large. An additional four years of education

lower five-year mortality by 1.8 percentage points; it also reduces the risk of

heart disease b 2.16 percentage points and the risk of diabetes by 1.3

percentage points. Four more years of schooling lowers the probability of

reporting oneself in fair or poor health by 6 percentage points and reduces lost

days of work to sickness by 2.3 each year.

income, which might be regarded as a secondary aspect of the vocation, however

beneficial.

According to a book authored by Untalan, never been to school are individual

who did not attend formal or informal schooling.

Monthly income

Number of scholars have come to the conclusion that progress and

prosperity, as manifested in continuous income growth at both individual and

national level, provide the has more access to health and education service while

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those families with low income are ate high risk of disease and poor

environment.

In Hong Kong, the first local study to examine the effect of income on

health and quality of life has found than their higher income peers. This income

effect however, does not seem to apply to women, according to the study

published in the October issue of the Hong Kong Medical Journal. The authors

suggest that with a widening gap appearing between rich and poor both in Hong

Kong and globally, health problem in low-income groups need to be addressed.

They recommended that health education and screening programmer targeting

low-income groups be developed.

Base on the statistics made by NEDA, poor id the family with an average

income of less than Php 2,768.60 per individual per month while not poor is

family with an average income of higher than Php per individual.

Employment status

Employment status affect health by the type of work or place, time allotted

to work and even the income earned. Men working in comfortable, safe and

clean environment have fewer chances to acquire disease and illness than the

men working in dirty and accident prone place. Injuries from accident work are

an important public health problem. In construction, it is said that 25% of worker

have accident at work. The cost to the people affected and their families is un-

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quantifiable.

Some people however, despite the safe working environment that they

have, still experience some health problem due to stress. Some people are very

busy with work that they don’t have time foe themselves anymore specifically to

their health. And since their busy schedules wouldn’t allow them to visit the

hospital immediate when they are ill, these people would just self- medicated or

ignore the problem, which may eventually lead to severity of the illness.

Men who belong to high-income groups can avail health service that can

prevent and cure illnesses unlike men whose income are low and not enough to

suffice their needs. This is due to the expensive health service that they can’t just

afford. Men who belong to these low-income groups just rely on free or

affordable health services, which are not as good as the service that private

hospitals offer.

Consequences of parental employment status on their children’s health

have usually been studied together with other indicators of socio-economic

status. However there is a need for deeper understanding of the association

between parental unemployment and its consequence for children, which can be

explored only if parental employment status is in the centre of the researcher’s

interest, not sidelined by the other socio-economics status indicator. Only a few

studies solely concerning parental employment status have been publish in

recent years. Reinhardt Pedersen et al. found increase prevalence of recurrent

psychosomatic symptoms and chronic illnesses among children (aged 2-7) whose

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parent (one or both) were without paid work. Furthermore they found that the

financial strain associated with non-employment does not explain the increased

prevalence of health problems among children. Parental, particularly father’s,

long term unemployment negatively affected the subjective health of Slovak

adolescents, and this negative effect remained even when adjusted for social

class and financial strain. Christoffersen reported parental unemployment as

draining children’s self-esteem.

Income is a gain measured in money derived in money from labor,

business, or property. Employment is a contract between two parties, one being

the employee. Employment status is further classified into three sub group,

employed unemployed and underemployed. Employed are those individual who

want additional work and are in fact looking for full time work? Underemployed

are those who are working part time (untalan, 2005). Self-employment refers to

the people that own business.

Unemployment, which had averaged about 4.5 percent during the 1970s,

increase drastically following the economic crises of the early 1980s, peaking in

early 1989 at 11.4 percent. Urban areas fared worse; unemployment in mid-

1990, for example, remained above 15 percent in Metro Manila.

Beyond the unemployment generated from economic mismanagement and

crises was a more long-term, structural employment problem, a consequence of

the highly concentrated control of productive assets and the inadequate number

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of work places created by investment in the industrial economy. The size and

growth of service sector was one indicator. Underemployment was another.

Underemployment has been predominantly a problem for poor, less

educated, and older people. The unemployed have tented to be young,

inexperience entrants into the labor force, who were relatively well educated and

not heads of households.

In the first half of the 1980s, approximately 20 percent of male household heads

and 35 percent of female household heads were unable to find more than forty

days of work a quarter, according to an source.

Home ownership

In Germany, 44.0% of the populations live in homes that they owned.

(Pollack,

Knesebeck and Siegrist, 2004). In bivariate analyses, women, people who live in

apartment buildings, reside near cities, live in crowded homes, have homes in

need of renovation, report higher pollution , and have distant contact with

neighbors are more likely to live in rented homes. In multilevel analyses, renting

a home was found to be associated with poor self-rated health.

Mechanisms that link home ownership and health must also situate the

home in the surrounding neighborhood. Rented homes tend to be clustered

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together, creating areas of lower socioeconomic status. Neighborhoods have

been postulated to affect health through the physical, social, and service

environment. In term of the physical environment, living in a rented home was

more common closer to cities and in areas where pollution was high. Pollution

was association between home ownership and health. This is consistent with past

studies that report air and noise pollution are more likely to be found among

poorer areas.

Owned is a house or dwelling place, which is a real property of the family.

Rented home is a type of a home wherein the family pays a certain amount for

the temporary possession of the house usually at fixed intervals by the user and

the owner. In rented free, the family does not pay a certain amount to the owner

of the dwelling place whose property they are living. (Untalan 2005)

Type of building/housing structure

Housing accounts for a high proportion of the capital investment component

of welfare. It plays a major

part in defining life styles the structure of the community. The structure of the

house contributes to the overall health status of its residence as it could also

cause health problem as s result of the material used, the equipment installed, or

the size and its design.

To have a home s more than mere fact of having a roof above one's head. It is

having a house (a place for oneself), to live in an adequate shelter means more

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than a roof over one's head: It means to have a home, a place which protects

privacy, contributes to physical and psychological well-being, and supports the

development and social function of the home.

The perception of a safe and intimate home is a major psychosocial benefits.

It represents a protected refuge from the outside world, enables the

development of a sense of identity and attachment as an individual or as a part of

a family, and provides a space to be oneself. Any intrusion of external factors or

stressors strongly limits this feeling of safety, intimacy and control, and there by

reduces the mental and social function of the home.

Inadequate dwelling condition may trigger many of the direct health effects.

Mould growth, in door air pollution and emissions from building materials are as

relevant issues as the occurrence of infestation, inefficiency of heating systems

and insulation measures, or lack of hygiene and sanitation amenities. On the

structural side, the quality and the design of the dwelling are responsible for

potential safety threats, the

social functionality of the dwelling, and the degree of limitation for residents

with physical handicaps. In addition, and influenced by other non-housing

factors, crowing and noise exposure are also relayed to the design and layout of

the dwelling.

Concrete is a type of house where he floors, walls, and fences are made in

concrete materials. Woods is a type of house where the material used are wood.

Concrete wood is a combination of wood and concrete material. The roof of the

29

house is mostly made of galvanized iron sheets.

Ventilation

Poor indoor air quality cause or aggravates 50% of all illnesses and can lead to

a host of health problem

for people of all ages. This means that inadequate or poor ventilation can have

damaging effects on the health

of an individual especially if that person has present illnesses. If too little outdoor

air enters a homes, pollutants can sometimes accumulate to levels that can pose

health and comfort problem. Therefore, to be able to lower the concentration of

in door air pollutant in your home is by increasing the amount of outdoor air

coming in.

Procedure in computing for ventilation, first, determines the total floor area in

meters then; get the area of the window or the window opening in meters. Third,

apply the following formula: Ventilation= TWO/TFA x 100.

For the state of ventilation, consider the following scale: 20%- satisfactory, 18-

19% fair and below poor,

This measurement was in accordance to a book by Untalan.

30

Source of lighting

There are different source of lighting being commonly used such as

electricity, gas lamp and candle. These sources of lighting are depending upon

the type or satatus of the community. Electricity is the common being used

nowadays.

Although fluorescent lighting is one of the most commonly used, it has its

counterpart effect. UV rays from fluorescent lighting cause photochemical

reactions, which lead to formation of "smog" that can irritate eyes.

Candle is also being used. The most obvious hazard when you burn candles is

the risk of injury or death from fire. In most cases, candle fires are are caused by

the human errors noted above, but the design of candles can also increase the

risk of fire and fire- Related injuries. Using candles, gas lamps and other sources

of lighting except for electricity is not widely advisable to be used in everyday

living. Their light emitted by those sources is not enough and the mostly they

may be dangerous and high risk of accident.

Electricity allows us to enjoy many of the conveniences of modern life

and it allows the residence to use various types of home appliances. Gas lamp is

the process of burning piped natural gas or coal for illumination. Before

electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general

31

public use, gas was the most popular means of lighting in cities and suburbs,

said by Untalan. A candle is a light source usually consisting of an internal wick,

which rises through the center of a column of solid fuel, definition retrieved in

the internet.

Adequacy of Lighting

Lighting in our homes can have a profound effect on the quality of our life.

Lighting makes a significant contribution to our physical and psychological

functioning.

Better lighting can help increase personal independence; promote health and

well-being, and prevent6 injuries. In general, we should attempt to provide

higher levels of illumination throughout the entire house. This includes not just

the major spaces, but ancillary areas including hallways, stairs, and closets.

Every area should have general illumination in addition to ask lighting.

Day lighting and dimmable fluorescent are good indirect ambient light sources.

Accent lighting adds visual interest and becomes important for orientation and

safety. As we age, it becomes more critical to clearly define hallways, stairs, and

potential changes in surfaces or levels. Proper lighting can do this effectively. As

eyes age, they loose their ability to distinguish color, particularly in the short

wave lengths (blue violet) 9.

Adequate light at daytime is a house wherein upon entering, a person can read

32

properly and windows are not obstructed which may block the passage of light.

Inadequate light at daytime wherein windows are obstructed which may block

the passage light.

Adequate light at nighttime uses 50 watts incandescent light bulb or 20 – 40

watts fluorescent bulb. Inadequate light at nighttime uses incandescent bulb less

than 50 watts or 20 – 40 fluorescent lights.

Living Space

According to the Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, at

least 5,000,000 children in the United States live in deteriorated or crowded

houses, about 1 for every 14 children. One recent study showed that along side

the effects of crowding, it has been proved that housing disrepair is also a main

contributing factor. This makes sense because deteriorating houses serve as

habitats for pests. Pest infestation then increases pesticide use, which then

expose children living in the home. And since there is very little space, ambient

moisture and condensation also increases, leading to more mold and water

sources for pests.

Crowded is a living space is less than 3.0 square meters per family member

Water Supply and Ownership

Level 1 (Point Source) is protected well-developed spring with an outlet but

without a distribution system. Normally serves 15 to 45 households and its

outreach are not more than 250 meters; Level 2 (Communal Faucet System or

Stand Posts) is composed of a source reservoir; a piped distribution network

33

located not more than 25 metes from the farthest house with 1 faucet per 4-6

household; and Level 3 (Waterworks System) is a system with a source, reservoir,

a piped distributor network and household taps and is commonly found in urban

areas.

Source of Water Supply

For the world’s poorest citizens, the right to safe water and adequate

sanitation remains a promise unfulfilled. At least 1.1 billion people lack access to

safe water, and 2.6 billion lack access to basic sanitation, a silent humanitarian

crisis that each day takes thousand of lives, robs the poor of their health, thwarts

progress towards gender equality, and hamstring economic development,

particularly in Africa and Asia.

If water comes from the surface water (river or lake), it can be exposed to

acid rain, storm water runoff, pesticide runoff, and industrial waste. This water is

cleansed somewhat by exposure to sunlight, aeration, and micro-organisms in

the water. However, if water comes from groundwater (private wells and some

public water supplies), it generally takes longer to become contaminated but the

natural cleansing process also may take much longer.

Groundwater can be contaminated by disease-producing pathogens,

leachate from landfills and septic systems, careless disposal of hazardous

household products, agricultural chemicals, and leaking underground storage

tanks.

34

The level of contaminants in drinking water are seldom high enough to

cause immediate health effects. Examples of acute health effects are nausea,

lung irritation, skin, rash, vomiting, dizziness, and even death. Contaminants are

more likely to cause chronic health effects – effects that occur long after

repeated exposure to small amounts of a chemical. Examples of chronic health

effects include cancer, liver and kidney damage, disorders of the nervous system,

damage to the immune system, and birth defects.

Deep Well is protected well or developed spring with an outlet but without a

distribution system, mostly found in rural areas

Communal System is composed of a source water, reservoir, a piped distribution

network and communal faucets, located not more than 25 meters from the

farthest house.

Distribution System is composed of source water, reservoir, a piped distribution

network and households taps’ generally suited for densely populated areas

(Untalan 2005)

Source of Drinking Water

Safe drinking water for humans is important. If the water utilized by the

people is

contaminated it can cause certain health problems. Typically the water supply

networks deliver a single quality of water whether it is used for drinking,

washing and for other household activities.

35

Drinking-water quality is an issue of concern for human health in

developing and

developed countries world-wide. The risks arise from infectious agents, toxic

chemicals and radiological hazards. Experience highlights the value of

preventive management approaches

spanning from water resource to consumer.

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people in

low and

middle income countries lack access to safe drinking water. This is mainly

because they can't afford to maintain adequate infrastructure for safe water,

overpopulation and scarce water resources. Water coming from pumps and

faucets may not always be clean. Sometimes contaminants get into the pipes.

