Case of s. and Marper v. the United Kingdom

7/26/2019 Case of s. and Marper v. the United Kingdom

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CONSEILDE LEUROPE COUNCILOF EUROPE

COUR EUROP ENNE DES DROITS DE LHOMMEEUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

GRAND CHAMBER

CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM

(Applications nos. 30562/04 and 30566/04)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

4 December 2008

This judgment is final but ma be subject to edito!ial !e"ision.


2/39

S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT #

In the case of S. and Marer v. the Un!ted K!n"do#$

T$e E%r&'e() C&%r* &+ H%m() R,-$*./ .,**,)- (. ( Gr() C$(mber

c&m'&.e &+1Je()P(%3 C&.*(/#!esident$C$r,.*&. R&(5,./

N,c&3(. Br(*(/Peer L&re)e)/Fr()6&,.e T%35e)./J&.e' C(.(e!(33/G,&!()), B&)e33&/C&r)e3,% B7r.()/

N,)( (9,:/A)(*&3; "&!3er/

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() M,c$(e3 OB&;3e/%eput &egist!a!/H(!,)- e3,ber(*e ,) 'r,!(*e &) 2 Febr%(r; 2008 () &) #2 N&!ember

2008/De3,!er. *$e +&33&,)- 9%-me)*/ $,c$ (. (&'*e &) *$e 3(.*

me)*,&)e (*e1

PROCEDURE

# T$e c(.e &r,-,)(*e ,) *& (''3,c(*,&). )&. 0204 () 004(-(,).* *$e U),*e ",)-&m &+ Gre(* Br,*(,) () N&r*$er) Ire3() 3&-e,*$ *$e C&%r* %)er Ar*,c3e 4 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) +&r *$e Pr&*ec*,&) &+H%m() R,-$*. () F%)(me)*(3 Free&m. *$e C&)!e)*,&)K b; *&Br,*,.$ )(*,&)(3./ Mr S *$e +,r.* (''3,c()*K () Mr M,c$(e3 M(r'er *$e.ec&) (''3,c()*K/ &) # A%-%.* 2004 T$e Pre.,e)* &+ *$e Gr()C$(mber (ccee *& *$e +,r.* (''3,c()*. re%e.* )&* *& $(!e $,. )(me,.c3&.e R%3e 4 &+ *$e R%3e. &+ C&%r*

2 T$e (''3,c()*./ $& ere -r()*e 3e-(3 (,/ ere re're.e)*e b; Mr PM($; &+ Me..r. H&e33./ ( .&3,c,*&r 'r(c*,c,)- ,) S$e++,e3 T$e U),*e",)-&m G&!er)me)* *$e G&!er)me)*K ere re're.e)*e b; *$e,r A-e)*/Mr J Gr(,)-er/ F&re,-) () C&mm&)e(3*$ O++,ce

T$e (''3,c()*. c&m'3(,)e %)er Ar*,c3e. 8 () #4 *$(* *$e (%*$&r,*,e.$( c&)*,)%e *& re*(,) *$e,r +,)-er'r,)*. () ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA


3/39

2 S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT

'r&+,3e. (+*er *$e cr,m,)(3 'r&cee,)-. (-(,).* *$em $( e)e ,*$ ()(c%,**(3 &r $( bee) ,.c&)*,)%e

4 T$e (''3,c(*,&). ere (33&c(*e *& *$e F&%r*$ Sec*,&) &+ *$e C&%r*R%3e 2 # &+ *$e R%3e. &+ C&%r* O) # J()%(r; 200 *$e; ere ec3(re(m,..,b3e b; ( C$(mber &+ *$(* Sec*,&) c&m'&.e &+ *$e +&33&,)- 9%-e.1J&.e' C(.(e!(33/ #!esident/ N,c&3(. Br(*(/ G,&!()), B&)e33&/ "r,.*(Tr(9(/ S*(),.3(! P(!3&!.c$,/ J>) ?,5%*(/ P@,!, H,r!e3@/ () (3.& &+ L(re)ceE(r3;/ Sec*,&) Re-,.*r(r

O) #0 J%3; 200 *$e C$(mber re3,)%,.$e 9%r,.,c*,&) ,) +(!&%r &+*$e Gr() C$(mber/ )e,*$er '(r*; $(!,)- &b9ec*e *& re3,)%,.$me)*Ar*,c3e 0 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) () R%3e 2

T$e c&m'&.,*,&) &+ *$e Gr() C$(mber (. e*erm,)e (cc&r,)- *&*$e 'r&!,.,&). &+ Ar*,c3e 2 2 () &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) () R%3e 24 &+ *$e

R%3e. &+ C&%r* T$e (''3,c()*. () *$e G&!er)me)* e(c$ +,3e r,**e) mem&r,(3. &)

*$e mer,*. I) (,*,&)/ *$,r'(r*; .%bm,..,&). ere rece,!e +r&m M.A))( F(,rc3&%-$ &) be$(3+ &+ L,ber*; *$e N(*,&)(3 C&%)c,3 +&r C,!,3L,ber*,e. () +r&m C&!,)-*&) () B%r3,)- LLP &) be$(3+ &+ Pr,!(c;I)*er)(*,&)(3/ $& $( bee) -r()*e 3e(!e b; *$e Pre.,e)* *& ,)*er!e)e ,)*$e r,**e) 'r&ce%re Ar*,c3e 2 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) () R%3e 44 2B&*$ '(r*,e. re'3,e *& L,ber*;. .%bm,..,&). () *$e G&!er)me)* (3.&re'3,e *& *$e c&mme)*. b; Pr,!(c; I)*er)(*,&)(3 R%3e 44

8 A $e(r,)- *&&5 '3(ce ,) '%b3,c ,) *$e H%m() R,-$*. B%,3,)-/S*r(.b&%r-/ &) 2 Febr%(r; 2008 R%3e

T$ere (''e(re be+&re *$e C&%r*1

( fo! the 'o"e!nmentMr. E ILLMOTT/ Agent/Mr RABINDERSINGHC/Mr J STRACHAN/ ounsel/Mr N FUSSELL/M. P MCFARLANE/Mr M PRIOR/Mr S BRAMBLE/

M. E R EES/Mr S SEN/ Ad"ise!s/Mr D GOURLEQ/Mr D LOEDAQ/ bse!"e!s

b fo! the applicantsMr S CRAGG/Mr A SUTERALLA/ ounsel/Mr P MAHQ/ *olicito!


4/39

S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT

T$e C&%r* $e(r (re..e. b; Mr S Cr(-- () Mr R(b,)er S,)-$ C(. e33 (. *$e,r ().er. *& %e.*,&). '%* b; *$e C&%r*

THE FACTS

I THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

T$e (''3,c()*. ere b&r) ,) #8 () # re.'ec*,!e3; () 3,!e ,)S$e++,e3

#0 T$e +,r.* (''3,c()*/ Mr S/ (. (rre.*e &) # J()%(r; 200# (* *$e

(-e &+ e3e!e) () c$(r-e ,*$ (**em'*e r&bber; H,. +,)-er'r,)*. ()DNA .(m'3e.#ere *(5e) He (. (c%,**e &) #4 J%)e 200#

## T$e .ec&) (''3,c()*/ Mr M,c$(e3 M(r'er/ (. (rre.*e &) # M(rc$200# () c$(r-e ,*$ $(r(..me)* &+ $,. '(r*)er H,. +,)-er'r,)*. () DNA.(m'3e. ere *(5e) Be+&re ( 're*r,(3 re!,e *&&5 '3(ce/ $e () $,. '(r*)er$( bec&me rec&)c,3e/ () *$e c$(r-e (. )&* 're..e O) ## J%)e 200#/*$e Cr&) Pr&.ec%*,&) Ser!,ce .er!e ( )&*,ce &+ ,.c&)*,)%()ce &) *$e(''3,c()*. .&3,c,*&r./ () &) #4 J%)e *$e c(.e (. +&rm(33; ,.c&)*,)%e

