Case Studies for: Grassland, Oil Palm, and Forest Plantation Systems

TERRESTRIAL BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION

CASE STUDIES FOR: GRASSLAND, OIL PALM AND FOREST PLANTATION SYSTEMS

Syahrinudin

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Background

Introduction: Background

GHG increase

Abundance of Imperata cylindrica grassland

• 7.5-8.5 million ha

National Plantation Plan: (during the next decade)

• 2 million ha for oil palm plantation

• 6 million ha for forest plantation

Potential of Plantation for the sink of GHG (esp. CO2)

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Contribution of terrestrial ecosystem

Problem/Question

How should one measure the terrestrial

biomass and carbon stock properly?

Introduction: Problem/Question

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TERRESTRIAL BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION

CASE STUDIES FOR: GRASSLAND, OIL PALM AND FOREST PLANTATION SYSTEMS

Atmophere

760 Pg

Vegetation

500 Pg

Soil

2000 Pg

Ocean

40000 Pg

Global Carbon Cycle

1 Pg = 1 Gt = 1015g

To evaluate the estimation techniques applied

ObjectiveIntroduction; Objective

To assess the amount C stored in oil palm and forest

plantation systems (t ha-1)

• To quantify the distribution of C pool in Imperatacylindrica grassland and plantation systems

• To define the rate C sink in oil palm and forest

plantation systems (t ha-1yr-1)

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Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation

Belowground

Biomass C

Aboveground

Biomass C

Specific Allometric

Approach

General Allometric

Approach

Soil C

Two locations:

a. Northern and southern part of Sumatra

b. Eastern part of Kalimantan

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Research Location

Research Location

Methodology: Research site

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Aboveground biomass and Carbon stock:

The compartment of the aboveground biomass were

collected on the basis of stratified sampling

Sampling Procedure

Soil sampling:

• For chemical analysis, samples were drawn in line with

the belowground biomass and carbon stock sampling

• For physical (bulk density) analysis and morphological

observation, soil profile was established at the center of

the plot

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At the plantation systems, sampling for the belowground

biomass and soil for C analysis were collected on the basis

of modified Tailliez (1971) procedure, while for Imperata

cylindrica, simple systematic grid sampling were applied

• Depth of root and soil sampling: 0-15, 15-30, 30-50,

50-100 cm

• A 100 cm increment down to depth of 5 m or parent

material for the consecutive samples

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Belowground biomass and Carbon stock:

Carbon content of the samples were determined

with CNS (elemental) analyzer on the basis of

dry combustion

Data were analysed for the normality, mean

difference as well as their correlation using

SPSS

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Laboratory and data analysis

Results and discussions

Vertical distribution

Lateral distribution

Biomass distribution: Imperata cylindrica

Acacia mangium

Oil palm

Root distribution:

Carbon content

Imperata cylindrica

Acacia mangium

Oil palm

Carbon distribution: Biomass

Soil

Dependent Variable a b r2 p

Coarse and Medium Roots C 0.0051 2.6198 0.9669 < 0.001

Stem C 0.0599 2.2971 0.9111 < 0.001

Branch C 0.0752 1.6512 0.9428 < 0.001

Leaf C 0.0265 1.8208 0.8941 < 0.001

Aboveground Biomass C 0.1188 2.1546 0.9258 < 0.001

Total Biomass C 0.1143 2.2219 0.9441 < 0.001

Table 1 Allometric equations for biomass carbon (Mg ha-1) estimation of

Acacia mangium plantations based on tree diameter (DBH, cm) , (Regression

model: Y = a * DBHb

Dependent variable Regression model r2 a b p

Total biomass (TOTAL) TOTAL = a + b*ln(AGE) 0.99 -36.74 68.17 0.007

Aboveground crop biomass

(ACB)ACB = a + b*ln(AGE) 0.97 -25.04 44.64 0.016

Trunk biomass (TRUNK) TRUNK = a + b*ln(AGE) 0.99 -26.96 34.53 0.017

Below ground biomass (BGB) BGB = a + b*AGE 0.99 9.88 1.45 0.005

Litter standing stock (LSS) LSS = a + b*AGE 0.90 2.04 0.56 0.052

Table 2 Allometric equations for the biomass (Mg ha-1) estimation of oil palm

plantations based on plantation age (AGE) (year), Belowground biomass was

defined to depth of 5 m.