These may cause problems to the body's systems. There

should be close monitoring of drinking water quality. Some people choose

purified water

because it is believed to be safer than tap water. Whatever sources of drinking

water, the

individual should make sure that it is safe to drink and free of contaminants.

Drinking Water Storage

According to the Emergency Preparedness Experts from the U.S

Department of

Homeland Security, the U.S Federal Emergency Management Agency and the

36

American

Red Cross, we should choose appropriate containers for water storage and

disinfect them before use. Clear food-grade plastic containers, such as soft

drink bottles, are ideal. Other

options include fiberglass or enamel-lined metal containers. Never use a

container that has

previously held toxic substances. Containers for water should be rinsed with

diluted chlorine bleach solutions (one part to ten parts water) before use.

Every year, many incidents of death are reported because of certain

disease brought

by improper water storage that leads to contamination of water that causes

diarrhea, and other gastro-intestinal disturbance. In certain diseases like this,

the patient is more prone to be dehydrated because of severe loss of water in the

body. In order prevent the contamination of drinking water, the family can

purify their water by boiling to kill the bacteria in it. After letting it cool, they

should place the water in a clean bottle or container.

It is not always sure that our water sources can be safe or potable. Even

mineral water

can't be considered as always safe for drinking. It is based on the process on

how water is purified and also its storage and proper package.

Water storage refers to a place of storing or safekeeping of water in a

depository for

37

future use. It can be pitcher, pail, bottle, jug, drum, or jar. The coverage

status of drinking water can be classified as covered wherein any container that

has lid on its opening

(Untalan, 2005)

Coverage Status of Drinking Water Containers

Disease caused through consumption of contaminated water, and poor

hygiene

practices are the leading cause of death among children worldwide after

respiratory disease, by WHO. Lack of safe drinking water practices like

covering of water container can be very detrimental to health. Water, when

stored in an uncovered container will serve as a medium for transmitting

diseases. If drinking water is exposed to the external environment, there is

greater possibility for it to be contaminated. It may be contaminated with air

borne substances like dust, smoke or even saliva coming from people coughing

or sneezing.

If the water is placed in a container, it must have a cover so that it can't

easily get

contaminated and no insect especially mosquitoes could breed in it. Mosquitoes

are the most common insects that use water as a breeding site for them to

multiply. It can also affect the health of an individual because mosquito bites can

give a person certain disease conditions like

38

Dengue Fever or Filariasis, which is also known as “Elephantiasis”.

Method of Garbage Disposal

A new study from the Philippines conducted by Ma. Eugenia C. Bennagen

and

Vincent Altez from the Resources, Environment and Economics Center for

Studies, INC.

(REECS) has investigated a progressive way of charging for domestic waste

management

and has shown that it can provide incentives for waste reduction. It found that a

unit-based waste pricing system – in which households are charged for waste

disposal based on the number of containers of garbage they produced – led to a

significant reduction in the quantity of garbage a community produced. The

researchers also found that the new scheme (more popularly known as “pay-as-

you-throw” or “pay-per-bag”) could make waste disposal cheaper both for

community as a whole and for most of the households within it.

Dumping. Disposed on a vacant area or a lot either with or without hole and left

uncovered.

Burning. Gathered then burned into ash.

Burying. Disposed by digging a portion of the ground putting garbage then

covering it with

sand or soil(Untalan 2005)

Garbge Collection. A process whereby the accumulated garbage is a collected on

39

a household

basis by the city government or by private entries.

Types of Garbage Disposal Containers

Garbage disposal should be handled in such manner as to avoid

contamination. Waste

management is collecting, transporting, processing and disposing waste

material. Its aim is

to clean up the surrounding environment and see that the waste does not have a

detrimental effect on health.

In hospitals, MMDA implemented a regulation requiring that hospitals

provide four

types of waste bags, which is used to be identified individually as follows: black

trash bag for

collection of non-infectious dry waste, or non-biodegradable waste; yellow trash

bag with 0.004 gauge for collection of dry and wet infectious and puncture proof

container covered with thick solution of lime; and orange trash bags with trefoil

sign for collection of radioactive waste, which will be stored in the hospital until

rendered in active or dispose of in accordance with prescribed rules and

regulations of the Philippines Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI). Sack is a large

rectangular bag of coarse strong material, used the stored and ship goods;

Plastic Bag is a synthetic non-biodegradable material, which is used to hold a

waste; Pail is typically cylindrical vessel for catching, hold and carrying garbage

40

usually having a handled; Can is a cylindrical metal receptacle usually with an

open top often with a removable cover; and a Pit is an open hole which is drug

and where the garbage is placed.

Types of Toilet Facility

According to Untalan (in the year 2005) Septic Tank with water carriage is

a toilet

bowl, which have a very deep separate tank and could be mechanically flushed;

Septic Tank

without water carriage is a toilet bowl, which have a deep separate tank and

could be mechanically flushed and need a manual flushing with pail of water.

Toilet Facility Ownership

Each year two million children die from disease. The main source of

diarrheal

infection is a human excreta. Human excreta always contain large numbers of

41

germs.

Therefore, human excreta should be managed as a potentially dangerous

material.

The construction of latrines is a relatively simple technology that may be used to

control the

spread of these infectious disease.

The type of toilet ownership is one of the contributing factors for the

increase of

incidence of diarrheal diseases. This is due to the number of people using these

toilet facilities and the way they use it. Cleanliness is very important, not only

to one's self but including our surrounding, in order to reduce the incidence of

acquiring these disease.

There are three types of toilet ownership: Owned is a type of toilet facility owned

and used exclusively by a particular family; Shared is a toilet facility used by

another but not really his.

This toilet facility is owned by another family; and Public, which is a toilet

facility used by a group of several people living in the community. The

government, built for the use of the community, owns it.

According to the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Water and

Sanitation, four

of every ten people in the world do not have access to even a simple pit latrine;

and nearly two in ten have no source of safe drinking water . This silent

42

humanitarian crisis kills some 3.900 children every day; thwarts progress toward

all the Millennium Development Goals,

especially in Africa and Asia; and robs the poorest—particularly women and

girls---of their health, time, and dignity.

Owned refers to a toilet facility which belongs to a family; Shared is a toilet

that is used

by the family, which is owned by another family; and Public is a toilet provided

by the government available for all.

Acceptor of Family Planning

Family planning means deciding when the right time is to have children,

and what is

the appropriate number of children for a couple to have. The right time to have

children is (1) when a woman is between 20 and 35 years old; (2) when a woman

has not been pregnant for the last 2-3 years; (3) when a woman has fewer than 4

children; (4) when a woman has no illness that would place herself or her baby in

danger; and (5) when the couple wants to have a baby.

Another reason is to encourage couples to practice family planning as it

provides a

better life for their children. They will be able to send them to school and provide

them with

the material things they need, as well as give emotional support through

guidance and love.

43

Non-acceptor is a couple under productive age who are not using any type

of family

planning method. Acceptor is a productive couple who makes use of any method

of family

planning either artificial or natural.

According to Family Heath International, family planning use ca affect

numerous

aspects of women's lives, including their health, their work inside and outside

the home, their roles within the family, and their psychological well-being.

Contraceptive use can minimize women's concerns about unplanned

pregnancies, allow them to space their children reduce the time they spend in

child bearing and child rearing, an allow them to pursue work outside the home.

However, many women find that taking on additional responsibilities outside the

home adds to their work burden and creates stress, as they try to generate

income and manage the household and children.

Nutritional Status (0-72 months)

Nutrition means the sum of the process by which an animal, plant and humans

take in and utilize food substances. Inadequate or excess food intake is called

Malnutrition, which essentially means “bad nourishment”. It can cause either

underweight or overweight. People are malnourished if they are unable to utilize fully

the food they eat, in all its forms increase the risk of disease and early death. Consuming

too many calories is considered over nutrition (overweight) while a diet, which do not

provide adequate calories and protein for growth and maintenance is called

44

under

nutrition (underweight).

According to WHO, 2 out of 3 overweight and obese people now live in

developing countries, the vast majority in emerging markets and transition economies

and malnutrition affects all age groups, but it is especially common among the poor and

those with inadequate access to health education and to clean water and good sanitation.

According to the criteria base on the Nutritional chart prepared by the Food and Research

Institute and created by International Reference Standards (IRS, NCHS/WHO reference

data, 1978.) data were used upon the advice of Angles City Health Office, City

Nutritional Council, and in a reference book titled Basic Nutrition for Filipinos (2002)

Source of Health Services

Source of health services affects health by the effectiveness of the health

service, resources of health services, and the availability and accessibility of health

services. The more effective the health service, the more increase in the prognosis of the

people, leading to good health. Health sectors with sufficient, good and modern or

complete equipments may provide better services compared to health sectors in which the

resources are inadequate.

Health is also affected by the availability and accessibility of the health

45

service because there is a greater possibility for people to be cured or prevent illnesses if

they can easily avail and visit health sectors compared with people who live in places

where there are no available health sectors. They can’t always visit to have medication

or proper treatment from health sectors, which can result to increase in morbidity.

Health Center is government agency of Barangay where basic health

services are provided to individual and family within the community. Private Doctor is a

registered doctor with specialization in different field in medicine and render health

services in his own clinic. Hospital is an institution, either private or government where

health services other than basic services are being provided. Herbolario, a person houses

herbs and plants and rituals to cure different illness. The people also resort to him in

repining home fractures (Untalan 2005).

46

CHAPTER 2

BARANGAY PROFILE

BARANGAY PROFILE : PUROK 5, DUQUIT, MABALACAT, PAMPANGA

Mabalacat became a town in 1712. It was named after the balacat tree (Zizyphus Zonulata Balaco), a fourth class timber. Then, a settlement of a negrito tribe, the area was a virtual forest of balacat trees. "Ma-balacat" in the native kapampangan dialect means "full of balacats."

The town has a land area of 165.8 square kilometres - more than double that of Angeles City’s. Roughly three-fifths of the land area of Clark Air Base belong to Mabalacat (the rest to Angeles City, where Clark's main gate is located) whose boundary extend up to the Zambales Ranges. The soil is charcoal black and shiny, a sign of fertility, and is suitable for growing rice, sugarcane and other rootcrops. Before 1712 Mabalacat was a barrio (barangay) of Bambang, now Bamban, Tarlac. Like Porac, Santa Rita, Magalang, and Angeles City, this town never gets inundated by floods from heavy rain because it is situated on an elevated plain known as the "Upper Pampanga".

Mabalacat is politically subdivided into 27 barangays.

Atlu-Bola

Bical

Bundagul

Cacutud

Calumpang

Camachiles

Dapdap

Dau

Dolores

Duquit

Lakandula

Mabiga

Mangalit

Marcos Village

Mawaque (Mauaque)

Paralayunan

Poblacion

San Francisco

San Joaquin

Santa Ines

Santa Maria

Santo Rosario

Sapang Balen

47

Macapagal Village

Mamatitang

Sapang Biabas

Tabun

The road in Dau which leads to the North Luzon Expressway.

In 1853 Mabalacat had a population of 2,611 and four barangays, namely, Babangdapu, Duquit, Malabni, and Paglimbunan. In 1903 its population increased to 7,049 and already had 19 barangays. These were Bical, Bundagul, Dapdap, Dau, Dolores, Iba, Mabiga, Mamatitang, Mangalit, Matas, Mawaque, Paralayunan, Poblacion, Quitangil, San Joaquin, Santa Ines, Santa Maria, Sapang Balen, and Sapang Biabas. In 1948 its barangays increased to 20 with the addition of Fort Stotsenburg. Barangay Quitangil was renamed San Francisco.

The largest barangay is Dau, which became a barrio in 1936 by virtue of Presidential Proclamation Number 1. It is now a business nerve-center whose commercial input and output run parallel to that of downtown's. A former terminus of the North Luzon Expressway, it is the most urban area in Mabalacat.

San Francisco, the second largest barangay, along with San Joaquin, Santa Ines, Poblacion, Calumpang and other barangays are categorized as urban in view of their proximity to the town proper. Sapang Balen, with a population of 203 persons, is the smallest barangay.

Barangay Duquit is previously spelled as (DUKIT) and according to the elders DUQUIT is a species of tall lean trees, which made good as house, posts and sculpture is their from of livelihood, it was then headed by a chieftain today known as Barangay Captain.

The following persons headed the barangay in the previous years up to present:

1. Eugenio Pare

2. Juanito Anunciacion

3. Eulogio Nuguid

4. AKA Cabyong

5. Domingo Supan

6. Sotero Pare

7. Daniel Bulaon

8. Antonio Viray

9. Claro “Johnbi” B. Garcia Jr. – Present Brgy.Captain

NATURAL RESOURCES:48

The land area of Duquit is being used for industrial, commercial and residential, some areas are covered with fertile soil for crops growing which contributes to the Duquit peoples means of livelihood which is farming.

UTILITIES

In the field of Telecommunications:

PLDT, BAYANTEL, DATELCOM, DIGITEL.

The electirc power is served by PELCO II, and the water works system is operated by NAWASA.