#2 B&*$ (''3,c()*. (.5e +&r *$e,r +,)-er'r,)*. () DNA .(m'3e.*& bee.*r&;e/ b%* ,) b&*$ c(.e. *$e '&3,ce re+%.e T$e (''3,c()*. (''3,e +&r

9%,c,(3 re!,e &+ *$e '&3,ce ec,.,&). )&* *& e.*r&; *$e +,)-er'r,)*. ()

.(m'3e. O) 22 M(rc$ 2002 *$e Am,),.*r(*,!e C&%r* R&.e LJ ()Le!e.&) J re9ec*e *$e (''3,c(*,&) 2002 EHC 48 Am,)

# O) #2 Se'*ember 2002 *$e C&%r* &+ A''e(3 %'$e3 *$e ec,.,&) &+*$e Am,),.*r(*,!e C&%r* b; ( m(9&r,*; &+ *& L&r &&3+ CJ () (33erLJ *& &)e Se3e; LJ 200 ECA C,! #2 A. re-(r. *$e )ece..,*;&+ re*(,),)- DNA .(m'3e./ L&r J%.*,ce (33er .*(*e1

F,)-er'r,)*. () DNAp!ofiles re!e(3 &)3; 3,m,*e 'er.&)(3 ,)+&rm(*,&) T$e'$;.,c(3 .(m'3e. '&*e)*,(33; c&)*(,) !er; m%c$ -re(*er () m&re 'er.&)(3 ()e*(,3e ,)+&rm(*,&) T$e (),e*; ,. *$(* .c,e)ce m(; &)e (; e)(b3e ()(3;.,. &+.(m'3e. *& -& .& +(r (. *& &b*(,) ,)+&rm(*,&) ,) re3(*,&) *& () ,),!,%(3. 'r&'e).,*;*& c&mm,* cer*(,) cr,me () be %.e +&r *$(* '%r'&.e ,*$,) *$e 3()-%(-e &+ *$e

're.e)* .ec*,&) Sec*,&) 82 &+ *$e Cr,m,)(3 J%.*,ce () P&3,ce Ac* 200# I* m,-$* (3.&be .(, *$(* *$e 3( m,-$* be c$()-e ,) &rer *& (33& *$e .(m'3e. *& be %.e +&r'%r'&.e. &*$er *$() *$&.e ,e)*,+,e b; *$e .ec*,&) I* m,-$* (3.& be .(, *$(* $,3e.(m'3e. (re re*(,)e *$ere ,. e!e) )& ( r,.5 *$(* *$e; ,33 be %.e ,) ( (; *$(* *$e

#DNA .*(). +&r e&;r,b&)%c3e,c (c, ,* ,. *$e c$em,c(3 +&%) ,) !,r*%(33; e!er; ce33 ,)*$e b&; () *$e -e)e*,c ,)+&rm(*,&) *$ere,)/ $,c$ ,. ,) *$e +&rm &+ ( c&e &r 3()-%(-e/e*erm,)e. '$;.,c(3 c$(r(c*er,.*,c. () ,rec*. (33 *$e c$em,c(3 'r&ce..e. ,) *$e b&;Ece'* +&r ,e)*,c(3 *,)./ e(c$ 'er.&). DNA ,. %),%e DNA .(m'3e. (re ce33%3(r .(m'3e.() (); .%b.(m'3e. &r '(r* .(m'3e. re*(,)e +r&m *$e.e (+*er ()(3;.,. DNA 'r&+,3e. (re,-,*,.e ,)+&rm(*,&) $,c$ ,. .*&re e3ec*r&),c(33; &) *$e N(*,&)(3 DNA D(*(b(.e *&-e*$er,*$ e*(,3. &+ *$e 'er.&) *& $&m ,* re3(*e.


5/39


3( &e. )&* (33& S&/ ,* ,. .(,/ *$e (,m. c&%3 be (c$,e!e ,) ( 3e.. re.*r,c*,!em())er $; c())&* *$e (,m be (c$,e!e b; re*e)*,&) &+ *$e 'r&+,3e. ,*$&%*re*e)*,&) &+ *$e .(m'3e.V

T$e ().er *& *$e.e '&,)*. ,. (. I .ee ,* (. +&33&. F,r.* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ .(m'3e.'erm,*. ( *$e c$ec5,)- &+ *$e ,)*e-r,*; () +%*%re %*,3,*; &+ *$e DNA (*(b(.e.;.*em b ( re()(3;.,. +&r *$e %'-r(,)- &+ DNA 'r&+,3e. $ere )e *ec$)&3&-; c(),m'r&!e *$e ,.cr,m,)(*,)- '&er &+ *$e DNA m(*c$,)- 'r&ce.. c re()(3;.,. ()*$%. () (b,3,*; *& e*r(c* &*$er DNA m(r5er. () *$%. &++er be)e+,*. ,) *erm. &+ .'ee/.e).,*,!,*; () c&.* &+ .e(rc$e. &+ *$e (*(b(.e +%r*$er ()(3;.,. ,) ,)!e.*,-(*,&).&+ (33e-e m,.c(rr,(-e. &+ 9%.*,ce () e +%r*$er ()(3;.,. .& (. *& be (b3e *& ,e)*,+;(); ()(3;*,c(3 &r 'r&ce.. err&r. I* ,. *$e.e be)e+,*. $,c$ m%.* be b(3()ce (-(,).**$e r,.5. ,e)*,+,e b; L,ber*; I) re3(*,&) *& *$&.e r,.5./ *$e '&.,*,&) ,) (); e!e)* ,.+,r.* *$(* (); c$()-e ,) *$e 3( ,33 $(!e *& be ,*.e3+ C&)!e)*,&) c&m'3,()* .ec&)(); c$()-e ,) 'r(c*,ce &%3 $(!e *& be C&)!e)*,&) c&m'3,()* () *$,r

%)3(+%3)e.. m%.* )&* be (..%me I) m; !,e *$%. *$e r,.5. ,e)*,+,e (re )&* -re(*/() .%c$ (. *$e; (re *$e; (re &%*e,-$e b; *$e be)e+,*. ,) (c$,e!,)- *$e (,m &+'r&.ec%*,)- () 're!e)*,)- cr,meK

#4 L&r J%.*,ce Se3e; c&).,ere *$(* *$e '&er &+ ( C$,e+ C&).*(b3e*& e.*r&; (*( $,c$ $e &%3 &r,)(r,3; re*(,) $( *& be eerc,.e ,)e!er; c(.e/ $&e!er r(re .%c$ c(.e. m,-$* be/ $ere $e &r .$e (. .(*,.+,e&) c&).c,e)*,&%. c&).,er(*,&) *$(* *$e ,),!,%(3 (. +ree &+ (); *(,)* &+.%.',c,&) He (3.& )&*e *$(* *$e ,++ere)ce be*ee) *$e re*e)*,&) &+.(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. (. *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ .(m'3e. &%3 e)(b3em&re ,)+&rm(*,&) *& be er,!e *$() $( 're!,&%.3; bee) '&..,b3e

# O) 22 J%3; 2004 *$e H&%.e &+ L&r. ,.m,..e () (''e(3 b; *$e

(''3,c()*. L&r S*e;)/ -,!,)- *$e 3e( 9%-me)*/ )&*e *$e 3e-,.3(*,!e$,.*&r; &+ .ec*,&) 4 #A &+ *$e P&3,ce () Cr,m,)(3 E!,e)ce Ac* #84*$e PACEK/ ,) '(r*,c%3(r *$e (; ,) $,c$ ,* $( bee) ,)*r&%ce b;P(r3,(me)* +&33&,)- '%b3,c ,.%,e* (b&%* *$e 're!,&%. 3(/ $,c$ $(