Biomass distribution of Acacia mangium plantations in EastKalimantan, Indonesia

0

50

100

150

200

Fine root Coarse root Litter Undergrowth AGB Total

Bio

ma

ss (

Mg

ha

-1)

1-year-old

4-year-old

9-year-old

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y = 68.2Ln(x) - 36.7

R2 = 0.99**

y = 44.6Ln(x) - 25.0

R2 = 0.97*

y = 34.5Ln(x) - 27.0

R2 = 0.99*

y = 1.45x + 9.88

R2 = 0.99**

y = 0.56x + 2.04

R2 = 0.90

ns

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Plantation age (year)

Bio

mas

s (M

g h

a-1)

TotalCropTrunkRoot & trunk baseLitter standing stock

Trend of relation of biomass of oil palm compartments with

age of plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia.

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Biomass distribution of Imperata cylindrica grassland, Acacia mangium plantation

and oil palm plantation systems; belowground biomass defined to depth of 5 m for

oil palm plantation, 3 m for Imperata cylindrica grassland and Acacia mangium

plantation.

-60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150

Biomass (Mg ha-1

)

Litter Undergrowth Crop

Belowground

60 30

Aboveground

30-year-old

9-year-old

Oil palm

I. cylindrica

A. mangium

I. cylindrica

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Vertical distribution of root biomass in 10-year-old oil palmplantation (to depth of 5 m; A, B, C, D, E and F = 10, 100, 200,300, 450 and 520 cm from the trunk base), Acacia mangiumplantation (fine root biomass; to depth of 3 m) and Imperatacylindrica grassland (to depth of 3 m).

0

100

200

300

400

500

0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

Root biomass (Mg ha-1

30cm-1

)

So

il d

epth

(cm

) ,

Oil palmAverageABCDEFA. Mangium1-yr-old4-yr-old9-yr-oldI. cylindrica

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Lateral distribution of root biomass of Acacia mangium (fineroot biomass) and oil palm plantations; rectangles are means,stake bars are standard deviations

Acacia mangium

0

5

10

15

0 50 100 150 200

Oil palm

0

10

20

30

40

0 100 200 300 400 500

Distance to closest trunk base (cm)

Root

bio

mass (

Mg h

a-1

1m

-1)

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Carbon content of compartments of Imperata cylindricagrassland, Acacia mangium and oil palm plantations; branch =including twig for Acacia mangium, including frond base, petioleand rachis for oil palm plantations.

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Fine root Litter Undergrowth Coarse root Stem Branch Leaf

Car

bo

n c

on

ten

t (%

),,,

I. cylindrica A. mangium Oil palm

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Vertical distribution of soil C content (%) in different ages of

Acacia mangium stands in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Carbon content (%)

So

il d

epth

(cm

),,,

Imperata cylindrica

Acacia mangium

1-year-old stand

Acacia mangium

4-year-old stand

Acacia mangium

9-year-old stand

Acacia mangium,

Acacia mangium,

Acacia mangium,

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East Kalimantan

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0

Soil C content (%)

Soil d

epth

(cm

),,,

Imperata cylindrica

Oil palm, 3-year-old


Vertical distribution of carbon content of soils in Imperata

cylindrica grassland and oil palm plantation systems in East

Kalimantan (above) and Sumatra (below), Indonesia.Next

Vertical distribution of carbon content of soils in Imperatacylindrica grassland and oil palm plantation systems in EastKalimantan (above) and Sumatra (below), Indonesia.

