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CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY
AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma
Freddie E. Hall, Jr., PhDChemical Engineer
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATEPOLLUTION PREVENTION BRANCH
CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGCASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGYREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY
AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERAT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITYINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
Tinker Air Force Base, OklahomaTinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma
Freddie E. Hall, Jr., PhDFreddie E. Hall, Jr., PhDChemical EngineerChemical Engineer
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATEENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATEPOLLUTION PREVENTION BRANCHPOLLUTION PREVENTION BRANCH
NDIA03-Paper #1
2
§ Introduction§Project Overview§Distinctive Elements of Effort§Air Emission Model§Air Dispersion Model§Coupled Model Validation /
Calibration Process§Coupled Model Results§Comparison to Remote Optical
Monitoring System§Application to Risk Assessment§Summary and Conclusions
INVESTIGATION OVERVIEWOutline
INVESTIGATION OVERVIEWOutline
3
§Tinker AFB covers 5,031 acres� Only 200 acres are undeveloped
§765 Facilities� 15.3M feet2 of industrial operations
§Three Creek Systems§700-plus Air Emission Sources§200 Underground Storage Tanks§11-Miles Industrial Wastewater Lines§Three Wastewater Treatment Plants§36 Restoration Sites§Provides Logistics Support to USAF
Weapon Systems� B-1, B-52, E-3 Sentry, C/KC-135 aircraft
TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction
TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction
4
§Tinker AFB performs Depot Level Maintenance§Process Assessment identified four Primary Processes� Depainting, Painting, Electroplating & Cleaning� Majority of processes discharge to an on-base treatment facility
§Regulatory Requirement to quantify Air Emissions fromIndustrial Wastewater Treatment Facility [IWTF]� Toxic Release Inventory and Air Emission Inventory� Clean Air Act Title V permit requires source & emission information� POTW NESHAP requirement
§Efforts focus on Methylene Chloride and Phenol� Both are CAA Title III Listed Hazardous Air Pollutants [HAPs]� VOC and semi-VOC examples� These chemicals account for majority of purchases / releases
TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction [CONTD]
TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction [CONTD]
5
§ Investigation will be presented in four Major Tasks§Coupling of Emission and Dispersion Models represents a
Cost-Effective and Environmentally-Responsible Approach� Coupling refers to sequential use of models [output is input]� Meet impact predictions, regulatory reporting requirements, and
pollution prevention needs� Estimate emissions from IWTP process unitsØWATER8 air emission model developed by EPA
� Estimate atmospheric dispersion concentrationsØISC-ST3 air dispersion model designed by EPA
� Validate predictive accuracy of the coupled modelØComparison of coupled model predictions to field dataØComparison of coupled model predictions to OP-FTIR data
� Demonstrate potential applications to include Risk Assessment
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGProject Overview
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGProject Overview
CoupledModel
6
§Distinctive Elements of Investigation� Combined use of WATER8 and ISC-ST3� Literature directed to specific applications� Coupled model compared to MAAC� Literature limited to single emission sources� Literature focused at municipal wastewater
treatment� Detail and size of periodic canister data� Investigation of three remote optical paths� Multiple retroreflectors that bend optical path� Evaluation of chemical depainting agents� Coupled model used in risk assessment� Completeness and comparative analysis
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGUniqueness of Investigation
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGUniqueness of Investigation
7
IWTP PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMPrimary, Secondary, & Tertiary Treatment
IWTP PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMPrimary, Secondary, & Tertiary Treatment
D2BLENDING
TANK
INFLUENT
LIFTSTATION 2
PUMPSTATION
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
PRESSUREFILTERS
PRESSUREFILTERS
OIL-WATERSEPARATOR
OIL-WATERSEPARATOR
STORAGETANK
STORAGETANK
D1BLENDING
TANK
STRIPPINGWASTE
CLARIFIER
SOLIDSCONTACTCLARIFIER
SOLIDSCONTACTCLARIFIER
EQUALIZATIONBASIN
EQUALIZATIONBASIN
MIXING BASINS
AERATIONBASINS
FINALCLARIFIER
FINALCLARIFIER
D1-D2DS
PUMPSTATION
OWDOWD90%
10%
8
COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPBCOUPLED MODEL OUTPUT
Maximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPB
PC
D1
D2
OWDOW-N
OW-S
ST-W ST-E
EQ-N
EQ-S MIXSCCN
SCCSBIO
SC-S
SC-N
FENCELINE
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300
X-Coordinate, West to East
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
Y-C
oord
inat
e, S
outh
to N
orth
9
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGLocation of Periodic Canister Data
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGLocation of Periodic Canister Data
RCRA Facility Investigation Data [A1-A13]
1993 Battelle Study [A1, A2, A3]
OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A1, A2, A3]
Coupled Model Predictions [1984-91]
A1 A2 A3
A4
A5
A6
A7A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
PC
D1
D2
OWDOW-N
OW-S
ST-W ST-E
EQ-N
EQ-S MIX
SCCN
SCCSBIO
SC-S
SC-N
FENCELINE
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300
X-Coordinate, West to East
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
Y-C
oord
inat
e, S
outh
to N
orth
10
§Open-Path Monitoring System measures AtmosphericEmissions� Directing infrared optical energy along physical path that crosses
downwind of emission source plume� OP-FTIR system used for environmental monitoring