'r&!,e *$(* $ere ( 'er.&) (. )&* 'r&.ec%*e &r (. (c%,**e &+&++e)ce./ *$e .(m'3e $( *& be e.*r&;e () *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) c&%3 )&* be%.e I) *& c(.e./ c&m'e33,)- DNA e!,e)ce 3,)5,)- &)e .%.'ec* *& ( r('e() ()&*$er *& ( m%rer $( )&* bee) (b3e *& be %.e/ (. (* *$e *,me *$em(*c$e. ere m(e b&*$ e+e)()*. $( e,*$er bee) (c%,**e &r ( ec,.,&)m(e )&* *& 'r&cee +&r *$e &++e)ce. +&r $,c$ *$e 'r&+,3e. $( bee)&b*(,)e1 (. ( re.%3* ,* $( )&* bee) '&..,b3e *& c&)!,c* e,*$er .%.'ec*

# L&r S*e;) )&*e *$(* *$e !(3%e &+ re*(,)e +,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e.*(5e) +r&m .%.'ec*. (. c&).,er(b3e He -(!e *$e e(m'3e &+ ( c(.e ,)#/ ,) $,c$ DNA ,)+&rm(*,&) +r&m *$e 'er'e*r(*&r &+ ( cr,me (.m(*c$e ,*$ *$(* &+ IK ,) ( .e(rc$ &+ *$e )(*,&)(3 (*(b(.e T$e .(m'3e+r&m IK .$&%3 $(!e bee) e.*r&;e/ b%* $( )&* bee) IK $( '3e(e-%,3*; *& r('e () (. .e)*e)ce I+ *$e .(m'3e $( )&* bee) r&)-3;e*(,)e/ *$e &++e)er m,-$* $(!e e.c('e e*ec*,&)

# L&r S*e;) (3.& re+erre *& .*(*,.*,c(3 e!,e)ce +r&m $,c$ ,*(''e(re *$(* (3m&.* /000 DNA 'r&+,3e. $( bee) 3,)5e ,*$ cr,me.ce)e.*(,) 'r&+,3e. $,c$ &%3 $(!e bee) e.*r&;e %)er *$e +&rmer


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'r&!,.,&). T$e &++e)ce. ,)!&3!e ,)c3%e m%rer./ (**em'*em%rer./ 4 r('e./ 8 .e%(3 &++e)ce./ (--r(!(*e b%r-3(r,e. ()

c(.e. ,)!&3!,)- *$e .%''3; &+ c&)*r&33e r%-. O) *$e b(.,. &+ *$e e,.*,)-rec&r./ *$e H&me O++,ce .*(*,.*,c. e.*,m(*e *$(* *$ere (. ( 40W c$()ce*$(* ( cr,me.ce)e .(m'3e &%3 be m(*c$e ,mme,(*e3; ,*$ (),),!,%(3. 'r&+,3e &) *$e (*(b(.e T$,. .$&e *$(* *$e +,)-er'r,)*. ().(m'3e. $,c$ c&%3 )& be re*(,)e $( ,) *$e 're!,&%. *$ree ;e(r. '3(;e( m(9&r r&3e ,) *$e e*ec*,&) () 'r&.ec%*,&) &+ .er,&%. cr,me

#8 L&r S*e;) (3.& )&*e *$(* *$e PACE e(3* .e'(r(*e3; ,*$ *$e *(5,)-&+ +,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e./ *$e,r re*e)*,&) () *$e,r %.e

# A. *& *$e C&)!e)*,&) ()(3;.,./ L&r S*e;) ,)c3,)e *& *$e !,e *$(**$e mere re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*. () DNA .(m'3e. , )&* c&).*,*%*e (),)*er+ere)ce ,*$ *$e r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r 'r,!(*e 3,+e b%* .*(*e *$(*/ ,+ $e

ere r&)- ,) *$(* !,e/ $e re-(re (); ,)*er+ere)ce (. !er; m&e.*,)ee %e.*,&). &+ $e*$er ,) *$e +%*%re re*(,)e .(m'3e. c&%3 bem,.%.e ere )&* re3e!()* ,) re.'ec* &+ c&)*em'&r(r; %.e &+ re*(,)e.(m'3e. ,) c&))ec*,&) ,*$ *$e e*ec*,&) () 'r&.ec%*,&) &+ cr,me I+ +%*%re.c,e)*,+,c e!e3&'me)*. re%,re ,*/ 9%,c,(3 ec,.,&). c&%3 be m(e/ $e)*$e )ee &cc%rre/ *& e).%re c&m'(*,b,3,*; ,*$ *$e C&)!e)*,&) T$e

'r&!,.,&) 3,m,*,)- *$e 'erm,..,b3e %.e &+ re*(,)e m(*er,(3 *& pu!poses!elated to *$e 're!e)*,&) &r e*ec*,&) &+ cr,me K , )&* br&(e) *$e

'erm,**e %.e %)%3;/ bec(%.e ,* (. 3,m,*e b; ,*. c&)*e*20 I+ *$e )ee *& 9%.*,+; *$e m&e.* ,)*er+ere)ce ,*$ 'r,!(*e 3,+e (r&.e/

L&r S*e;) (-ree ,*$ L&r J%.*,ce Se3e; ,) *$e C&%r* &+ A''e(3 *$(* *$e'%r'&.e. &+ re*e)*,&) X *$e 're!e)*,&) &+ cr,me () *$e 'r&*ec*,&) &+ *$er,-$* &+ &*$er. *& be +ree +r&m cr,me X ere 'r&!,e +&r b; 3(K/ (.re%,re b; Ar*,c3e 8

2# A. *& *$e 9%.*,+,c(*,&) +&r (); ,)*er+ere)ce/ *$e (''3,c()*. $( (r-%e*$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*. () DNA .(m'3e. cre(*e .%.',c,&) ,)re.'ec* &+ 'er.&). $& $( bee) (c%,**e C&%).e3 +&r *$e H&me Secre*(r;$( c&)*e)e *$(* *$e (,m &+ *$e re*e)*,&) $( )&*$,)- *& & ,*$ *$e '(.*/*$(* ,./ ,*$ *$e &++e)ce &+ $,c$ ( 'er.&) (. (c%,**e/ b%* *$(* ,* (. *&(..,.* ,) *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ &++e)ce. ,) *$e +%*%re T$e (''3,c()*. &%3&)3; be (++ec*e b; *$e re*e)*,&) &+ *$e DNA .(m'3e. ,+ *$e,r 'r&+,3e.

m(*c$e *$&.e +&%) (* *$e .ce)e &+ ( +%*%re cr,me L&r S*e;) .( +,!e+(c*&r. $,c$ 3e *& *$e c&)c3%.,&) *$(* *$e ,)*er+ere)ce (. 'r&'&r*,&)(*e*& *$e (,m1 , *$e +,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e. ere 5e'* &)3; +&r *$e 3,m,*e

'%r'&.e &+ *$e e*ec*,&)/ ,)!e.*,-(*,&) () 'r&.ec%*,&) &+ cr,me ,, *$e+,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e. ere )&* &+ (); %.e ,*$&%* ( c&m'(r(*&r+,)-er'r,)* &r .(m'3e +r&m *$e cr,me .ce)e ,,, *$e +,)-er'r,)*. &%3 )&*

be m(e '%b3,c ,! ( 'er.&) (. )&* ,e)*,+,(b3e +r&m *$e re*(,)e m(*er,(3*& *$e %)*%*&re e;e/ () ! *$e re.%3*()* e'().,&) &+ *$e (*(b(.e b; *$ere*e)*,&) c&)+erre e)&rm&%. (!()*(-e. ,) *$e +,-$* (-(,).* .er,&%. cr,me


7/39


22 I) re'3; *& *$e c&)*e)*,&) *$(* *$e .(me 3e-,.3(*,!e (,m c&%3 be&b*(,)e b; 3e.. ,)*r%.,!e me()./ )(me3; b; ( c(.eb;c(.e c&).,er(*,&) &+