Sumatra

0

100

200

300

400

500

0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0Soil C content (%)

So

il d

ep

th (

cm

),,,

Imperata cylindrica





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Above- and belowground biomass C and Soil Carbon ofImperata cylindrica grassland at the study sites in Sumatraand East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

0

1

2

3

4

5

Aboveground Belowground Soil

Bio

ma

ss C

arb

on

(M

g h

a-1

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

So

il C

arb

on

(M

g h

a-1

)

East Kalimantan Sumatra

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Carbon distribution of Imperata cylindrica grassland and Acaciamangium plantation systems in East Kalimantan, Indonesia;belowground C stock was defined to depth of 3 m; values for theabove- and belowground C of the Imperata cylindrica grassland wereconsidered as the baseline for the plantations.

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Carbon stock (Mg ha-1

)

Belowground biomassSoilLitterUndergrowthCrop

Belowground

baselineAboveground

baseline

60120180240300

Belowground Aboveground

A. mangium, 9-yr-old



Imperata cylindrica

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-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80


)

Belowground biomass

Soil

Litter

Undergrowth

Crop

Carbon distribution of Imperata cylindrica grassland and oil palm plantation

systems in Sumatra; belowground carbon stock was defined to depth of 5 m; values

for above- and belowground carbon of Imperata cylindrica grassland were

considered as baseline for the plantations.

540

Belowground

180240 120 60

Aboveground

Belowground baseline Aboveground baseline

Oil palm, 30-yr-old

Oil palm, 20-yr-old

Oil palm, 10-yr-old

Oil palm, 3-yr-old

Imperata cylindrica

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-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80


)

Belowground biomassSoilLitterUndergrowthCrop

Su

ma

tra

Ea

stK

ali

ma

nta

n

Carbon stock distribution of Imperata cylindrica grassland, Acacia mangium

plantation and oil palm plantation systems.

300 240 180 120

AbovegroundBelowground

360

3-5 m

depth

0-3 m depth

60

Oil palm, 30-yr-old

I. cylindrica


I. cylindrica

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Conclusions and Recommendations

• Oil palm plantations show moderate level of the rate of biomass carbonaccumulation (3.4 Mg ha-1 yr-1), deep root penetration (> 5m), low rate ofbelowground production, and moderate level of soil carbon sink (2.6 Mgha-1 yr-1).

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Conclusions

• Acacia mangium plantations show high rate of biomass carbonaccumulation (9 Mg ha-1 yr-1), deep root penetration, high rate belowgroundproduction, high rate of soil carbon sink (18 Mg ha-1 yr-1).

• Imperata cylindrica grasslands store only a relatively small amount ofbiomass C (6-8 Mg ha-1), shallow root penetration (1.8 m) and low soilcarbon storage.

• Conversion of Imperata cylindrica grassland into Acacia mangium and oilpalm plantations could reduced substantial amount of atmospheric carbon(236 and 161 Mg ha-1, respectively).

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Recommendations

• Carbon stored in the undergrowth, litter standing stock and soil of thesystem is highly variable and it should, therefore, be measured directly ineach specific stand.

• Estimate the biomass of the system with an allometric equation.

• Use the specific carbon content to convert the biomass of any systemwhenever it is available.

Thank You

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Full report available at:

www.zef.de/fileadmin/webfiles/downloads/zefc_ecology_developemt/ecol_dev_28_text.pdf

Layout of root and soil sampling at the IC system

3 m

1 m

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Sample plot for crop inventory

Sub-plot for woody undergrowth inventory

Sub-plot for herbaceous undergrowth inventorySub-plot for litter standing collection

Soil profile observation point

Schematic of the field research work

5 m

1 m

50 cm

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Meth

odo

logy: S

am

plin

g la

yout o

f root a

nd

and

soil

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Back Next

Back

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Figure 5 Layout for the biomass and carbon storage sampling on oil palm

plantation in Sumatra and East Kalimantan, Indonesia.Next

Oil palm tree

Root sampling auger

A1

A3A2

B1

C2

B2

C1

C3

B31

D1

D2 D3

E3

E2E1

F

Relative distance to OP trunk:

A = 10 cm

B = 100 cm

C = 200 cm

D = 300 cm

E = 450 cm

F = 520 cm

Figure 12 The lay out of the triangle-scheme of root & soil sampling

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Documents

Case Studies for: Grassland, Oil Palm, and Forest Plantation Systems