SCHOOLS

Duquit Elementary SchoolDaycare CentersDuquit High School

HOSPITAL

Dee Hwa Liong Foundation Medical CenterPROPOSED PROJECTS

1. Canalization project along Ubas St.2. Farm to Market road (Legazpi Road)3. Upgrading of basketball covered court

NGO

1. Portobello Home owners association2. BDTODA3. Portobello tricycle operator’s drivers association4. PDDTODA5. DOTDA6. MDTODA7. PDTODA8. BDTODA9. DEE HWA TODA10. PTA PARENTS TEACHES ASSOCIATION11. Sitio Pila Homeowners Association12. Dau Duquit Vendors Association13. Seniors Citizen Association Duquit Chapter

Source: Barangay Hall, Brgy Duquit, Dau Mabalacat Pampanga

49

TOTAL POPULATION OF BARANGAY DUQUIT

ACCORDING TO GENDER

Age Male Female TOTAL

0 - 1 81 75 156

1 - 4 458 427 156

7 75 70 312

8 - 14 485 457 624

15 - 44 1449 1501 1248

45 - 64 332 339 2496

65 89 120 4992

50

N = 9984

From the Barangay Health Center, Brgy. Duquit. Dau Mabalacat Pampanga

CULTURAL PROFILE

Language from Brgy. Duquit, purok 5

CriteriaFrequenc

yPercentag

eKapampan

gan29 47.54%

Tagalog 16 26.23%Bisaya 5 8.20%Waray 4 6.56%

Ilonggo 3 4.92%Bicolano 2 3.28%Ilokano 1 1.64%

Panggalatok

1 1.64%

Mindanao 0 0%TOTAL 61 100%

51

RELIGION

CriteriaFrequency

Percentage

Catholic 51 89.47%Born again

4 7.02%

Iglesia ni Cristo

2 3.51%

Protestant 0 0%

Dialect Spoken: Kapampangan, Tagalog, English etc.

HEALTH PROFILE

Health Care Facilities

Hospital

DEE HWA LIONG MEDICAL CENTER

Health Center

Barangay Duquit Health Center

Rural Health Unit: RHU-III Duquit

52

The Sangguniang Barangay Officials of Barangay Duquit:

HON. CLARO(JOHNBI) B. GARCIA JR.Punong Barangay

KGD. ASELA E. CANOZA

KGD. ROLANDO S. SALUNGA

KGD. TERESITA P. CUSIPAG

KGD. EDUARDO P. CORPUZ

53

KGD. AIDA M. PABALAN

KGD.ARTURO M. JEMILLA

KGD. REMIGIO M. GARCIA

SKC. LIBEERTY M. PABALAN

BRGY. SEC. GENESIS Q. DE LEON

BRGY. TREAS. JASON Q. TOLENTINO

BRK. ERLYN M. VILLANUEVA

BHRAO. REYNALDO SAMSON

BARANGAY POLICE

EX-O. FERNANDO F. PARE

DEP. EX-O. BAYANI FAJARDO

INV. LORETO VILLENA

JONATHAN ENSICO

RONNIE CAGUIN

54

RUBEN EVANGELISTA

FERNANDO DATU

BEN HERRERA

ROLANDO CHAVEZ JR.

ARMAND ACANTILADO

MARCELO GONZALES

RAMIL HALILI

ROBERT ALCOBER

ROGER ALMIROL

WILFREDO BALANG

BENJAMIN SALVO JR.

SAMUEL ONG

RICARDO MEDINA

ARNOLD SANTIAGO

NINO LEE PADECIO

55

PUROK LEADERS

1. ROGER LICUP

2. RONNIE AGUILAR

3. JULY CALMONA

4. BENJAMIN MANALASTAS

5. JOSE DAYRIT

6. VALENTINO ESPANOLA

7. REMY GONZALES

8. ROLANDO CHAVEZ

9. RUFINO LIWANAG

LUPON TAGAPAMANA

1. LINA DELA CRUZ

2. CATALINO TORRES

3. YOLANDA BANAL

4. ALFREDO TANGLAO

5. RAMON TABLANTE

56

6. YOLANDO JIMENEZ

7. HILARIO FAUSTINO

8. JUN AGUILAR

9. LITO LAUS

10. ALFONSO BALUETA

11. LEONARDO MAGSINO

12. FERNANDO VILLANUEVA

13. DESIDERIO SALUNGA

14. ARNOLD ORODIO

15. ANIELIE ARELLAN

TABLE AND FIGURE 1

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD BELIEFS

57

Frequency of each criterion

-------------------------------------- X 100

Total Number of Families Surveyed

Family - A fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their children. Two or more people who share goals and values, have long-term commitments to one another, and reside usually in the same dwelling place.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

FATHER 38 66.67

MOTHER 17 29.82

OTHERS 2 3.51

TOTAL 57 100.00

58

The table demonstrates that 66. 67% or 38 out of 57 households have the

father as the head of the family. On the other hand, the households in which

mothers assume the head role gathered only 29.82% or 17, while the percentage

of “others”, usually relatives, have only 3.51% or 2 among the total sample

population.

The family member who is usually perceived as the head of the family is

the provider and decision-maker. That is why in most households, the father is

seen as the authority figure because he is typically the primary provider of

needs, wage earner and final decision- maker. Having fathers as the head of the

household provides the family greater stability, especially economically, and thus

gives the family a greater access to health facilities. This also enables the

mothers in this kind of set-up to concentrate more in caring and nurturing of the

children, as well as in supervising the health of each family member.

In some households, the mother acts as the head of the family because the

father is working overseas or was already deceased. On the other hand, having

other people to assume the role of being the head of household, especially other

relatives is usually caused by having a commuter family, dead parents or having

parents who cannot support the needs of the family and has to rely on a

particular relative/s.

59

TABLE AND FIGURE 2

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FATHERS / HUSBAND ACCORDING TO AGE


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

20-24 YEAR OLD 2 3.57

25-29 11 19.64

30-34 8 14.04

35-39 7 12.5

40-44 5 8.93

45-49 7 12.5

50-54 6 10.71

55-59 3 5.3660 YEARS AND ABOVE

7 12.5

TOTAL 56 100.00

60


The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of

fathers in Purok 8, Barangay Duquit. The respondents within the age brackets of

25-29 years old have the highest frequency of 11 or 19.64% in the total sample

population of 56. This is followed by respondents within the age brackets of 30-

34 having 8 or 14.04 % and respondents within age brackets of 30- 34 and 60

years and above, both having the same frequency of 7 or 12.5% of the total

interviewed respondents. On the other hand, the age bracket of 20-24 gathered

the least frequency of only 2 or 3.57% of the total population of fathers.

The data shows that most of the respondents are in the young adulthood to

middle adulthood category. Based on the table, it can be incurred that most of

the respondents have an active, lively and energetic behavior and most of them

are independent in terms of financial matters because most of them are

employed. This may therefore enables them to become better providers to the

needs of their family. On the other hand, respondents within the age brackets of

60 and above may be incurred that most of them, if not all, are more likely to be

dependent in terms financial aids, as well as in health maintenance support. 61

TABLE AND FIGURE 3

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF WIVES / MOTHERS ACCORDING TO AGE


-------------------------------------- X 100



BELOW 20 Y/O 1 1.64

20-24 YEAR OLD 7 11.48

25-29 4 6.56

30-34 4 6.56

35-39 9 14.75

40-44 6 9.84

45-49 13 21.31

50-54 6 9.84

55-59 2 3.2860 YEARS AND ABOVE

9 14.76

TOTAL 61 100.00

62


The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of

mothers in Purok 8, Barangay Duquit. The respondents within the age brackets

of 45-49 years old have the highest frequency of 13 or 21.31% in the total sample

population of 61. This is followed by respondents within the age brackets of 30-

34 having 8 or 14.04 % and respondents within age brackets of 35- 39 and 60

years and above, both having the same frequency of 9 or 14.76% of the total

interviewed respondents. On the other hand, the age bracket of 20 years and

below gathered the least frequency of only 1 or 1.64% in the total population of

mothers.

The data shows that mothers within the non-childbearing age (45 years

and above) have an almost equal rate with those of within the childbearing age. 63

However, since a large number of the total population of mothers still belongs to

the childbearing age, needs for teaching the concepts of family planning, as well

as health services for pregnant women and child care are still very vital in the

community.

Since most of the respondents are still in the middle adulthood category, it

can be incurred that most of them are still independent in terms of their

capabilities in taking care of the households and the whole family. On the other

hand, respondents within the age brackets of 60 and above may be incurred that

most of them, if not all, are more likely to be reliant in terms of financial aids, as

well as in health maintenance support.

TABLE AND FIGURE 4 & 5

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE FATHERS AND MOTHERS:


-------------------------------------- X 100

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

Elem. Level 15 12.82%Elem. graduate 11 9.40%High school level 32 27.35%High school grad. 23 19.66%College level 15 12..82%College grad. 16 13.68%Vocational 5 4.27%No answer 0 0%TOTAL 117 100%

64


CRITERIA: *Elementary level- presently completing the primary level of education is from grades 1- 6 and those who are in the kindergarten and preparatory level.*High school - presently completing secondary level of education, this is usually for 4 years.*College- presently completing the collegiate level of education, this is usually for four years as case may be.*Vocational- presently completing technical courses, this is usually for 6 months to two years.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

The table shows that regarding the educational attainment of fathers and

mothers, most of them have reached the high school level with a percentage of

27.35% and 19.66% are high school graduate. They were not able to pursue their

studies primarily because financial matters. This is followed by those who

reached the college level with the percentage of 13.68% while 12.82% are

65

college graduates. And 4.27% of the surveyed populations took up vocational.

The education of individual has a corresponding effect in one’s health. One

example is that it lowers morbidity, the risk of heart disease and the risk of

diabetes. It also reflects that those better educated have healthier behavior such

they are less likely to smoke drink, etc. which protects them from health hazards that may arise from

vices. They are also most likely to become more knowledgeable about health practices that are based

on scientific studies rather than traditional and superstitious beliefs.

TABLE AND FIGURE 6FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO LENGTH OF RESIDENCY

66


-------------------------------------- X 100


Length of Residency identifies the length of time that an individual has been at the same address. At household level, Length of Residency identifies the length of time that the longest residing head of household has been at the same address.



Less than 1 year 7 12.28%1-3 years 14 24.56%4-6 years 7 12.28%7-9 years 4 7.02%

10-12 years 0 0%13-15 years 5 8.77%16-18 years 7 12.28%19-21 years 3 5.26%22-24 years 1 1.75%25-40 years 5 8.77%

41-above 4 7.02%TOTAL 57 100%

67

Table shown above that 24.56% are 1-3 years are the first figure and second is less than 1 year,

4 – 6 years and 16-18 years means that those are been settler or like those in squatters they have a habit

that when they see a vacant space they tend to occupy that space even without any permission from any

owner of that lot. Last will be the 22-24 years those are the pioneers there and they been living in Purok

5 for that long years.

TABLE AND FIGURE 8 FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FAMILY

68


-------------------------------------- X 10


Nuclear is defined one of the following: consisting of mother, father, and their biological or adopted descendents or a single parent with offspring or a married couple: Extended is a family having another kin outside the nuclear family: Alternative includes single parent, cohabitating, commuter and adoption.

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

NUCLER 22 38.60%SINGLE PARENTS

13 22.81%

EXTENDED 11 19.30%

COHABITATING 7 12.28%

COMMUTER 1 5.46%

ADOPTION 3 1.75%

TOTAL 57 100%

69


The table shows that majority of the population in Barangay Duquit, Purok

5 has a nuclear type of family with 38.60%. The second category is the single

parent family having 22.81%. The third category is the extended type having

19.30%. The fourth category would be alternative which has 19.49%

The nuclear type of family has the highest percentage which means that

they prefer to live on their own and value their privacy as married couples with

their children. Separately living with their family shows the value of

independence.

In terms of acquiring communicable disease it would be lessened because

they have the chance to monitor the health status of the family members. Next, is

the single parents, this the result when one of the couples die, the financial

demand in this family type is limited or not exact to the needs of the family. Next

is the extended type. In here, the respondents preferred to stay with their rooted

family members to have close ties with each other. Some of the married couples

have children and have to work and usually ask their parents to do the caring.

There is less privacy and somehow there is possible chance of acquiring

communicable disease.

Under the alternative category, ranks third and shows that they carry the

burden of raising their children alone and have strived hard to support the needs

of their children. Some choose to be cohabitating families. Some of the

respondents prefer to stay together with their partners without any legal bind

coming from the church or law for as long as they can support the needs of each

other and they both value health. It is quite difficult especially when the partner

is not responsible at all.

Children of today are growing up in variety of households and different

family system. Their growing competence and development is largely influenced

by family life and family relationships. Their well-being continues to depend on

the quality of family interactions. In short, family type plays an integral role in

children’s development.

The positive interactions that occur between siblings contribute to

perspective taking, moral maturity, and competence in relating to other children.

70

TABLE AND FIGURE 10

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO CHILDREN


-------------------------------------- X 100


Child Care the main purpose of a community. Because children is the main composition of population a a community.


1-2 CHILDREN 28 52.83%

3-4 CHILDREN 16 30.19%

5-6 CHILDREN 9 23.68%

TOTAL 53 100.00

71


In the table shows that 52.83% of our respondents are having a 1-2 child,

means that there are usually having a marriages for about 2-5 years. Couples we

have interviewed are mostly at their young adulthood and middle adulthood.

That mostly half of our respondents having 1-2 children. Secondly is 3-4 child

and lastly is 23.68% 5-6 children which usually in the depress area in Purok 5.