$e*$er &r )&* *& re*(,) +,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e./ L&r S*e;) re+erre *&L&r J%.*,ce (33er. c&mme)*. ,) *$e C&%r* &+ A''e(3 *$(* ,+ 9%.*,+,c(*,&)+&r re*e)*,&) ,. ,) (); e-ree *& be b; re+ere)ce *& *$e !,e &+ *$e '&3,ce &)*$e e-ree &+ ,))&ce)ce/ *$e) 'er.&). $& $(!e bee) (c%,**e () $(!e*$e,r .(m'3e. re*(,)e c() 9%.*,+,(b3; .(; *$,. .*,-m(*,.e. &r ,.cr,m,)(*e.(-(,).* me X I (m '(r* &+ ( '&&3 &+ (c%,**e 'er.&). 're.%me *& be,))&ce)*/ b%* I (m *re(*e (. *$&%-$ I (. )&* I* ,. )&* ,) +(c* ,) (); (;.*,-m(*,.,)- .&me&)e $& $(. bee) (c%,**e *& .(; .,m'3; *$(* .(m'3e.3(+%33; &b*(,)e (re re*(,)e (. *$e )&rm/ () ,* ,. ,) *$e '%b3,c ,)*ere.* ,),*. +,-$* (-(,).* cr,me +&r *$e '&3,ce *& $(!e (. 3(r-e ( (*(b(.e (. '&..,b3eK

2 L&r S*e;) , )&* (cce'* *$(* *$e ,++ere)ce be*ee) .(m'3e. ()

DNA 'r&+,3e. (++ec*e *$e '&.,*,&)24 T$e H&%.e &+ L&r. +%r*$er re9ec*e *$e (''3,c()*. c&m'3(,)* *$(*

*$e re*e)*,&) &+ *$e,r +,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e. .%b9ec*e *$em *&,.cr,m,)(*&r; *re(*me)* ,) bre(c$ &+ Ar*,c3e #4 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) $e)c&m'(re *& *$e -e)er(3 b&; &+ 'er.&). $& $( )&* $( *$e,r +,)-er'r,)*.() .(m'3e. *(5e) b; *$e '&3,ce ,) *$e c&%r.e &+ ( cr,m,)(3 ,)!e.*,-(*,&)L&r S*e;) $e3 *$(*/ e!e) (..%m,)- *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*. ().(m'3e. +e33 ,*$,) *$e (mb,* &+ Ar*,c3e 8 .& (. *& *r,--er *$e (''3,c(*,&) &+Ar*,c3e #4/ *$e ,++ere)ce &+ *re(*me)* re3,e &) b; *$e (''3,c()*. (. )&*&)e b(.e &) .*(*%.K +&r *$e '%r'&.e. &+ Ar*,c3e #41 *$e ,++ere)ce .,m'3;re+3ec*e *$e $,.*&r,c(3 +(c*/ %)re3(*e *& (); 'er.&)(3 c$(r(c*er,.*,c/ *$(* *$e(%*$&r,*,e. (3re(; $e3 *$e +,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e. &+ *$e ,),!,%(3.c&)cer)e $,c$ $( bee) 3(+%33; *(5e) T$e (''3,c()*. () *$e,r.%--e.*e c&m'(r(*&r. c&%3 )&* ,) (); e!e)* be .(, *& be ,) () ()(3&-&%..,*%(*,&) E!e) ,+/ c&)*r(r; *& $,. !,e/ ,* (. )ece..(r; *& c&).,er *$e

9%.*,+,c(*,&) +&r (); ,++ere)ce ,) *re(*me)*/ L&r S*e;) $e3 *$(* .%c$&b9ec*,!e 9%.*,+,c(*,&) $( bee) e.*(b3,.$e1 +,r.*/ *$e e3eme)* &+ 3e-,*,m(*e(,m (. '3(,)3; 're.e)*/ (. *$e ,)cre(.e ,) *$e (*(b(.e &+ +,)-er'r,)*. ().(m'3e. 'r&m&*e *$e '%b3,c ,)*ere.* b; *$e e*ec*,&) () 'r&.ec%*,&) &+.er,&%. cr,me () b; ec%3'(*,)- *$e ,))&ce)* .ec&)3;/ *$e re%,reme)* &+

'r&'&r*,&)(3,*; (. .(*,.+,e/ .ec*,&) 4 #A &+ *$e PACE &b9ec*,!e3;

re're.e)*,)- ( me(.%re () 'r&'&r*,&)(*e re.'&).e *& *$e 3e-,.3(*,!e (,m &+e(3,)- ,*$ .er,&%. cr,me2 B(r&)e.. H(3e &+ R,c$m&) ,.(-ree ,*$ *$e m(9&r,*; c&).,er,)-

*$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ b&*$ +,)-er'r,)* () DNA (*( c&).*,*%*e (),)*er+ere)ce b; *$e S*(*e ,) ( 'er.&). r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r $,. 'r,!(*e 3,+e ()*$%. re%,re 9%.*,+,c(*,&) %)er *$e C&)!e)*,&) I) $er &',),&)/ *$,. (. ()(.'ec* &+ $(* $( bee) c(33e ,)+&rm(*,&)(3 'r,!(c; () *$ere c&%3 be3,**3e/ ,+ ();*$,)-/ m&re 'r,!(*e *& *$e ,),!,%(3 *$() *$e 5)&3e-e &+ $,.-e)e*,c m(5e%' S$e +%r*$er c&).,ere *$(* *$e ,++ere)ce be*ee)+,)-er'r,)* () DNA (*( bec(me m&re ,m'&r*()* $e) ,* c(me *& 9%.*,+;


8/39


*$e,r re*e)*,&) (. *$e 9%.*,+,c(*,&). +&r e(c$ &+ *$e.e m,-$* be !er; ,++ere)*S$e (-ree ,*$ *$e m(9&r,*; *$(* .%c$ 9%.*,+,c(*,&). $( bee) re(,3;

e.*(b3,.$e ,) *$e (''3,c()*. c(.e.

II RELEANT DOMESTIC LA AND MATERIALS

A. En"%and and &a%es

+. #olice and !iminal ,"idence Act +-4

2 T$e P&3,ce () Cr,m,)(3 E!,e)ce Ac* #84 *$e PACE c&)*(,).

'&er. +&r *$e *(5,)- &+ +,)-er'r,)*. 'r,)c,'(33; .ec*,&) # () .(m'3e.'r,)c,'(33; .ec*,&) B; .ec*,&) #/ +,)-er'r,)*. m(; &)3; be *(5e),*$&%* c&).e)* ,+ () &++,cer &+ (* 3e(.* *$e r()5 &+ .%'er,)*e)e)* (%*$&r,.e.*$e *(5,)-/ &r ,+ *$e 'er.&) $(. bee) c$(r-e ,*$ ( rec&r(b3e &++e)ce &r$(. bee) ,)+&rme *$(* $e ,33 be re'&r*e +&r .%c$ () &++e)ce Be+&re+,)-er'r,)*. (re *(5e)/ *$e 'er.&) m%.* be ,)+&rme *$(* *$e 'r,)*. m(; be*$e .%b9ec* &+ ( .'ec%3(*,!e .e(rc$/ () *$e +(c* &+ *$e ,)+&rm,)- m%.* berec&re (. .&&) (. '&..,b3e T$e re(.&) +&r *$e *(5,)- &+ *$e +,)-er'r,)*. ,.rec&re ,) *$e c%.*&; rec&r P(r(33e3 'r&!,.,&). re3(*e *& *$e *(5,)- &+.(m'3e. .ec*,&)

2 A. *& *$e re*e)*,&) &+ .%c$ +,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e. () *$e rec&r.

*$ere&+/ .ec*,&) 4 #A &+ *$e PACE (. .%b.*,*%*e b; Sec*,&) 82 &+ *$eCr,m,)(3 J%.*,ce () P&3,ce Ac* 200# I* 'r&!,e. (. +&33&.1