§Pollutants modify Spectral Signal� Allows for determination of identity and quantity of pollutants
§OC-ALC Application consist of OP-FTIR Spectrometer� Operated in monostatic configuration� Designed to measure atmospheric dispersion concentrations along
five distinct optical paths� Primarily concerned with fenceline concentrations [P1, P2, P3]� System installed in 1995 and operational roughly three monthsØ36 percent of collected FTIR data considered unusable
OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMFourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy
OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMFourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy
11
OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMRemote OP-FTIR Optical Monitoring Pathways
OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMRemote OP-FTIR Optical Monitoring Pathways
ST-EOW-N ST-W
MIX
OW-S
D1
D2
SCC-N
BIO
SC-S
PC
SCC-S
SC-N
EQ-N
EQ-S
B62516P5
P4
P2
P3
A1P1 A11 A2 A3
A4
A5
12
COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPBCOUPLED MODEL OUTPUT
Maximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPB
PC
D1
D2
OWDOW-N
OW-S
ST-W ST-E
EQ-N
EQ-S MIXSCCN
SCCSBIO
SC-S
SC-N
FENCELINE
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300
X-Coordinate, West to East
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
Y-C
oord
inat
e, S
outh
to N
orth
13
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P1
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P1
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
OP
M P
ath
1 M
ethy
lene
Chl
orid
e C
once
ntra
tion,
PP
BV
Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]
FTIR Predictions
RCRA Facility Investigation [A1, A11, A2]
1993 Battelle Study [A1 & A2]
OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A1 & A2]
14
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P2
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P2
2150 2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
OP
M P
ath
2 M
ethy
lene
Chl
orid
e C
once
ntra
tion,
PP
BV
Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]
FTIR Predictions
RCRA Facility Investigation [A3]
1993 Battelle Study [A3]
OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A3]
15
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P3
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P3
1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940Y-axis Coordinates (South to North Direction), meters
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
OP
M P
ath
3 M
ethy
lene
Chl
orid
e C
once
ntra
tion,
PP
BV
Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]
FTIR Predictions
RCRA Facility Investigation [A4 & A5]
16
COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Phenol Concentrations, PPB
COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Phenol Concentrations, PPB
PC
D1
D2
OWDOW-N
OW-S
ST-W ST-E
EQ-N
EQ-S MIXSCCN
SCCSBIO
SC-S
SC-N
FENCELINE
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300
X-Coordinate, West to East
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
Y-C
oord
inat
e, S
outh
to N
orth
17
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
OP
M P
ath
1 A
vera
ge P
heno
l Con
cent
ratio
n, P
PB
V
Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]
FTIR Predictions
RCRA Facility Investigation [A1, A11, A2]
1993 Battelle Study [A1 & A2]
OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A1 & A2]
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P1
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P1
18
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P2
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P2
2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
OP
M P
ath
2 P
heno
l Con
cent
ratio
n, P
PB
V
Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]
FTIR Predictions
RCRA Facility Investigation [A3]
1993 Battelle Study [A3]
OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A3]
19
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P3
OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P3
1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940Y-axis Coordinates (South to North Direction), meters
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
OP
M P
ath
3 P
heno
l Con
cent
ratio
n, P
PB
V
Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]
FTIR Predictions
RCRA Facility Investigation [A4 & A5]
20
§OP-FTIR Ineffective Method of Predicting Field Data� FTIR over-predicts field data along all three optical paths� FTIR data gathered over 12 months� FTIR over-predicts by orders of magnitude� No visual trends for both components� Clustering of data along optical path
§Reliability of Technology� Three months worth of data over five years� 36% of data considered unusable
§Potential Weaknesses� Poor maintenance and oversight� Weather data equipment and software� No daily background spectra� Significant water vapor impacts
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGSummary & Conclusions
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGSummary & Conclusions
21
CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY
AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma
Freddie E. Hall, Jr.OC-ALC/EMPD
7701 Arnold Street, Suite 204Tinker AFB OK 73145-9100
COM: 405-734-3114DSN: 884-3114
EMAIL: [email protected]
CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGCASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGYREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY
AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERAT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITYINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
Tinker Air Force Base, OklahomaTinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma
Freddie E. Hall, Jr.Freddie E. Hall, Jr.OC-ALC/EMPDOC-ALC/EMPD
7701 Arnold Street, Suite 2047701 Arnold Street, Suite 204Tinker AFB OK 73145-9100Tinker AFB OK 73145-9100
COM: 405-734-3114COM: 405-734-3114DSN: 884-3114DSN: 884-3114
EMAIL:EMAIL: freddie [email protected]@tinker.afaf.mil.mil