Children are the primary concern of a Public Health Nurse because it

consists mostly of the population of a community. Like they have to be concern

thru their health status and providing education thru mothers how to keep their

children stay healthy. Parents should be aware also if they can really give the

basic commodities among their children which sometimes even the basic are

being neglected. That’s why it affected the health of individual especially among

the children.

72

TABLE AND FIGURE 11

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO BIRTH GAP OF CHILDREN


-------------------------------------- X 100



1 YEAR 9 17.65%

2 YEARS 12 23.53%

3 YEARS 10 19.60%

4 YEARS 7 13.73%

5 YEARS 2 3.92%

6 YEARS 6 11.76%

7 YEARS 3 5.88%

10 YEARS 2 3.92%

TOTAL 51 100.00

73

Child Care the main purpose of a community. Because children is the main composition of population a a community.


The table shows that 23.53% of the respondents have an averaged gap in 2 years and 19.61% of the respondents have an averaged gap in 3 years 17.65% of the respondents has an averaged gap in 1 year. Because most of the respondents are not aware in the family planning and some of them did not know to use of contra intensive like pills, condoms and inject able methods and also some of them they habit is sex because they have no work.

74

TABLE AND FIGURE 12

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FATHERS ACCORDING TO EMPLOYMENT STATUS



NONE 17 30.36

SELF – EMPLOYED

9 16.07

TEMPORARY 8 14.29

PERMANENT 22 39.29

TOTAL 56 100.00

75

-------------------------------------- X 100


The Father-child relationship is the defining factor of the fatherhood role The majority of Fathers are naturally protective and supportive responsible parents who are able to engender a number of significant benefits for themselves, their communities, and most importantly, their children.] Involved fathers offer developmentally specific provisions to their sons and daughters throughout the life cycle and are impacted themselves by their doing so. Active father figures have a key role to play in reducing behavior problems in boys and psychological problems in young women.


The table shows the employment status of fathers in Purok 8, Barangay

Duquit, which sums up to 56 of the total sample population of the category,

39.29% or 22 are permanently employed, contributing to make their family lives

become more stable, and also helps to the stability of the Barangay. 14.29% or 8

are, on the other hand, temporarily employed, such as those jobs following 76

contract of six months or more. 9 (16.87%) are self –employed, contributing to

the development increase in the economy. And only 30.36% or 17 of the

population under this category are unemployed.

Employment in every family is very essential to be able to sustain their

daily necessities and compensate for their financial expenses. According to WHO,

the employment status affects health by type of work or workplace, time allotted

to work and even the income earned. This implies that those people who work in

comfortable, safe and clean environment have lesser chances of acquiring

different diseases and the occurrence of accidents.

In relation to health, those families with employed individuals and who

belong to high income groups can avail health services efficiently and those

employed individuals whose incomes are low do not suffice their needs.

TABLE AND FIGURE 13

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MOTHERS ACCORDING TO EMPLOYMENT STATUS

77


-------------------------------------- X 100


A mother is a biological and/or social female parent of an offspring. Because of the complexity and differences of mothers' social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a mother to suit a universally accepted definition.


CRITERIA FREQUENCYPERCENTAGE

NONE 33 57.4

SELF – EMPLOYED

10 17.86

GOV’T EMPLOYEE

1 1.79

TEMPORARY 7 12.5

PERMANENT 5 8.93

TOTAL 56 100.00

78

The table shows the employment status of mothers in Purok 5, Barangay

Duquit, which sums up to 56 of the total sample population of the category,

8.93% or 5 are permanently employed and 1.78% or 1 is a government employee,

helping their family lives to become more stable, which also helps to the stability

of the Barangay. 7 out of 57 (12.5%) are, on the other hand, temporarily

employed, such as those jobs following contract of six months or more. 10

(17.86%) are self –employed, contributing to the development increase in the

economy. And 57.4% or 95 of the population under this category are

unemployed.

Dual-parent employment is becoming very common at present due to the

increasing family economic demands. Mothers who work outside the home

enable them to increase the family income. This helps to better enhance the

family’s ability to meet their needs. However, this may also cause an implication

due to the lack of time for both parents in supervising their children, especially

their children’s health.

79

TABLE AND FIGURE 14

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO MONTHLY INCOME


-------------------------------------- X 100


A sole breadwinner in a five-member family residing at the National Capital Region (NCR) should earn a monthly income of at least P8,061 or P266/day to support his family.


MORE THAN P 5000 40 70.18

P3000 - 4000 8 14.07

P2000 - 3000 4 7.02

P1000 OR LESS 0 0

NO ANSWER 5 8.77

TOTAL 56 100.00

80


The table shows the monthly income of each surveyed family in Purok

5, Barangay Duquit, which sums up to 57 households of the total sample

population of the category. Major or 70.18% of the workforce earns more than

P5000. The households with the second highest frequency of 8 or 14.04% earn

P3000-4000 monthly. And only 4 or 7.02% of the households under this category

have monthly earnings of P2000-3000. On the other hand, 5 or 8.57% of the total

households have no answer because they are not sure of the amount of their

monthly income.

A local study examined the effects of income on health and quality of

life and it has been found that low income men have a poorer health related

quality of life than the higher income peers. This income effect, however, does

not seem to apply to women. Sufficiency of income goes hand in hand with the

number of members of family. The total income of family should be divided

among them and they must have at least the ideal amount per member which is

stated above.

81

Those family with higher income but belongs to a small sized group of

family obviously would have greater access on health and even for their lifestyle.

And for the average income groups whose money are just enough to suffice their

needs are also able to access their needs whether its for health and for

physiologic needs which they found more important. And lastly for those incomes

who are not enough for the members of the family, they are more focused on how

they’re going to budget their money or all their needs such as for their food and

shelter. In line with this, they tend to disregard their needs for health service

because they find it expensive.

TABLE AND FIGURE 15

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD ACCORDING TO DAILY FOOD ALLOWANCE


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

UP TO P 20 0 0

P30 - 50 1 1.75

MORE THAN 50

56 98.25

TOTAL 57 100.00

82

According to Institute of Labor Studies under (DOLE), The living wage is defined as the amount of family income needed to provide for the family’s food and non-food expenditures with sufficient allowance for savings/investments for social security so as to enable the family to live and maintain a decent standard of human existence beyond mere subsistence level, taking into account all of the family’s physiological, social and other needs.


The commitment of United Nations member-countries to meet the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) indicates the widespread acceptance of the World

Bank’s poverty line of $1 a day. This measure is enshrined in Goal 1, which

targets the reduction by half of the proportion of people living on $1 a day.

But if the Philippine government, as a country that has committed to achieving

the MDGs, accepts this measure, then it should also admit that the country’s

legislated minimum wages are not enough to meet this international poverty line.

83

Based on an average prevailing exchange rate of P56 to $1, the daily poverty line

for a family of six members is P336 ($5.96) or P10,080 ($178.82) monthly. This is

the minimum amount a local worker must earn to be considered non-poor.

If the poverty line is divided by the average of 26 working days in a month, a

worker should thus be earning P386.70 ($6.86) per day. In the National Capital

Region where the legislated minimum wage is the highest at P250 ($4.43), this

amount is still P137 ($2.43) short.

To bring the minimum wage to international poverty standards therefore, the

Macapagal-Arroyo administration should legislate a P137 ($2.43) wage increase.

The current P125 ($2.22) across-the-board, nationwide wage increase that labor

groups are demanding is even lower than the World Bank (WB) criteria. Amid the

rising cost of living, this increase would help ordinary Filipinos meet their basic

food and non-food needs.

The table shows that the daily food allowance in each family respondent in

Purok 5, Barangay Duquit; 98% of respondents are having a more than 50 pesos

a day it means that the people mostly they have a good source of income

everyday. Mostly to our respondent are having a good job and they are self

employed. Like they have there own Sari Sari Store in there house. The graph

show that only 2% is having 30 -50 pesos a day mostly coming from the depress

area in Purok 5 which are near in the riverside and mostly they rely only with

“kalakal” it means they have to search the garbage for the valuable item which

they can sold like metals, plastic, bottle etc. Those 2%

TABLE AND FIGURE 16

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF PURCHASING CLOTHES FOR THEIR FAMILY PER YEAR

84


-------------------------------------- X 100


The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the elements. Clothes also enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hunting and cooking by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes incidentally also provide a hygienic barrier, keeping toxins away from the body and limiting the transmission of bacteria and viruses.Clothes also have important social and cultural functions. A uniform, for example, may identify civil authority figures, such as police and army personnel, or it may identify team or group or even political affiliations. In most societies, clothing is an aspect of norms of the society, in relation to standards of modesty, religious practices and social status. Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style.


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

ONCE 16 28.07

TWICE 4 7.01

THRICE 8 14.04

FOUR TIMES OR MORE 27 47.37

NONE 2 3.51

TOTAL 57 100

85

The human race universally wears articles of clothing-also known as dress,

garments, or attire-on the body in order to protect it against the adverse climate

conditions. In its broadest sense, clothing is defined as the coverings of the torso

and limbs, as well as the coverings for the hands, feet and head. Articles carried

rather than worn, such as purses, are usually counted as accessories, while

glasses or jewelry, although worn, also fit this category. On the other hand, the

body's decoration with tattoos, make-up and hairstyle, although contributes to

the general message an individuals want to relay in addition to his or her

clothing choices, do not constitute clothing as such

.

In most cultures, clothing was introduced as a method of protecting the human

body against extreme weather conditions -strong winds, intense heat, cold and

precipitation. In particular, the weaves of clothes prevent the circulation of air

around the skin and thus, avoid the exit of the air reheated by the skin, which

makes people feel uncomfortable and cold. Additionally, the clear weaves of

clothing avoid the ultraviolet radiation of the sun and the burns in the skin,

protecting it, therefore, from the heat. Finally, more impermeable weaves protect

the human body from coming into contact with the water of rain or snow. Since

water is an excellent thermal storage cell, when the cold rain drops of snow

flakes fall and touch the human skin, they immediately send through the nerve

cells a message to the human brain that the exposed area is becoming colder

than the rest of the body and causing people to feel discomfort.

Today, there are many materials with which clothes are made. A person can

choose from purchasing clothes made from natural origin materials, like silk,

wool, and leather, but may also select one for the man-made fibers extensively

used in clothes manufacturing, like nylon, polyester, Lycra and Gore-Tex. With

the recent technological developments, there is great speculation for the

direction future clothes will take; in fact the clothing electronics industry has

just started.

In the table above 47.37% are buying clothes 4 times a year those are in the

Juicy fruit St. in purok 5 because mostly of the respondents they have a family

working abroad. Some of our respondents are 14.04% are buying clothes thrice a

86

year those are in the middle class in Purok 5. 7.01% are buying twice a year,

28.07% are buying once a year and 3.51% are not buying any clothes. Some of

our respondents especially those people who are buying clothes Four times and

thrice a year telling us that because of affordable cost of fashion now a day that’s

why they can afford to buy some clothes. And those remaining percentage of our

respondents they are buying from ukay ukay which every Friday they will just go

to the Basketball which near in the Barangay Hall in Duquit which they can

easily have also access for cheaper clothes.

TABLE AND FIGURE 17

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FACILITIES PRESENT AT HOME


-------------------------------------- X 100


Electricity is very important in our community because almost everything we use is operated by electricity. If we have a phone all the contacts are on it. If the phone is gone then all the contacts is. In this way there are many appliances without which life would be very difficult.

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

ELECTRICITY 56 46.28

WATER 47 38.84

TELEPHONE 18 14.88

TOTAL 121 100.00

87


Electricity is what gives us more hours in the day to do everyday tasks in

addition to reading and other activities that you need to have good lighting to

perform. Before electricity, people got up with the first light of day and the day's

activities ended after the sun went down. 56% or 57 of our respondents have a

access in Electricity even in the depress area because

In the Philippines, coverage and quality of water supply and sanitation suffer

from low investment rates, many small supply systems, a fragmented sector

structure, and increasing pollution of water resources. While 39% of our

respondents have a good access in water & Electricity supply at home. But in the

depress area there water resources are coming from a Deep Well.

Although water resources become scarce in some regions and seasons, the

Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. How-

ever, the neglect of a coherent environmental policy led to the actual situation, in

which 58% of the groundwater is contaminated. The main source of pollution is 88

untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Filipino river

systems are considered suitable for public water supply. It is estimated that in

2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19

major river basins. Besides severe health concerns, water pollution also leads to

problems in the fishing and tourism industries. The national government recog-

nized the problem and since 2004 has sought to introduce sustainable water re-

sources development management

TABLE AND FIGURE 18

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF SCHOOLING THEIR CHILDREN RECEIVE


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

PUBLIC 48 85.71

PRIVATE 8 14.29

TOTAL 56 100.00

89

Public schools, simply put, are composed of elementary, secondary, tertiary and other government schools which are subsidized by the national government to provide free basic education and to alleviate the rising cost of education in higher levels. Public schools do not base admission on religious and political preference, race, or gender

Private schools are academic institutions not directly administered by the state and local governments. In that case, the institutions have the autonomy to select their students carefully and charge their students with full tuition fees rather than rely on government funds and subsidies. Their being private institutions however do not exempt them from abiding by the policies, standards and guidelines set by the DepEd (for elementary and secondary schools) and Commission on Higher Education (for universities and colleges).


In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational

services, accounting for about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary

enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. There were 4,800 private

elementary schools, 3,377 private secondary schools and 2,036 private higher

education institutions in the country as of 2007.