$ere ( +,)-er'r,)*. &r .(m'3e. (re *(5e) +r&m ( 'er.&) ,) c&))ec*,&) ,*$ *$e,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ () &++e)ce/ () b .%b.ec*,&) be3& &e. )&* re%,re *$em *& bee.*r&;e/ *$e +,)-er'r,)*. &r .(m'3e. m(; be re*(,)e (+*er *$e; $(!e +%3+,33e *$e

'%r'&.e. +&r $,c$ *$e; ere *(5e) b%* .$(33 )&* be %.e b; (); 'er.&) ece'* +&r'%r'&.e. re3(*e *& *$e 're!e)*,&) &r e*ec*,&) &+ cr,me/ *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ ()&++e)ce/ &r *$e c&)%c* &+ ( 'r&.ec%*,&)

I+ ( +,)-er'r,)*. &r .(m'3e. (re *(5e) +r&m ( 'er.&) ,) c&))ec*,&) ,*$ *$e,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ () &++e)ce () b *$(* 'er.&) ,. )&* .%.'ec*e &+ $(!,)- c&mm,**e*$e &++e)ce/ *$e; m%.* ece'* (. 'r&!,e ,) *$e +&33&,)- 'r&!,.,&). &+ *$,. Sec*,&)

be e.*r&;e (. .&&) (. *$e; $(!e +%3+,33e *$e '%r'&.e +&r $,c$ *$e; ere *(5e)

AA S(m'3e. () +,)-er'r,)*. (re )&* re%,re *& be e.*r&;e %)er .%b.ec*,&) (b&!e ,+ ( *$e; ere *(5e) +&r *$e '%r'&.e. &+ *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ () &++e)ce &+$,c$ ( 'er.&) $(. bee) c&)!,c*e () b ( .(m'3e &r/ (. *$e c(.e m(; be/+,)-er'r,)* (. (3.& *(5e) +r&m *$e c&)!,c*e 'er.&) +&r *$e '%r'&.e. &+ *$(*,)!e.*,-(*,&)K

28 Sec*,&) 4 ,) ,*. e(r3,er +&rm $( ,)c3%e ( re%,reme)* *$(* ,+ *$e'er.&) +r&m $&m *$e +,)-er'r,)*. &r .(m'3e. ere *(5e) ,) c&))ec*,&),*$ *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) (. (c%,**e &+ *$(* &++e)ce/ *$e +,)-er'r,)*. ()


9/39


.(m'3e./ .%b9ec* *& cer*(,) ece'*,&)./ ere *& be e.*r&;e (. .&&) (.'r(c*,c(b3e (+*er *$e c&)c3%.,&) &+ *$e 'r&cee,)-.K

2 T$e .%b.e%e)* %.e &+ m(*er,(3. re*(,)e %)er .ec*,&) 4 #A ,.)&* re-%3(*e b; .*(*%*e/ &*$er *$() *$e 3,m,*(*,&) &) %.e c&)*(,)e ,) *$(*

'r&!,.,&) I) Atto!ne 'ene!als &efe!ence (o 3 of +---)200# 2 AC #/*$e H&%.e &+ L&r. $( *& c&).,er $e*$er ,* (. 'erm,..,b3e *& %.e ,)e!,e)ce ( .(m'3e $,c$ .$&%3 $(!e bee) e.*r&;e %)er *$e *$e) *e* &+.ec*,&) 4 *$e PACE T$e H&%.e c&).,ere *$(* *$e 'r&$,b,*,&) &) *$e %.e&+ () %)3(+%33; re*(,)e .(m'3e +&r *$e '%r'&.e. &+ (); ,)!e.*,-(*,&)K ,)&* (m&%)* *& ( m()(*&r; ec3%.,&) &+ e!,e)ce &b*(,)e (. ( re.%3* &+ (+(,3%re *& c&m'3; ,*$ *$e 'r&$,b,*,&)/ b%* 3e+* *$e %e.*,&) &+ (m,..,b,3,*;*& *$e ,.cre*,&) &+ *$e *r,(3 9%-e

2. %ata #!otection Act +--0 T$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) Ac* (. (&'*e &) # J%3; #8 *& -,!e e++ec*

*& *$e D,rec*,!e 4EC &+ *$e E%r&'e() P(r3,(me)* () &+ *$e C&%)c,3(*e 24 Oc*&ber # .ee '(r(-r('$ 0 be3& U)er *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&)Ac* 'er.&)(3 (*(K me(). (*( $,c$ re3(*e *& ( 3,!,)- ,),!,%(3 $& c()

be ,e)*,+,e X ( +r&m *$&.e (*(/ &r b +r&m *$&.e (*( () &*$er,)+&rm(*,&) $,c$ ,. ,) *$e '&..e..,&) &+/ &r ,. 3,5e3; *& c&me ,)*& *$e

'&..e..,&) &+/ *$e (*( c&)*r&33er/ () ,)c3%e. (); e're..,&) &+ &',),&)(b&%* *$e ,),!,%(3 () (); ,),c(*,&) &+ *$e ,)*e)*,&). &+ *$e (*(c&)*r&33er &r (); &*$er 'er.&) ,) re.'ec* &+ *$e ,),!,%(3 .ec*,&) #

Se).,*,!e 'er.&)(3 (*(K me(). 'er.&)(3 (*( c&).,.*,)-/ inte! alia/ &+,)+&rm(*,&) (. *& *$e r(c,(3 &r e*$),c &r,-,) &+ *$e (*( .%b9ec*/ *$ec&mm,..,&) &r (33e-e c&mm,..,&) b; $,m &+ (); &++e)ce/ &r ();

'r&cee,)-. +&r (); &++e)ce c&mm,**e &r (33e-e *& $(!e bee) c&mm,**eb; $,m/ *$e ,.'&.(3 &+ .%c$ 'r&cee,)-. &r *$e .e)*e)ce &+ (); c&%r* ,).%c$ 'r&cee,)-. .ec*,&) 2

# T$e Ac* .*,'%3(*e. *$(* *$e 'r&ce..,)- &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( ,. .%b9ec* *&e,-$* (*( 'r&*ec*,&) 'r,)c,'3e. 3,.*e ,) Sc$e%3e # U)er *$e +,r.* 'r,)c,'3e

'er.&)(3 (*( .$(33 be 'r&ce..e +(,r3; () 3(+%33; ()/ ,) '(r*,c%3(r .$(33)&* be 'r&ce..e %)3e.. X ( (* 3e(.* &)e &+ *$e c&),*,&). ,) Sc$e%3e 2 ,.me*/ () b ,) c(.e &+ .e).,*,!e 'er.&)(3 (*(/ (* 3e(.* &)e &+ *$e c&),*,&).

,) Sc$e%3e ,. (3.& me* Sc$e%3e 2 c&)*(,). ( e*(,3e 3,.* &+ c&),*,&)./() 'r&!,e. inte! alia*$(* *$e 'r&ce..,)- &+ (); 'er.&)(3 (*( ,. )ece..(r;+&r *$e (m,),.*r(*,&) &+ 9%.*,ce &r +&r *$e eerc,.e &+ (); &*$er +%)c*,&). &+( '%b3,c )(*%re eerc,.e ,) *$e '%b3,c ,)*ere.* b; (); 'er.&) ( () Sc$e%3e c&)*(,). ( m&re e*(,3e 3,.* &+ c&),*,&)./ ,)c3%,)- *$(* *$e

'r&ce..,)- &+ .e).,*,!e 'er.&)(3 (*( ,. )ece..(r; +&r *$e '%r'&.e &+/ &r ,)c&))ec*,&) ,*$/ (); 3e-(3 'r&cee,)-. (/ &r +&r *$e (m,),.*r(*,&) &+

9%.*,ce (/ () ,. c(rr,e &%* ,*$ (''r&'r,(*e .(+e-%(r. +&r *$e r,-$*.() +ree&m. &+ (*( .%b9ec*. 4b Sec*,&) 2 )&*(b3; 'r&!,e. *$(*

'er.&)(3 (*( 'r&ce..e +&r *$e 're!e)*,&) &r e*ec*,&) &+ cr,me (re eem'*


10/39


+r&m *$e +,r.* 'r,)c,'3e ece'* *& *$e e*e)* *& $,c$ ,* re%,re. c&m'3,()ce,*$ *$e c&),*,&). ,) Sc$e%3e. 2 () T$e +,+*$ 'r,)c,'3e .*,'%3(*e. *$(*

'er.&)(3 (*( 'r&ce..e +&r (); '%r'&.e &r '%r'&.e. .$(33 )&* be 5e'* +&r3&)-er *$() ,. )ece..(r; +&r *$(* '%r'&.e &r *$&.e '%r'&.e.

2 T$e I)+&rm(*,&) C&mm,..,&)er cre(*e '%r.%()* *& *$e Ac* (.(me)e $(. () ,)e'e)e)* %*; *& 'r&m&*e *$e +&33&,)- &+ -&&

'r(c*,ce b; (*( c&)*r&33er. () $(. '&er *& m(5e &rer. e)+&rceme)*)&*,ce.K ,) *$,. re.'ec* .ec*,&) 40 T$e Ac* m(5e. ,* ( cr,m,)(3 &++e)ce)&* *& c&m'3; ,*$ () e)+&rceme)* )&*,ce .ec*,&) 4 &r *& &b*(,) &r,.c3&.e 'er.&)(3 (*( &r ,)+&rm(*,&) c&)*(,)e *$ere,) ,*$&%* *$e c&).e)*&+ *$e (*( c&)*r&33er .ec*,&) Sec*,&) # (++&r. ( r,-$* *& c3(,m(m(-e. ,) *$e &me.*,c c&%r*. ,) re.'ec* &+ c&)*r(!e)*,&). &+ *$e Ac*

3. &etention 'uidelines fo! ominal &eco!ds on the #olice ationalompute! 2006

A .e* &+ -%,e3,)e. +&r *$e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)* () DNA,)+&rm(*,&) ,. c&)*(,)e ,) *$e Re*e)*,&) G%,e3,)e. +&r N&m,)(3 Rec&r.&) *$e P&3,ce N(*,&)(3 C&m'%*er 200 r() %' b; *$e A..&c,(*,&) &+ C$,e+P&3,ce O++,cer. ,) E)-3() () (3e. T$e G%,e3,)e. (re b(.e &) ( +&rm(*&+ re.*r,c*,)- (cce.. *& *$e P&3,ce N(*,&)(3 C&m'%*er PNC (*(/ r(*$er*$() *$e e3e*,&) &+ *$(* (*( T$e; rec&-),.e *$(* *$e,r ,)*r&%c*,&) m(;*$%. $(!e ,m'3,c(*,&). +&r *$e b%.,)e.. &+ *$e )&)'&3,ce (-e)c,e. ,*$$,c$ *$e '&3,ce c%rre)*3; .$(re PNC (*(

4 T$e G%,e3,)e. .e* !(r,&%. e-ree. &+ (cce.. *& *$e ,)+&rm(*,&)c&)*(,)e &) *$e PNC *$r&%-$ ( 'r&ce.. &+ .*e'',)- &)K (cce.. Acce..*& ,)+&rm(*,&) c&)cer),)- 'er.&). $& $(!e )&* bee) c&)!,c*e &+ ()&++e)ce ,. (%*&m(*,c(33; .*e''e &)K .& *$(* *$,. ,)+&rm(*,&) ,. &)3;&'e) *& ,).'ec*,&) b; *$e '&3,ce Acce.. *& ,)+&rm(*,&) (b&%* c&)!,c*e

'er.&). ,. 3,5e,.e .*e''e &)K (+*er *$e e',r; &+ cer*(,) 'er,&. &+*,me r()-,)- +r&m *& ;e(r./ e'e),)- &) *$e -r(!,*; &+ *$e &++e)ce/ *$e(-e &+ *$e .%.'ec* () *$e .e)*e)ce ,m'&.e F&r cer*(,) c&)!,c*,&). *$e(cce.. ,33 )e!er be .*e''e &)K

C$,e+ P&3,ce O++,cer. (re *$e D(*( C&)*r&33er. &+ (33 PNC rec&r.cre(*e b; *$e,r +&rce T$e; $(!e *$e ,.cre*,&) ,) ece'*,&)(3

c,rc%m.*()ce. *& (%*$&r,.e *$e e3e*,&) &+ (); c&)!,c*,&)/ 'e)(3*; )&*,ce +&r,.&rer/ (c%,**(3 &r (rre.* $,.*&r,e. &)eK b; *$em A) ece'*,&)(3 c(.e

'r&ce%reK *& (..,.* C$,e+ O++,cer. ,) re3(*,&) *& *$e eerc,.e &+ *$,.,.cre*,&) ,. .e* &%* ,) A''e), 2 I* ,. .%--e.*e *$(* ece'*,&)(3 c(.e. (rer(re b; e+,),*,&) () ,)c3%e *$&.e $ere *$e &r,-,)(3 (rre.* &r .(m'3,)-(. %)3(+%3 &r $ere ,* ,. e.*(b3,.$e be;&) &%b* *$(* )& &++e)cee,.*e Be+&re ec,,)- $e*$er ( c(.e ,. ece'*,&)(3/ *$e C$,e+ O++,cer ,.,).*r%c*e *& .ee5 (!,ce +r&m *$e DNA () F,)-er'r,)* Re*e)*,&) Pr&9ec*


11/39

#0 S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT

'. Scot%and

U)er *$e # Cr,m,)(3 Pr&ce%re Ac* &+ Sc&*3()/ (. .%b.e%e)*3;(me)e/ *$e DNA .(m'3e. () re.%3*,)- 'r&+,3e. m%.* be e.*r&;e ,+ *$e,),!,%(3 ,. )&* c&)!,c*e &r ,. -r()*e () (b.&3%*e ,.c$(r-e A rece)*%(3,+,c(*,&) 'r&!,e. *$(* b,&3&-,c(3 .(m'3e. () 'r&+,3e. m(; be re*(,)e+&r *$ree ;e(r./ ,+ *$e (rre.*ee ,. .%.'ec*e &+ cer*(,) .e%(3 &r !,&3e)*&++e)ce. e!e) ,+ ( 'er.&) ,. )&* c&)!,c*e .ec*,&) 8 &+ *$e 200 Ac*/(,)- .ec*,&) #8A *& *$e # Ac* T$ere(+*er/ .(m'3e. () ,)+&rm(*,&)(re re%,re *& be e.*r&;e %)3e.. ( C$,e+ C&).*(b3e (''3,e. *& ( S$er,++ +&r( *&;e(r e*e).,&)

C. Northern Ire%and

T$e P&3,ce () Cr,m,)(3 E!,e)ce Orer &+ N&r*$er) Ire3() #8(. (me)e ,) 200# ,) *$e .(me (; (. *$e PACE (''3,c(b3e ,) E)-3()() (3e. T$e re3e!()* 'r&!,.,&). c%rre)*3; -&!er),)- *$e re*e)*,&) &++,)-er'r,)* () DNA (*( ,) N&r*$er) Ire3() (re ,e)*,c(3 *& *$&.e ,) +&rce,) E)-3() () (3e. .ee '(r(-r('$ 2 (b&!e