According to the the DepEd, there are 36,234 public elementary schools and

90

http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Department_of_Education

http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Department_of_Education

4,422 public secondary schools in the country. Some of these provide not only

basic education but also alternative learning programs for out-of-school youth

and adult learners or continuing students.

The CHEd lists 110 SUCs and 326 satellite campuses (branches) of such in the

country. There are also government-created higher education institutions which

provide academic degrees and advanced training programs to the students

interested in the military sciences and national defense.

In the graph above shows that 86% of our respondents that there children are

going to public school, in Barangay Duquit they have a good access of education,

they are near in a public school which provide by the government, Barangay

Duquit have there own Day Care Center, Elementary School and High School

Building that can easily access by the community. 14% going to the Private

School which mostly composed of College Students which also near in Duquit is

JCFC.

TABLE AND FIGURE 19

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF HOUSE

91

http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Commission_on_Higher_Education


-------------------------------------- X 100


A building is concrete if it is made up of hollow blocks cement, and some wood for the structure of the house; wood is the structure, foundation, and walls of the house is made up of lumber and timber; concrete-wood (mixed) if the house is a combination of cement, blocks, sand, gravel, lumber, and timber; makeshift if the house is made of various materials that are available such as tarpaulins, woods, tin cans, etc.


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

CONCRETE 37 67.91%

WOOD 10 17.54%

MIXED 9 15.79%

MAKESHIFT 1 1.75%

TOTAL 57 99.99%

92

The table shows the frequency and percentage of the types of building in

barangay Duquit purok 5. Most of the respondents reside in the households

made of concrete or 67.91% of the population. On the other hand, there are 10

households or 17.54% which prefer wood type of building. In addition, 9 or

15.79% are in favor of mixed type of household and the remaining 1 or 1.75% are

the family that prefer a makeshift type of household or the so called “barong-

barong”.

The structure contributes to the overall health status of its residence as it could

also cause health problems as a result of the materials used, equipments

installed, or the size and its design.

The data indicates that majority of the residents in the community owns the

concrete type of building because for them, it is safe, strong, and durable. Also,

it provides security against natural phenomenon such as typhoon and

earthquakes compared with the other type of house. Another is for their security

from the increasing number of law offenders particularly thieves.

On the other hand, some do prefer to have wood type due to the fact that it is far

cheaper than concrete. Also, they find it advantageous, particularly during warm

weather. The only disadvantage of this kind of house is that it is not fire proof

and maintenance is a must for it withers easily specially in the presence of

termites. Close to the number of families preferring wood type are the families

that prefer mixed type of housing. The combination of wood and concrete is said

to have the advantages of both wood type and concrete type. It is less expensive

than concrete type and it is more fire proof than wood type, but, gaining the

advantages of both types also means gaining the disadvantages of each. The

types of house having the smallest number are the makeshift type. Even though

it is considered to be the cheapest, makeshift type or barong-barongs are in the

least of numbers due to the fact that it is not permanent. It is not fire proof, it

has the less security standards, and it is vulnerable to natural phenomena.

93

TABLE AND FIGURE 20

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO HOUSE OWNERSHIP


-------------------------------------- X 100


Owned is a type of house ownership that is utilized with all the rights by a particular family: and a house is rented if a house and lot that is utilized by a particular family with a corresponding payment to the house and house owner.

CRITERIA

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

Owned 33 57.90%

Rented 24 42.10%

TOTAL 57 100%

94


The table shows that out of 57 households, 33 (57.90%) owned their houses,

24 (42.11%) are rent their housed.

The basic needs of the children including their education can be affected, for

the parents have to pay the rent first rather than just spending the money for

other important expenses. Some who are unable to own a house are likely to live

on rented houses: this could affect their allocation for other needs like health

care.

According to a management book used by the students of the College of

Business Administration, a part of the family allowance maybe utilized in the

other expenses, hence, lowering the budget of the family.

95

TABLE AND FIGURE 21

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE QUALITY OF VENTILATION OF THEIR HOUSE


-------------------------------------- X 100



Poor 10 17.54%

Good 47 82.46%

TOTAL 57 100%

96

The type of ventilation maybe poor if the of air is blocked and when the room does not have any window or when the window measures less than 1 meter by 1 meter; or good if the entrance of air is not blocked; each room should have at least one window , measures of at least 1 meter by 1 meter.


Table 21 shows the frequency and percentage of adequacy of ventilation of

households in Barangay Duquit It could be seen that 47 households or 82.46% of

the total population have good ventilation while the remaining 17.54% or 10

households have poor ventilation.

According to Treshaw, Michael, if outdoor enters a house, pollutants can

sometimes accumulate to levels that can pose health and comfort problems.

Therefore, to be able to lowers concentrations of indoor air pollutants in your

home is by increasing that amount of outdoor air coming in. With this, it shows

that majority of the respondents are aware of the advantages of good ventilation

97

and consequences of poor ventilation in their houses.

The size of the family living in the house must be proportionate with the

adequacy of ventilation. There would be an uncomfortable feeling among the

members if there is poor ventilation.

In relation to the owner's economic status, those houses which are poor

ventilated are due to the owner's inability to afford activities such as providing

houses additional windows and improving their current sizes.

TABLE AND FIGURE 22FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCODING TO QUALITY OF LIGHTING IN THEIR HOUSE

CRITERIA FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

ADEQUATE 35 61.40%

INADEQUATE

22 38.60%

TOTAL 57 100%

98


-------------------------------------- X 100


Daytime lightning maybe adequate if a house where in upon entering, a person can read properly and windows are not obstructed which may block the passage of light: or inadequate- windows are obstructed which may block the passage of light.


The table shows percentage distribution of the surveyed households’

lighting during day time. 61.40% of households have adequate lighting while 99

38.60% have inadequate lighting.

This data reveals that majority of households in Barangay Duquit, Purok 5

have good lighting. According to WHO, lighting makes a significant contribution

to our physical and psychological functioning.

Better lighting can help increase personal independence, promote health

and well-being and prevent injuries, Moreover; good lighting improves the visual

and working performance of individual that will lead to improved man

productivity.

However, 22 out of 57 households with inadequate lighting will merely

affect not only the individuals’ health status but also their performance at work.

100

TABLE AND FIGURE 23FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE CLEANLINESS OF THEIR SURROUNDINGS


-------------------------------------- X 100


The condition of surrounding maybe: Clean (when the surrounding is classified of having a good sanitary condition if both interior and exterior are clean) Dirty (When the surrounding is classified of having a bad sanitary condition if both interior and exterior are dirty).

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

CLEAN 36 63.16%

DIRTY 21 36.84%

TOTAL 57 100%

101


The table shows that majority of the households surveyed are under the

category of clean condition having 63.16% of the total respondents. Dirty

sanitary condition is the next which has a percentage of 36.84%.

According to WHO, the general sanitary condition of the environment has

immediate effects to people’s health, Unhygienic conditions and practices can

cause health risk to children. In time with this, the households general condition

of the households should be improved and maintain its cleanliness to prevent and

lessen the possibilities of acquiring disease and illness.

102

TABLE AND FIGURE 24FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO SOURCE OF WATERS


-------------------------------------- X 100


The source of water maybe; NAWASA, a source of water supply which is run by Mabalacat Water District: Deep Well, a source of water supply which is found in underground spring water. Artesian well allows water that has traveled through porous rock from a higher elevation to rise to the surface.

CRITERIA

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

NAWASA 37 64.41%

Deep well 12 21.05%

Artesian well

8 14.04%

TOTAL 57 100%

103


The tables show that majority of the source of water supply of the

households come from NAWASA with a percentage of 64.41%. The source of

water supply coming from Deep well has a percentage of 21.05% while the

artesian well has a percentage of 14.04%.

However, if water comes from ground water, it takes longer to become

contaminated but the cleansing process may also take much longer. Proper

management of water supply may e performed in every households like boiling of

water to kill bacteria.

On the other hand, families whose source of water is from artesian well

and deep well have higher risk of acquiring water-borne disease because the

water coming from these source directly comes from under the ground without

any treatment of disinfection, mostly depress area they use deep well and

artesian well. Ground water has a big possibility to be contaminated because it

can absorb waste especially if it is near the septic systems that are leaking.

104

TABLE AND FIGURE 25

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO STORAGE OF DRINKING WATER


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

UNCOVERD 8 14.04%

COVERED 36 63.16%

REFRIGIRATED

13 22.81%

TOTAL 57 100.01% 105

The drinking water storage may be: covered, where any container which has a lid on its opening; or uncovered where any container which has no lid on its opening. Refrigerated in the other hand, are refrigerator stored water for the purpose of cooling and refreshment.

106


The table shows that 63.16% of the respondents are aware of the importance of

having their stored drinking water covered hence giving them the idea of

covering stored drinking water. 22.81% are refrigerated and the remaining

14.04% of the respondent does not cover their drinking water.

Covering the stored drinking water is very important because according to WHO.

Diseases caused through consumption of contaminated water, and poor hygiene

practices are the leading cause of death among children worldwide. Every

household should be informed regarding the significance of having their stored

drinking water covered.

Refrigerating drinking water for storage is almost the same with covered ones.

Most of the families in the barangay prefer their drinking water to be cool for

refreshment but only a few can afford a refrigerator.

Uncovered stored drinking water may be very susceptible to contamination and

may lead to illness in case the water is ingested. According to WHO, Lack of safe

drinking water practices like covering of water container can be very detrimental

in transmitting diseases? If drinking water is exposed to the external

environment, there is greater possibility for it to be contaminated. It may be

contaminated with air bourn substances like dust, smoke, or even saliva coming

from coughing or sneezing people.

107

TABLE AND FIGURE 26FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO WATER CONTAINER USED


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

PLASTIC 8 10%

JARS 42 52.5%

BOTTLES 30 37.5%

TOTAL 80 100

108

ANALYSIS AND INTERVENTION

Table shown above that 52.5% of our respondents are using Jars, 37.5% are using Bottles & 10% are using Plastics. Most types of plastic bottles are safe to reuse at least a few times if properly washed with hot soapy water. But recent revelations about chemicals in Lexan (plastic #7) bottles are enough to scare even the most committed environmentalists from reusing them (or buying them in the first place). Studies have indicated that food and drinks stored in such containers—including those ubiquitous clear Nalgene water bottles hanging from just about every hiker’s backpack—can contain trace amount of Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical that interferes with the body’s natural hormonal messaging system.

The same studies found that repeated re-use of such bottles—which get dinged up through normal wear and tear and while being washed—increases the chance that chemicals will leak out of the tiny cracks and crevices that develop over time. According to the Environment California Research & Policy Center, which reviewed 130 studies on the topic, BPA has been linked to breast and uterine cancer, an increased risk of miscarriage, and decreased testosterone levels ( http://www.naturescrib.com/dangers-of-plastic-bottles )

109

http://www.naturescrib.com/dangers-of-plastic-bottles

TABLE AND FIGURE 27FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPE OF TOILET


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

FLUSH 22 38.60

PIT PRIVY 35 61.40

TOTAL 57 100

110

111


Table shows that 61.40% of our respondents are using pit privy. Studies show that toilet facilities play a vital role in our community, because it was said by the WHO that septic tank is more appropriate to use because it has the least possibly of the cross contamination of the pathogens or bacteria present in the waste.

Disposing excreta safely, isolating excreta from flies and other insects and preventing fecal contamination of water supplies would greatly reduce the spread of disease (WHO). An important in considering the type of toilet facilities results to decrease in the number of people who acquired illness coming from fecal matters. Hence, proper hygiene is very important, particularly hand washing after defecating and before eating and cooking.

112

TABLE AND FIGURE 28

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO TOILET OWNERSHIP


-------------------------------------- X 100


A toilet is a plumbing fixture and disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the bodily wastes: urine and fecal matter. Additionally, vomit and menstrual waste are sometimes disposed of in toilets in Western societies. The word toilet describes the fixture and, especially in British English, the room containing the fixture

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

OWNED 48 84.27

SHARED 9 15.79

TOTAL 57 100.00

113

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English


The table shows the frequency of toilet ownership, a total of 85.21% have

their own toilet facility. Out of 15.79% are using shared toilet, however, no

respondent has public toilet facility and those who, at all, do not have toilet

facility.

Since majority of the families surveyed have their own toilet facility, they

have less chances of acquiring diseases. They also have the ability to provide the

value of privacy in using their own toilet. Families who are using shared toilet

facility have a higher risk of acquiring bacterial infections through stool. But if

some of the residents have their own toilets but do not know how to clean, health

is still at danger.

The type of toilet ownership is one of the contributing factors of the

114

increase of incidence of diarrhea diseases. This is due to the number of people

using these toilet facilities and the way they use it. Cleanliness is very important

not only to one’s self but including the surroundings in order to reduce the

incidence of acquiring these diseases, according to World Health Organization.

TABLE AND FIGURE 29

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO METHOD OF GARBAGE DISPOSAL


-------------------------------------- X 100


COLLECTION 35 61.40

GARBAGE CANS 0 0

BURNING 4 7.02

OPEN DUMPING 12 21.05

BURYING 4 7.02

OTHERS 2 3.57

TOTAL 57 100.00

115


The country’s garbage problem was becoming an environmental disaster due to the government’s lack of long-term and permanent solution to waste disposal, particularly in Metro Manila.

Studies show that Metro Manila produces at least 8,000 tons of solid waste per day, of which only 6,000 end up in dumps. The rest are dumped illegally on private land and even in rivers, creeks or at times openly burned.


The table demonstrates that majority of the interviewed respondents

dispose their garbage through garbage collection (35 0r 61.40%) and open

dumping along the riverside (15 or 24. 62%). While the remaining households

use methods such as burning and burying (both having 4 or 7.02%).

Since the community has a regular garbage collection which each

households pay for P10.00 each collection, this means that the government has a 116

dynamic involvement with regards to making efforts in keeping their barangay

clean. However, some of the households who cannot regularly pay for the said

garbage disposal method said that they just dump their waste in the riverside.

This contributes to much health related problems since dumpsites serve as

primary breeding grounds of diseases. On the other hand, burning waste may

cause air pollution and contributes to thinning of the ozone layer, which also

threatens the health of the population. The best way to dispose garbage is

through burying if wastes are properly separated from non-biodegradable to

biodegradable.

Proper disposal of garbage should be made in order to have a clean

community conducive to the development of every resident. It is reflected in the

table that majority depend on the garbage collection being done which means

that they are educated regarding the proper disposal of their trash.

According to Senator Vicente Sotto, “garbage collection is essential to the

public health and should not be curtailed”. Therefore, there is a need for the

people to comply to the proper disposal of garbage.

TABLE AND FIGURE 30

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF 117

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO METHOD OF FOOD STORAGE


-------------------------------------- X 100


Food storage is both a traditional domestic skill and is important industrially. Food is stored by almost every human society and by many animals

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

UNCOVERED 6 10.53

COVERED 51 89.47

TOTAL 57 100.00

118


The table above shows that 89.47% of the respondents cover their food

while the remaining 10.53% do not. Majority of the respondents are aware on the

importance of having their food covered.

Food is essential for man to survive. Proper food covering is intended to

protect the food from being contaminated and it also protects the person from

acquiring diseases.

Leaving food uncovered at anytime, whether in dry or cooler storage,

makes it vulnerable to contamination through the air by means of saliva from

cough or sneezes, flying insects or drips from above. (

www.who.int/foodsafety/en/), which somehow may cause disease to a person,

who happens to eat the contaminated food.

119

http://www.who.int/foodsafety/en/

TABLE AND FIGURE 31

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO PRESENCE OF ANIMALS


-------------------------------------- X 100


Pet is an animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a household animal, as opposed to livestock, laboratory animals, working animals or sport animals, which are kept for economic reasons. The most popular pets are noted for their loyal or playful characteristics, for their attractive appearance, or for their song. Pets also generally seem to provide their owners with non-trivial health benefits; keeping pets has been shown to help relieve stress to those who like having animals around. There is now a medically-approved class of "therapy animals," mostly dogs that are brought to visit confined humans. Walking a dog can provide both the owner and the dog with exercise, fresh air, and social interaction.

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

DOGS 29 38.16

CATS 16 21.05

BIRDS AND POULTRY

9 11.84

NONE 22 28.94

TOTAL 56 100.00

120


Pets are common due to the fact that they not only serve for amusement

purposes but also for utility. It is shown on the table above that 38% of the total

household owns a dog; 21% are cats; 12% are birds and poultry; 29% that they

don’t have any animal presence on their backyard. Dogs have the highest

number due to that fact that dog is man best friend. It serves not only

amusement but keep the house safe from intruders by guarding the house for

any strangers or thief.

121

TABLE AND FIGURE 32

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF PLANTS PRESENT IN THEIR BACKYARD


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

NONE 22 38.60

VEGETABLES 8 14.04

FRUIT-BEARING

15 26.32

MEDICINAL 0 0

ORNAMENTAL

6 10.52

OTHERS 6 10.52

TOTAL 57 100.00

122

Trees in your backyard can be home to many different types of wildlife. Trees can also reduce your heating and cooling costs, help clean the air, add beauty and color provide shelter from the wind and the sun, and add value to your home.


Plants provide food to humans and all other non photosynthetic organisms, either

directly or indirectly. Agriculture began about 10,000 years ago in the fertile

crescent of the Near East, where people first cultivated wheat and barley.

Scientists believe that as people of the Fertile Crescent gathered wild seeds,

they selected for certain genetically determined traits, which made the plants

produced from those seeds more suited for cultivation and as foods. For example,

most strains of wild wheat bear their seeds on stalks that break off to disperse

the mature seeds. As people selected wild wheat plants for food, they

unknowingly selected genetic variants in the wild population whose seed stalks

123

http://science.jrank.org/pages/751/Barley.html

http://science.jrank.org/pages/7378/Wheat.html

did not break off. This trait made it easier to harvest and cultivates wheat, and is

a feature of all of our modern varieties of wheat.

Mostly of our respondents 39.60% of them they don’t have any plant in their

area. While 26.32% have a fruit bearing in their backyard like manga, guava,

avocado etc. Ornamental and Others like flowers, orchids, bonggavilla etc. have

10% and the other 14.04% haver vegetables in their backyard like the people in

the Riverside they have camote, eggplant, kang kong and many more which they

sometimes sell it to their neighbor to earn some money. Plants in our backyard

somehow help our health in exchanging clean oxygen and carbon dioxide thru

plants.when we are breathing.

TABLE AND FIGURE 33

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO INDIGENOUS HEALTH WORKERS

124


-------------------------------------- X 100


Health workers are usually found in the barangay health center. They may not be professionals but they are trained by professionals in the medical field in order to aid in the community’s health needs. While some are trained, others that are untrained may have the native knowledge in promoting health in the community such as herbularyo and untrained hilots.

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

TRAINED HILOT

0 0

BRGY. HEALTH WORKER

37 64.91%

HERBULARYO 0 0

UNTRAINED HILOT

1 1.75%

NONE 19 33.33%

TOTAL 57 99.99%

125


Majority of the families in barangay Duquit prefer to meet a barangay health

worker. A few prefer to meet hilots in time of illness and others prefer to stay at

home for just home medication and confinement.

64.91% of the families in the barangay prefer to see a barangay health worker

whenever a member of their family gets sick in believing that they have the

knowledge in curing. The health workers can give health teachings to the

families to aid in their health needs and may assist them when needed.

33.33% of the families on the other hand are in favor of just staying at home and

do all the caring themselves. This is applicable because most cases of disease in

the barangay are just the ones that are easily be cured by bed rest and over the

counter medications.

The remaining 1.75% of the families tends to prefer the hilots. Even thou it is in

the least of numbers, these families are in favor of the native and traditional way

of curing, because, it’s been part of their lives consulting this people and

overtime tested their effectiveness.

126

TABLE AND FIGURE 34

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FOOD PREFERENCES


-------------------------------------- X 100


Some foods maybe appetizing to you, and yet the same foods will be disgusting to someone else. A big, juicy steak may make your mouth water, but this food would offer no appeal to a vegetarian. Certain foods are not eaten for many reasons, including religious and cultural beliefs, personal taste, likes and dislikes, dietary restrictions, illness and allergies. Generally, mealtime has many different meanings. it is a time to eat, but in some cultures, it is the gathering of a community together to eat, relax and communicate.

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

FISH 4 7.02

FRUITS VEGETABLES

2 3.51

MEAT 6 10.53

MIXED 45 78.95

TOTAL 57 100.00

127


For others, mealtime means “grab something to eat, gobble it down, and run out

the door.” Many people who live alone just don’t bother to prepare food;

mealtime is often a frozen dinner heated in the microwave.

Food customs are also closely linked at religious holidays or cultural

celebrations. Some religions have rules about the kinds and amounts of food to

be eaten, including food used for certain religious events and celebrations.

Dietary laws indicate the regulations to follow, such as fasting, care of cooking

and eating utensils, and other rules regarding food preparation. (Refer to the

table below for dietary requirements according to religious belief.)

79% of our respondents preferred mixed food and we have lower percentage of

fish and fruits and vegetable is only 21%, the percentage shown that many of 128

them does not have any special dietary precaution or prepared food. Due to the

high cost of foods now a day’s people in Purok 5 Duquit are buying foods which

they can only afford to buy. The market place in Purok 5 Duquit is about 3 km

away from them sometimes they have to buy in Sari Sari Store for canned goods,

ready to eat food like noodles and some dry fish like tuyo, dilis and etc.

TABLE AND FIGURE 35FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN BELOW 72 MONTHS


-------------------------------------- X 100


Normal – when the weight of the child is appropriate for age referring to the FNRI.Below normal – when the weight of the child is below the normal range set by


NORMAL 32 78

BELOW NORMAL 3 7.31

ABOVE NORMAL 5 12.19

BELOW NORMAL, VERY LOW

1 2.43

TOTAL 41 100.00

129

FNRL.Above normal – when the weight of the child is above the normal range set by the FNRI.

130


The table shows the percentage distribution of nutritional status of children 0-6

years of age. The data gathered reveals that 000% of the children 0-72 months

have normal nutritional status, 000% are below normal and 000% are above

normal, while the criteria below normal, very low with 0 or 000% have the lowest

percentage. Therefore, majority of the children of Barangay Duquit purok 5 have

healthy nutritional status which means they have proper and adequate nutrition

compared to those under weight and obese children. To obtain a normal status,

parents should have adequate knowledge and awareness on the complete and

proper nutrition for their children. They must be conscious on their children’s

health because ignorance of their children’s nutritional status can lead to

malnutrition or over nutrition and risk of having disease.

According to WHO, as stated in the previous chapter on Related Literatures,

inadequate or excess food intake is called malnutrition, which essentially means

“bad nourishment”. It can cause either underweight or overweight. People are

malnourished if they are unable to utilize fully the food they eat, in all its forms

increases the risk of disease. Consuming too many calories is considered over

nutrition while a diet, which does not provide adequate calories and protein for

growth and maintenance, is called under nutrition.

131

TABLE AND FIGURE 36

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO UTIZATION OF HEALTH WORKERS


-------------------------------------- X 100


Barangay health care workers refers to a person who has undergone training programs under any accredited government and non-government organization and who voluntarily renders primarily health care services in the community after having been accredited to function as such by the local health board in accordance with the guidelines promulgated by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH)

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

YES 37 64.91%

NO 20 35.09%

TOTAL 57 100.%

132

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

The tables show that 65% of our respondent has a good access to the barangay

heath center. Barangay health workers in Duquit are actively informing the

people about the health program they are giving. But some of our respondents,

35% of them especially in the riverside, tend to neglect the health opportunity

given by the government. This people don’t have the will to visit the heath care

facilities because sometimes they are neglecting their health problems.

133

TABLE AND FIGURE 37

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO REASON FOR GOING TO HEALTH CENTER


-------------------------------------- X 100

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

ILLNESS 29 49.15%

PRENATAL 3 5.08%

POSTNATAL 3 5.08%

DENTAL 1 1.69%

NUTRITION 11 18.64%

FAMILY PLANNING

12 20.33%

WELL BABY 0 0%

TOTAL 57 100%

134


Barangay health centers provide health benefits to the people in the community.

Maintaining and improving the health of the community are the goals of the

heath center and the people can benefit in its services in a variety of reasons.


In the table shows that majority of our respondents 49.15% are going to

health center to consult when there are sick or in times of illnesses. Family

Planning is second at 20.33% which contraindicated in our survey that mostly

our respondents don’t practice family planning that’s why mostly of their age gap

of their children of our respondents is 1-2 years gap.

135

Thirdly is nutrition 18.64% and fourth are Pre Natal and Post Natal

consultation 5.08% which is very poor, according to the mother we have

interviewed that they won’t even visit any health institution during their

childbearing year. And lastly 1.69% of our respondents they visit the health

center for Dental check up. Mostly our respondent does not even bring their

newly born baby for Well Baby check up, which shown in the table is very poor at

0%.

TABLE AND FIGURE 38FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF HEALTH PRACTITIONER BEING CONSULTED

136


------------------------------------- X 100


Health information in the barangay was provided by: M.D. registered doctor Nurse- a healthcare professional, along with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely who or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings.

.


M.D 10 23.26%

Nurse 16 37.21%

BHW 6 13.95%

Hilot 1 2.33%

Herbularyo 2 4.65%

Others 8 18.60%

TOTAL 43 100.05%

137


The table above shows that 26 families or 60.57% of the total percentage

go directly to the hospitals for the acquisition of health services, or still seeking

for the health professional like Doctors and Nurses. Followed by BHW (Barangay

Health Worker) which is 35.55%, Herbularyo’s 4.65% and Hilots 2.33%. Since

majority of the families go to the primary and secondary level of health facilities,

it points out that they are aware of the importance of seeking health and they

have the means and are willing to spend money regarding the acquisition of

health services. The more effective the health service, the more increase in the

prognosis of the people, leading to good health.

Only few of the families go to herbolarios and hilots because most of the

families there have accepted the modern approaches to health care. This

indicates that they are more conscious of their health even if it costs them more.

Health is also affected by the availability and accessibility of the health services

because there is a greater possibility for people to be cured or their illness to be

prevented if they can easily avail and visit health sectors compared with the

people who live in place where there are no available health sectors (WHO,

2003)

138

TABLE AND FIGURE 39FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO COMMON ILLNESS EXPERIENCED BY THE FAMILY


------------------------------------- X 100


*please see criteria


URTI 31 51.69%

HPN 13 21.67%

Skin Disease 3 5%

Asthma 5 8.33%

TB 1 1.67%

Pneumonia 2 3.33%

Dental Problems 2 3.33%

Intestinal Parasite 1 1.67%

GI Disturbances 1 1.67%

UTI 1 1.67%

TOTAL 60 100

139

These are the criteria for Common Family Illness:

1. URTI - Acute upper respiratory tract infections include rhino-sinusitis (Common cold), sinusitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, ear infection, laryngitis and sometimes bronchitis. Symptoms of URTI's commonly include cough, sore throat, runny nose, blocked nose, phlegm, headache, fever, facial pressure and sneezing. Onset of the symptoms usually begins after 1-3 days after exposure to a microbial pathogen, most commonly a virus. The duration of the symptoms is typically 7 to 10 days but may persist longer.