D. N(ff!e%d Co(nc!% on '!oeth!cs) reort*

8 Acc&r,)- *& ( rece)* re'&r* b; *$e N%++,e3 C&%)c,3 &) B,&e*$,c./

*$e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*./ DNA 'r&+,3e. () b,&3&-,c(3 .(m'3e. ,.-e)er(33; m&re c&)*r&!er.,(3 *$() *$e *(5,)- &+ .%c$ b,&,)+&rm(*,&)/ () *$ere*e)*,&) &+ b,&3&-,c(3 .(m'3e. r(,.e. -re(*er e*$,c(3 c&)cer). *$() ,-,*,.eDNA 'r&+,3e. () +,)-er'r,)*./ -,!e) *$e ,++ere)ce. ,) *$e 3e!e3 &+,)+&rm(*,&) *$(* c&%3 be re!e(3e T$e re'&r* re+erre ,) '(r*,c%3(r *& *$e3(c5 &+ .(*,.+(c*&r; em',r,c(3 e!,e)ce *& 9%.*,+; *$e 're.e)* 'r(c*,ce &+re*(,),)- ,)e+,),*e3; +,)-er'r,)*./ .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. +r&m (33 *$&.e(rre.*e +&r ( rec&r(b3e &++e)ce/ ,rre.'ec*,!e &+ $e*$er *$e; ere.%b.e%e)*3; c$(r-e &r c&)!,c*e T$e re'&r* !&,ce '(r*,c%3(r c&)cer). (**$e '&3,c; &+ 'erm()e)*3; re*(,),)- *$e b,&,)+&rm(*,&) &+ m,)&r./ $(!,)-re-(r *& *$e re%,reme)*. &+ *$e #8 UN C&)!e)*,&) &) *$e R,-$*. &+ *$e

C$,3 T$e re'&r* (3.& e're..e c&)cer). (* *$e ,)cre(.,)- %.e &+ *$e DNA(*( +&r +(m,3,(3 .e(rc$,)-/ ,)+err,)- e*$),c,*; () )&)&'er(*,&)(3 re.e(rc$F(m,3,(3 .e(rc$,)- ,. *$e 'r&ce.. &+ c&m'(r,)- ( DNA 'r&+,3e +r&m ( cr,me.ce)e ,*$ 'r&+,3e. .*&re &) *$e )(*,&)(3 (*(b(.e/ () 'r,&r,*,.,)- *$em ,)*erm. &+ c3&.e)e.. *& ( m(*c$ T$,. (33&e ,e)*,+;,)- '&..,b3e -e)e*,c

#T$e N%++,e3 C&%)c,3 &) B,&e*$,c. ,. () ,)e'e)e)* e'er* b&; c&m'&.e &+ c3,),c,()./3(;er./ '$,3&.&'$er./ .c,e)*,.*. () *$e&3&-,(). e.*(b3,.$e b; *$e N%++,e3 F&%)(*,&) ,)## T$e 're.e)* re'&r* (. '%b3,.$e &) #8 Se'*ember 200 %)er *$e +&33&,)- *,*3eT$e +&re).,c %.e &+ b,&,)+&rm(*,&)1 e*$,c(3 ,..%e.K


12/39

S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT ##

re3(*,!e. &+ () &++e)er F(m,3,(3 .e(rc$,)- m,-$* *$%. 3e( *& re!e(3,)-'re!,&%.3; %)5)&) &r c&)ce(3e -e)e*,c re3(*,&).$,'. T$e re'&r*

c&).,ere *$e %.e &+ *$e DNA (*( b(.e ,) .e(rc$,)- +&r re3(*,!e. (.'(r*,c%3(r3; .e).,*,!e

40 T$e '(r*,c%3(r c&mb,)(*,&) &+ (33e3e.# ,) ( DNA 'r&+,3e c()+%r*$erm&re be %.e *& (..e.. *$e m&.* 3,5e3; e*$),c &r,-,) &+ *$e &)&rE*$),c ,)+err,)- *$r&%-$ DNA 'r&+,3e. (. '&..,b3e (. *$e ,),!,%(3e*$),c (''e(r()ceK (. .;.*em(*,c(33; rec&re &) *$e (*( b(.e1 $e)*(5,)- b,&3&-,c(3 .(m'3e./ '&3,ce &++,cer. r&%*,)e3; c3(..,+,e .%.'ec*. ,)*&&)e &+ .e!e) e*$),c(3 (''e(r()ceK c(*e-&r,e. E*$),c,*; *e.*. &) *$e (*(

b(.e m,-$* *$%. 'r&!,e ,)+ere)ce. +&r %.e %r,)- ( '&3,ce ,)!e.*,-(*,&) ,)&rer +&r e(m'3e *& $e3' re%ce ( .%.'ec* '&&3 () *& ,)+&rm '&3,ce

'r,&r,*,e. T$e re'&r* )&*e *$(* .&c,(3 +(c*&r. () '&3,c,)- 'r(c*,ce. 3e( *&

( ,.'r&'&r*,&)(*e )%mber &+ 'e&'3e +r&m b3(c5 () e*$),c m,)&r,*; -r&%'.be,)- .*&''e/ .e(rc$e () (rre.*e b; *$e '&3,ce/ () $e)ce $(!,)- *$e,rDNA 'r&+,3e. rec&re ,* *$ere+&re !&,ce c&)cer). *$(* ,)+err,)- e*$),c,e)*,*; +r&m b,&3&-,c(3 .(m'3e. m,-$* re,)+&rce r(c,.* !,e. &+ 'r&'e).,*;*& cr,m,)(3,*;

III RELEANT NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MATERIAL

A. Co(nc!% of E(roe te+ts

4# T$e C&%)c,3 &+ E%r&'e C&)!e)*,&) &+ #8# +&r *$e 'r&*ec*,&) &+,),!,%(3. ,*$ re-(r *& (%*&m(*,c 'r&ce..,)- &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( *$e D(*(Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&)K/ $,c$ e)*ere ,)*& +&rce +&r *$e U),*e ",)-&m&) # December #8/ e+,)e. 'er.&)(3 (*(K (. (); ,)+&rm(*,&) re3(*,)- *&() ,e)*,+,e &r ,e)*,+,(b3e ,),!,%(3 (*( .%b9ec*K T$e C&)!e)*,&)

'r&!,e. inte! alia1

Ar*,c3e X %(3,*; &+ (*(

Per.&)(3 (*( %)er-&,)- (%*&m(*,c 'r&ce..,)- .$(33 be1

b .*&re +&r .'ec,+,e () 3e-,*,m(*e '%r'&.e. () )&* %.e ,) ( (; ,)c&m'(*,b3e,*$ *$&.e '%r'&.e.

c (e%(*e/ re3e!()* () )&* ece..,!e ,) re3(*,&) *& *$e '%r'&.e. +&r $,c$ *$e; (re.*&re

#A33e3e ,. &)e &+ *& &r m&re (3*er)(*,!e +&rm. &+ ( '(r*,c%3(r -e)e D,++ere)* (33e3e. m(;-,!e r,.e *& ,++ere)* +&rm. &+ *$e c$(r(c*er,.*,c +&r $,c$ *$e -e)e c&e. 1o!ld

,ncclopedia. #hilips$ 200. fo!d &efe!ence nline. fo!d ni"e!sit #!ess.


13/39


e 're.er!e ,) ( +&rm $,c$ 'erm,*. ,e)*,+,c(*,&) &+ *$e (*( .%b9ec*. +&r )& 3&)-er*$() ,. re%,re +&r *$e '%r'&.e +&r $,c$ *$&.e (*( (re .*&re

Ar*,c3e X S'ec,(3 c(*e-&r,e. &+ (*(

Per.&)(3 (*( re!e(3,)- r(c,(3 &r,-,)/ '&3,*,c(3 &',),&). &r re3,-,&%. &r &*$er be3,e+./(. e33 (. 'er.&)(3 (*( c&)cer),)- $e(3*$ &r .e%(3 3,+e/ m(; )&* be 'r&ce..e(%*&m(*,c(33; %)3e.. &me.*,c 3( 'r&!,e. (''r&'r,(*e .(+e-%(r.