2. HPN - Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is chronically elevated. With every heart beat, the heart pumps blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. Blood pressure is the force of blood that is pushing up against the walls of the blood vessels. If the pressure is too high, the heart has to work harder to pump, and this could lead to organ damage and several illnesses such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure, aneurysm, or renal failure

3. Skin Diseases - Skin disease is a very broad term that describes numerous conditions. Some skin diseases are serious and deadly, while others are just annoying. Some skin diseases are disfiguring, while others are barely visible.

4. Asthma - Asthma is a disease affecting the airways that carry air to and from your lungs. People who suffer from this chronic condition (long-last-ing or recurrent) are said to be asthmatic. The inside walls of an asth-matic's airways are swollen or inflamed. This swelling or inflammation makes the airways extremely sensitive to irritations and increases your susceptibility to an allergic reaction.

140

5. TB - Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by a bac-terium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB primarily affects the lungs, but it can also affect organs in the central nervous system, lymphatic sys-tem, and circulatory system among others. The disease was called "con-sumption" in the past because of the way it would consume from within anyone who became infected. According to Medilexicon`s medical dictio-nary, tuberculosis is "A specific disease caused by infection with Mycobac-terium tuberculosis, the tubercle bacillus, which can affect almost any tis-sue or organ of the body, the most common site of the disease being the lungs."

6. Pneumonia - Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is caused by bac-teria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. It is characterized primarily by inflamma-tion of the alveoli in the lungs or by alveoli that are filled with fluid (alveoli are microscopic sacs in the lungs that absorb oxygen). At times a very seri-ous condition, pneumonia can make a person very sick or even cause death. Although the disease can occur in young and healthy people, it is most dangerous for older adults, babies, and people with other diseases or impaired immune systems.

7. Dental Problems - Dental problems can range from toothaches and tooth decay to cold sores, abscesses and dental phobias. In these sections, you can learn about causes, treatments and prevention of a variety of dental problems.

8. Intestinal Parasites - Intestinal parasites are parasites that populate the gastro-intestinal tract in humans and other animals]. They can live through-out the body, but most prefer the intestinal wall. Means of exposure in-clude: ingestion of undercooked meat, drinking infected water, and skin absorption.

9. GI Disturbances - Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances commonly include symptoms of stomach pain, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting. When no medical cause for GI disturbances is found, they are often termed “functional GI symptoms.” Many studies have shown a correlation between anxiety, depression and functional GI symptoms. Generally, study results have demonstrated that people who have at least one GI symptom are more likely to have an anxiety disorder or depression than those without any GI symptoms. In fact, unexplained physical complaints, as a whole, – fatigue, headache, stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, musculoskeletal pains – were more commonly reported in individuals with an anxiety disorder and/or depression.

10. UTI - A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that af-fects any part of the urinary tract. Although urine contains a variety of flu-ids, salts, and waste products, it usually does not have bacteria in it. When bacteria get into the bladder or kidney and multiply in the urine, they cause a UTI. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection which is also often called cystitis. Another kind of UTI is a kidney infection, known

141

as pyelonephritis, and is much more serious. Although they cause discom-fort, urinary tract infections can usually be quickly and easily treated with a short course of antibiotics.


In the table, 51.67% of the common illness in the surveyed community is

the acute respirator infection. Acute respiratory infections are usually caused by

bacteria and viruses. It is usually spread by the release of microorganisms from

the respiratory tract. If the households are crowded, the disease will be easily

transferred from one person to another. Other factors such as air pollution and

lack of knowledge of the community about the said disease may contribute on

the spread of the disease.

The second common illnesses is HPN, having 21.61% varies from mostly

affected are old age, previously have a heart disease condition. The following

disease is Asthma with 8.33 %. And the last common illness are TB, Intestinal

Parasites, GI Disturbance and UTI with 1.67%.

TABLE AND FIGURE 40FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR ACTIONS IN TIMES OF ILLNESS

142


------------------------------------- X 100


Health information in barangay was provided by: Consult health worker- it defines as the person who work on health center in barangay that provide by the government agency within the community. Self-treatment may define as a medication of oneself or treatment of one's own disease without medical supervision or prescription. Hospital confinement may define as admitting in hospital in times of illness and to treat the illness that individual have. Nursing care given at home may define as the health care or supportive care provided in the patient's home by healthcare professionals.


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

CONSULT HEALTH WORKER

25 43.86%

SELF TREATMENT

16 28.07%

HOSPITAL CONFINEMENT

14 24.56%

NURSING CARE GIVEN AT HOME

2 3.51%

TOTAL 57 100%

143

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_professional

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care

The table above show that the most of the respondents, in times of illness

their action is consult the health worker having percentage of 43.86%, follow by

the self treatment that have percentage of 28.07%, follow by hospital

confinement have percentage of 24.56%, follow by the nursing care given at

home have percentage of 3.51%.

In barangay duquit, the most source of their health care is the health

worker in their health center that handle by the government agency, the health

center in barangay duquit is accessible and it is the reason why it is the most

source of health care. The depress area in barangay duquit they treat the illness

by their own knowledge, and mostly the people in depress area they use cultural

belief, like using of herbal medicine, “hilot”. The respondents in brarangay

duquit they go in hospital if their illness is severe, and one of the reasoned why

individual not go in hospital because of they don’t have money. And sometimes

the individual they wait for the care given by the nurse or their consult.

Health is one of the important aspects of being safety in illness or disease,

and being healthy is the most important need of our body to do a things, to

thinking, and to work well, if the person are not healthy it is difficult to her/his to

do everyday task that she/he have.

144

TABLE AND FIGURE 41FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO IMMUNIZATION OF THEIR CHILDREN


-------------------------------------- X 100


Completely immunized- a child who has received 1 dose of BCG, 3 doses of DPT, Dose of Measles and 3 doses of Hepa-B upon reaching the age of 12 months or a child who received all the needed vaccines for his age is scheduled for vaccination.Not immunized- a child who never received any type of the immunization.

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

IMMUNIZED

44 93.62%

NOT IMMUNIZED

3 6.38%

TOTAL 47 100%

145


The table above show that majority of the immunization status has immunized

having percentage of 93.62% of the individual children in the community. While

there is only 6.38% of individual children were not immunized in the surveyed in

community.

The reason is that there is not enough knowledge for parents as to the

importance of immunization for these children as some believe that even with a

single dose of vaccine will be sufficient enough to complete vaccines disease. But

happy to know that in the community we have the BHW or Barangay Health

Workers. Are will elevated and is very active in assessing the health of the

individual disease in the community.

146

TABLE AND FIGURE 42FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING USED


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

NATURAL

CALENDAR 4 10.53%ARTIFICIA

LMECHANIC

AL12 31.57%

NOT PRACTICIN

G22 57.89%

TOTAL 38 100% 147

*please see criteria

These are the criteria for Methods of Family Planning

Artificial

A condom is a device, usually made of latex, or more recently

polyurethane, that is used during sexual intercourse. It is putt on a male

penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of

sexual partner.

Oral Contraceptives are chemicals taken by mouth to inhibit normal

fertility.

The injectables Depo Provera given as an intramuscular injection every 148

three months and Noristerat (norethisterone acetate given as an

intramuscular injection every 8 weeks), and contraceptive implants.

Spermicide is a substance that kills sperm, inserted vaginally prior to

intercourse to prevent pregnancy. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be

used alone.

An intrauterine device is a birth control device also known as an IUD or a

coil. It is a device placed in the uterus and is the world’s most widely used

method or reversible birth control. A single IUD us approved for 5 to 10

years use

Natural Family Planning Method

The Rhythm Method, also known as the Calendar Method is a method of

natural birth control that involves counting of days of a woman menstrual

cycle in order to achieve or avoid pregnancy.

Fertility awareness (cervical mucus) methods of family planning rely on

observing the qualities of the cervical mucus to determine the periods of

fertility and infertility during woman’s cycle.

Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancies

which is based on the natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a

woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding.

Basal body temperature is the body temperature measured immediately

aster awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken. In

women, ovulation causes an increase of one-half to degree Fahrenheit (one-

quarter to one-half degree Celcius in basal body temperature (BBT)

149

Sympto-thermal Method is the combination of cervical mucus and basal

body temperature


The table shows that 10.53% couples which are accepting natural family

planning methods. This means that all of the couples interviewed believe that it

is more efficient and practical using these methods, because these do not require

money, on the other hand 31.57% prefer using artificial methods which involves

the use of different contraceptives. According to Feminist Women’s Health

Center, most women are using contraceptives to avoid unwanted pregnancy even

though the Catholic Church only agrees with the natural methods of family

planning. While 57.89% of our respondents does not practicing any methods of

family planning.

This shows that they have their own means to avail those methods but

sometimes these are also available in the health center. The proper

dissemination of information regarding the use of these artificial methods such

as their advantages and disadvantages should also be taken into consideration.

The couples choose the natural method of family planning for it, on the name

itself, occurs naturally. The couple only has to be responsible in maintaining the

method. But the others, or they have unaware, or don’t believe in natural

method, they engage themselves in the artificial family planning methods.

150

TABLE AND FIGURE 43FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO WHY THEY DO NOT PRACTICE FAMILY PLANNING


-------------------------------------- X 100


Family planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other tech-niques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, preven-tion and management of sexually transmitted infections, re-conception counseling and management, and infertility management.

CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

LACK OF KNOWLEGDE

14 34.15%

TRYING TO HAVE A CHILD

1 2.44%

OLD AGE 19 46.34SPOUSE IS

AWAY2 4.88

OTHERS 5 12.20

TOTAL 41 100

151


Family planning reduces the number of unintended and unwanted

pregnancies. Unwanted pregnancies are far more likely to end in induced

abortion, and are far less likely to receive adequate prenatal care than wanted

pregnancies. In some situations, abortions account for up to half of all

pregnancy-related deaths. The potential for family planning to reduce these

deaths is very great.

Our respondents mostly there reason for not practicing Family Planning

due to their Old Age about 46.34% follow by Lack of Knowledge about the family

planning is 34.15% and as follow Other is 12.20%, Spouse is Away 4.88% and

Trying to have a child is 2.44%.

152

At the individual level, family planning reduces the number of times a

woman becomes pregnant. Generally speaking, women of higher parity face

greater risks in pregnancy. For example, a woman who has been pregnant six

times has twice the risk of dying a maternal death as a woman who has been

pregnant only three times.

TABLE AND FIGURE 44FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO BREASTFEEDING METHODS


-------------------------------------- X 100


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

BREASTFEEDING

0 0%

BOTTLE-FEEDING

1 20%

MIXED 4 80%

TOTAL 38 100%

153

Type of infant feeding maybe: breast feeding – a kind of feeding utilizing the milk of the mother either the milk is place on the bottle or that baby is fed on the breast; bottle feeding – babies are nourished with a milk formula through feeding bottle; mixed feeding – babies are nourished with both milk formula and breast milk.


Majority of the mothers utilize mixed feeding. The table shows that 80% of

the infants are mixed fed while some are bottle fed with a percentage of 20%.

This indicates that most of the mothers neglect breast feeding which is alarming

because breast milk helps in boosting the immune system of infants. It produces

antibodies which boost up infant’s immunity to diseases. However, the population

of infants who are mixed fed are sill utilizing breast feeding and not totally

abandoning it.154

According to executive order No. 51, which is the Philippine Code of

Marketing of Breast Milk Substitute, breast milk for infants is still best and its

continuous use is vital for the proper growth and development of children.

Mothers should be encouraged to breast fed their children because of its

advantageous effects on babies nutrition. Bottle feeding, usually with powdered

milk is expensive but also gives time for mothers to do activities like working and

doing household chores. Nevertheless, mothers should be aware that breast mill

is recommended and that the proper nutrition of the child should be prioritized.

TABLE AND FIGURE 45FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO HEALTH EDUCATION TOPIC THEY PREFER

155


-------------------------------------- X 100


Health education is the profession of educating people about health. Areas within this profession encompass environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health. [It can be defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health


CRITERIAFREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

NUTRITION 10 24.39%FAMILY

PLANNING11 26.83%

HERBAL MEDICINE

1 2.44%

FIRST AID MEASURES

15 36.58%

TOTAL 41 100%

156

According to our respondents they prefer first aid measures (40.54%) for

health education topics for them to have knowledge on how to do or apply it in

case of emergency/accident. They also prefer family planning (29.73%), nutrition

(27.03%), and herbal medicine (2.70%)

First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a lay

person to a sick or injured casualty until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-

limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention.

First aid is very important in times of any emergencies or injury have been acquired at home. Mostly of

our respondents are aware what will gonna happen if any incidences might occur.

157

CHAPTER 4: PROGRAM PLANNING

POVERTY (UNEMPLOYMENT)

Nature of the problem 2/3 x 1 0.67

The condition is a health resources problem in nature because most of the families in Purok 5, Brgy. Duquit are not financially stable to sufficiently supply the needs of their family members.

Magnitude of the problem 3/4 x 3 2.25

Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor, 54% were not going to school, 57.89 % are not acceptor of family planning and 43.75% are unemployed.

63.5+ 54+ 57. 89+43.75/ 4 = 54.75%

Modifiability of the problem 1/3 x 4 1.33

The problem is low modifiable because there is less opportunity of employment among individuals due to low educational level. Poverty is hard to be eradicated at this level.

Current knowledge

Resources of the family x

Resources of the nurse

Resources of the community x

Preventive potential 1/3 x 1 0.33 The problem has low preventive potential because poverty cannot be managed that easily. It will require a long period and effort for it to be managed totally.

Severity or gravity

Duration

Current management

High risk

Salience 1/2x 1 0.5The community do recognized the presence of poverty but shows no readiness to solve the problem.

Total 5.08

158

FAMILY PLANNING

Nature of the problem 1/3 x 1 1

The condition is a health related problem in nature because positive effects of utilizing family planning is somewhat neglected; thus, problems such as overpopulation, inadequate family income and overcrowding in homes may arise.


Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor, 89.47% are affiliated to Roman Catholic, 54% are not going to school and 57.89 % are not acceptor of family planning.

63.5+89.47+54 +57.89/4= 66.22%

Modifiability of the problem 2/3 x 4 2.67 The problem is moderately modifiable. Proper health teachings and information dissemination will help in creating awareness in advocating family planning and its advantages. But it will take some time for the people to realize what it may bring about of the influence of the teachings of the Church.

Current knowledge x



Resources of the community

Preventive potential 2/3 x 1 0.67 The problem has moderate preventive potential because most of the families in the community are Catholics and that they have

already set their minds artificial family planning is discouraged by the Church. It

will be very hard to advocate family planning.

Severity or gravity

Duration

Current management

High risk

Salience 1/2 x 1 0.5The community do recognize the problem

but doesn’t need urgent attention.

Total 7.09

159

POOR SANITATION


The condition is a health related problem in nature because poor environmental sanitation, as well as personal hygiene, contributes to increased occurrence of diseases.


Cues: 36.84% of the households have dirty surroundings, 61.40% have pit privy as toilet facility, 21.05% utilize open dumping as method of garbage disposal

36.84+61.40+21.05/3 = 39.76%

Modifiability of the problem 1/3 x 4 1.32 The problem is low modifiable because the individuals lack self- discipline and do not have adequate concern regarding proper sanitation and its effects on their health. Proper health teachings can help, but it will still be on the discipline and willingness of the citizens that the problem in poor sanitation can be reduced or solved.

Current knowledge x




Preventive potential 1/3 x 1 0.33 The problem has low preventive potential because poor sanitation results to numerous

health diseases and that the problem of discipline and lack of sanitary resources

among households cannot be easily managed.

Severity or gravity

Duration

Current management

High risk



Total 3.98

160

ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION

Nature of the problem 3/3 x 1 1

The condition is health status problem in nature because the health of the people in Purok 5, Brgy. Duquit may be greatly affected if there will be no actions done to manage and lessen the incidence of these diseases.


Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor and 51.69% is affected of Acute Respiratory Infection in the community’s morbidity rate.

63.5+ 51.69/2= 57. 60%

Modifiability of the problem 2/3 x 4 2.67 The problem is moderately modifiable.Proper health teaching and information dissemination will help in creating awareness in the prevention of the development of the certain disease.But it will take some time to really be compliant with lifestyle changes in order to avoid the progression of these diseases.

Current knowledge x

Resources of the family


Resources of the community

Preventive potential 2/3 x 1 0.67

The problem has moderate preventive potential because poverty cannot be managed that easily. It will require a long period for it to be managed totally.

Severity or gravity

Duration

Current management

High risk

Salience 2/2 x 1 1The community do recognized the presence

of poverty and shows readiness solve the problems.

Total 7.59

161

MALNUTRITION


The condition is health problem in nature because the health of the people in Purok 5, Brgy. Duquit may be greatly affected if there will be no actions done to manage and decrease the incidence ofmalnutrition.


Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor, 3.43% is already malnourished and 7.31% is risk for malnutrition

63.5+ 3.43+ 7.31/3= 24.74%

Modifiability of the problem 2/3 x 4 2.67The problem is moderately modifiable because malnutrition is related to the problems in poverty and unemployment. However, proper health teaching and adequate nutritional programs by the health center can contribute to the reduction of the problem.

Current knowledge




Preventive potential 2/3 x 1 0.67

The problem has moderate preventive potential because malnutrition cannot be managed that easily. It will require time and effort for it to be managed totally.

Severity or gravity

Duration

Current management

High risk



Total 4.92

162

SUMMARY OF PROBLEM POTENTIALS

PROBLEM # 1

Acute Respiratory infection as a Health Problem7.59

PROBLEM # 2

Family Planning7.09

PROBLEM # 3

POVERTY (Unemployment)5.08

PROBLEM # 4

Malnutrition4.92

PROBLEM # 5

Poor Environmental Sanitation as to: Garbage3.98

163

I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Table 1. Distribution of the Respondents According to their Head of the Household Beliefs

Head of the familyFather 38Mother 17Others 2

Total 57

Table 2. Distribution of Fathers / Husband According to Age

Age of Fathers / Husbands20 – 24 years old 225 – 29 1130 – 34 835 – 39 740 – 44 545 – 49 750 – 54 655 – 59 360 years and above 7No answer 0

Total 56

APPENDICES A: TABULATION

Table 3. Distribution of Wives / Mothers According to Age

Ages of Wives / HusbandBelow 20 years old 120 – 24 years old 725 – 29 430 – 34 435 – 39 940 – 44 645 – 49 1350 – 54 655 – 59 260 years and above 9Not Applicable 0No answer 0

Total 61

Table 4. Distribution of Husbands / Fathers According to their Education Attainment

Educational Attainment of the Fathers / Husbands

Elementary level 4Elementary graduate 4High School level 16High School graduate 7College level 12College graduate 11Vocational 2No answer 0

Total 56

Table 5. Distribution of Wives / Mothers According to their Education Attainment

Educational Attainment of the Mothers / Wives

Elementary level 11Elementary graduate 7High School level 16High School graduate 16College level 3

164

College graduate 5Vocational 3No answer 0

Total 61

Table 6. Distribution of Respondents According to Length to Residency

Length of ResidencyLess than 1 year 71-3 years 144-6 years 77-9 years 410-12 years 013-15 years 516 – 18 years 719 – 21 years 322 – 24 years 125 – 40 years 541 – Above 4

Total 57

Table 7. Distribution of Respondents According to Ethnic Origin

Ethnic OriginTagalog 16Ilokano 1Panggalatok 1Kapampangan 29

Bisaya 5Waray 4Ilonggo 3Mindanao 0Bicolano 2

Total 61

Table 8. Distribution of Respondents According to Type of Family

Type of FamilyNuclear 22Extended 11Cohabitating 7Single Parent 13Adoptation 1Commuter 3

Total 57

Table 9. Distribution of Respondents According to Religion

ReligionCatholic 51Born Again 4Protestant 0Iglesia Ni Cristo 2

Total 57

Table 10. Distribution of Respondents According to Number of Children

Number of ChildrenNo child 01 – 2 children 283 – 4 children 165 – 6 children 97 – 8 children 08 – 10 children 0No children 0

Total 53

Table 11. Distribution of Respondents According to Birth Gap of Children

Average Birth Gap of Children1 year 92 years 123 years 104 years 75 years 26 years 67 years 310 years 2

Total 51

165

II. SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION

Table 12. Distribution of Fathers According to Employment Status

Employment Status of the Fathers

None 17Self-employed 9TemporaryPermanentNo answer

Total

Table 13. Distribution of Mothers According to Employment Status

Employment Status of the Mothers

None 32Self-employed 10Gov’t Employee 1Temporary 7Permanent 5No answer 1

Total 56

Table 14. Distribution of Households According to Monthly Income

Monthly IncomeMore than P 5000 40P3000 – 4000 8P2000 – 300 4P1000 or less 0No answer 5

Total 57

Table 15. Distribution of Household According to Daily Food Allowance

Daily Food AllowanceUp to P20 0P30 – 50 1More than 50 56

Total 57

Table 16. Distribution of Respondents According to Frequency of Purchasing Clothes for their Family per Year

Purchase of Clothes Per YearOnce 16Twice 4Thrice 8Four times or More 27None 2

Total 57

Table 17. Distribution of Respondents According to Facilities Presents at Home

Facilities Present at HomeElectricity 56Water 47Telephone 18

Total 121

Table 18. Distribution of Respondents According to the Types of Schooling their Children Receive

Type of SchoolingPublic 48Private 8

Total 56

166

III. HOUSING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

Table 19. Distribution of Families According to the Type of House

Type of HouseConcrete 37Wood 10Mixed 9Makeshift 1

Total 57

Table 20. Distribution of Respondents According to House Ownership

House OwnershipOwned 33Rented 24

Total 57

Table 21. Distribution of Respondents According to the Quality of Ventilation of their House

VentilationPoor 10Good 47

Total 57

Table 22. Distribution of Respondents According to Quality of Lighting in their House

LightingAdequate 35Inadequate 22

Total 57

Table 23. Distribution of Respondents According to the Cleanliness of Their Surroundings

SurroundingsDirty 21Clean 36

Total 57

Table 24. Distribution of Respondents According to Source of Waters

Source of WaterArtesian Well 8NAWASA 37Rasyon 0Deep Well 12

Total 57

Table 25. Distribution of Respondents According to Storage of Drinking Water

Water StorageUncovered 8Covered 36Refrigerated 13

Total 57

Table 26. Distribution of Respondents According to Water Container Used

Water ContainerPlastic 8Jars 42Bottles 30

Total 80

Table 27. Distribution of Respondents According to the Type of Toilet Used

Type of ToiletFlush 22Pit Privy 35Balot 0

Total 57

167

Table 28. Distribution of Respondents According to Toilet Ownership

Toilet OwnershipOwned 48Shared 9

Total 57

Table 29. Distribution of Respondents According to Method of Garbage Disposal

Garbage DisposalCollection 35Garbage Cans 0Burning 4Open Dumping 12Burying 4Others 2

Total 57

Table 30. Distribution of Respondents According to Method of Food Storage

Food StorageUncovered 6Covered 51Refrigerated 0

Total 57

Table 31. Distribution of Respondents According to Presence of Animals

Presence of AnimalNone 22Dogs 29Cats 16Birds and Poultry 9

Total 76

Table 32. Distribution of Respondents According to Type of Plants Present in their Backyard

Backyard GardeningNone 22Vegetables 8Fruit-bearing 15Medicinal 0Ornamental 6Others 6

Total 57

Table 33. Distribution of Respondents According to Indigenous Health Workers

Indigenous Health WorkerTrained Hilot 0Brgy. Health Worker 37Herbularyo 0

Untrained Hilot 1None 19

Total 57Table 34. Distribution of Respondents According to Food Preferences

Food PreferencesFish 4Fruits / Vegetables 2Meat 6Mixed 45

Total 57

Table 35. Distribution of Respondents According to Nutritional Disorders in the Family

Nutritional Disorder

Total

Table 36. Distribution of Respondents According to Utilization of Health Center

Utilization of Health CenterYes 37

168

No 20Total 57

Table 37. Distribution of Respondents According to Reason for Going to Health Center

Reason for Going to Health Center

Illness 29Prenatal 3Postnatal 3Dental 1Nutrition 11Family Planning 12Well Baby 0

Total 59

Table 38. Distribution of Respondents According to Type of Health Practitioner Being Consulted

Consultation When SickM.D 10Nurse 16Midwife 0BHW 6Hilot 1Herbularyo 2Others 8

Total 43

Table 39. Distribution of Respondents According to Common Illness Experienced by the Family

Common Family IllnessURTI 0GI Disturbances 1HPN 13Skin Disease 3Fever / Flu 31Asthma 5TB 1Anemia 0Pneumonia 2Dental Problems 2Intestinal Parasites 1UTI 1Others 0

Total 60

Table 40. Distribution of Respondents According to Their Actions in Times of Illness

Actions in Times of IllnessSelf Treatment 16Hospital Confinement 14Nursng care given at home

2

Consult health worker 25Total 57

Table 41. Distribution of Respondents According to Immunization of their Children

Family Immunization StatusImmunized 44Not Immunized 3

Total 47

Table 42. Distribution of Respondents According to Method of Family Planning Used

Family Planning MethodPills 6Condom 0IUD 0Injectables 4Calendar 3Rhythm 0Permanent 2Withdrawal 1Not known 0None 22

Total 38

169

Table 43. Distribution of Respondents According to their Reason Why They Do not Practice Family Planning

Reason for Not Practicing Family Planning

Lack of Knowledge 14Trying to have a child 1Unsatisfactory 0Against beliefs 0Hazardous to health 0Old age 19Spouse is away 2Others 5

Total 41

Table 44. Distribution of Respondents According to Method of Infant Feeding

Infant FeedingBreastfeeding 0Bottle-Feeding 1Mixed 4

Total 5

Table 45. Distribution of Respondents According to Health Education Topics they Prefer

Health Education TopicsDrug Abuse 0Nutrition 10Family Planning 11Herbal Medicine 1First Aid Measures 15

Total 37

170

Documents

CDX Group 2 Final