Ar*,c3e X D(*( .ec%r,*;

A''r&'r,(*e .ec%r,*; me(.%re. .$(33 be *(5e) +&r *$e 'r&*ec*,&) &+ 'er.&)(3 (*(.*&re ,) (%*&m(*e (*( +,3e. (-(,).* (cc,e)*(3 &r %)(%*$&r,.e e.*r%c*,&) &r(cc,e)*(3 3&.. (. e33 (. (-(,).* %)(%*$&r,.e (cce../ (3*er(*,&) &r ,..em,)(*,&)K

42 Rec&mme)(*,&) N& R8# re-%3(*,)- *$e %.e &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( ,)*$e '&3,ce .ec*&r (&'*e &) # Se'*ember #8 .*(*e./ inte! alia1

#!inciple 2 ollection of data

2# T$e c&33ec*,&) &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( +&r '&3,ce '%r'&.e. .$&%3 be 3,m,*e *& .%c$ (.,. )ece..(r; +&r *$e 're!e)*,&) &+ ( re(3 ()-er &r *$e .%''re..,&) &+ ( .'ec,+,ccr,m,)(3 &++e)ce A); ece'*,&) *& *$,. 'r&!,.,&) .$&%3 be *$e .%b9ec* &+ .'ec,+,c)(*,&)(3 3e-,.3(*,&)

#!inciple 3 *to!age of data

# A. +(r (. '&..,b3e/ *$e .*&r(-e &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( +&r '&3,ce '%r'&.e. .$&%3 be3,m,*e *& (cc%r(*e (*( () *& .%c$ (*( (. (re )ece..(r; *& (33& '&3,ce b&,e. *&

'er+&rm *$e,r 3(+%3 *(.5. ,*$,) *$e +r(me&r5 &+ )(*,&)(3 3( () *$e,r &b3,-(*,&).(r,.,)- +r&m ,)*er)(*,&)(3 3(

#!inciple 7 8ength of sto!age and updating of data

# Me(.%re. .$&%3 be *(5e) .& *$(* 'er.&)(3 (*( 5e'* +&r '&3,ce '%r'&.e. (ree3e*e ,+ *$e; (re )& 3&)-er )ece..(r; +&r *$e '%r'&.e. +&r $,c$ *$e; ere .*&re

F&r *$,. '%r'&.e/ c&).,er(*,&) .$(33 ,) '(r*,c%3(r be -,!e) *& *$e +&33&,)- cr,*er,(1*$e )ee *& re*(,) (*( ,) *$e 3,-$* &+ *$e c&)c3%.,&) &+ () ,)%,r; ,)*& ( '(r*,c%3(rc(.e ( +,)(3 9%,c,(3 ec,.,&)/ ,) '(r*,c%3(r () (c%,**(3 re$(b,3,*(*,&) .'e)*c&)!,c*,&). (m)e.*,e. *$e (-e &+ *$e (*( .%b9ec*/ '(r*,c%3(r c(*e-&r,e. &+ (*(K

4 Rec&mme)(*,&) N& R2# &) *$e %.e &+ ()(3;.,. &+e&;r,b&)%c3e,c (c, DNA ,*$,) *$e +r(me&r5 &+ *$e cr,m,)(3 9%.*,ce.;.*em (&'*e &) #0 Febr%(r; #2 .*(*e./ inte! alia1

se of samples and info!mation de!i"ed the!ef!om

S(m'3e. c&33ec*e +&r DNA ()(3;.,. () *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) er,!e +r&m .%c$ ()(3;.,.+&r *$e '%r'&.e &+ *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) () 'r&.ec%*,&) &+ cr,m,)(3 &++e)ce. m%.* )&* be%.e +&r &*$er '%r'&.e.


14/39


S(m'3e. *(5e) +&r DNA ()(3;.,. () *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) .& er,!e m(; be )eee +&rre.e(rc$ () .*(*,.*,c(3 '%r'&.e. S%c$ %.e. (re (cce'*(b3e 'r&!,e *$e ,e)*,*; &+ *$e,),!,%(3 c())&* be (.cer*(,)e N(me. &r &*$er ,e)*,+;,)- re+ere)ce. m%.* *$ere+&re

be rem&!e 'r,&r *& *$e,r %.e +&r *$e.e '%r'&.e.

4 Ta9ing of samples fo! %A analsis

T$e *(5,)- &+ .(m'3e. +&r DNA ()(3;.,. .$&%3 &)3; be c(rr,e &%* ,) c,rc%m.*()ce.e*erm,)e b; *$e &me.*,c 3( ,* be,)- %)er.*&& *$(* ,) .&me .*(*e. *$,. m(;)ece..,*(*e .'ec,+,c (%*$&r,.(*,&) +r&m ( 9%,c,(3 (%*$&r,*;

8 *to!age of samples and data

S(m'3e. &r &*$er b&; *,..%e *(5e) +r&m ,),!,%(3. +&r DNA ()(3;.,. .$&%3 )&* be5e'* (+*er *$e re)er,)- &+ *$e +,)(3 ec,.,&) ,) *$e c(.e +&r $,c$ *$e; ere %.e/

%)3e.. ,* ,. )ece..(r; +&r '%r'&.e. ,rec*3; 3,)5e *& *$&.e +&r $,c$ *$e; erec&33ec*e

Me(.%re. .$&%3 be *(5e) *& e).%re *$(* *$e re.%3*. &+ DNA ()(3;.,. (re e3e*e$e) ,* ,. )& 3&)-er )ece..(r; *& 5ee' ,* +&r *$e '%r'&.e. +&r $,c$ ,* (. %.e T$ere.%3*. &+ DNA ()(3;.,. () *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) .& er,!e m(;/ $&e!er/ be re*(,)e$ere *$e ,),!,%(3 c&)cer)e $(. bee) c&)!,c*e &+ .er,&%. &++e)ce. (-(,).* *$e 3,+e/,)*e-r,*; &r .ec%r,*; &+ 'er.&). I) .%c$ c(.e. .*r,c* .*&r(-e 'er,&. .$&%3 be e+,)e

b; &me.*,c 3(

S(m'3e. () &*$er b&; *,..%e./ &r *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) er,!e +r&m *$em/ m(; be.*&re +&r 3&)-er 'er,&.1

$e) *$e 'er.&) .& re%e.*. &r

$e) *$e .(m'3e c())&* be (**r,b%*e *& () ,),!,%(3/ +&r e(m'3e $e) ,* ,.+&%) (* *$e .ce)e &+ ( cr,me

$ere *$e .ec%r,*; &+ *$e .*(*e ,. ,)!&3!e/ *$e &me.*,c 3( &+ *$e member .*(*em(; 'erm,* re*e)*,&) &+ *$e .(m'3e./ *$e re.%3*. &+ DNA ()(3;.,. () *$e ,)+&rm(*,&).& er,!e e!e) *$&%-$ *$e ,),!,%(3 c&)cer)e $(. )&* bee) c$(r-e &r c&)!,c*e &+() &++e)ce I) .%c$ c(.e. .*r,c* .*&r(-e 'er,&. .$&%3 be e+,)e b; &me.*,c 3( K

44 T$e E'3()(*&r; Mem&r()%m *& *$e Rec&mme)(*,&) .*(*e/ (.re-(r. ,*em 81

4 T$e &r5,)- '(r*; (. e33 ((re *$(* *$e r(+*,)- &+ Rec&mme)(*,&) 8 (.( e3,c(*e m(**er/ ,)!&3!,)- ,++ere)* 'r&*ec*e ,)*ere.*. &+ ( !er; ,++,c%3* )(*%re I*(. )ece..(r; *& .*r,5e *$e r,-$* b(3()ce be*ee) *$e.e ,)*ere.*. B&*$ *$e E%r&'e()C&)!e)*,&) &) H%m() R,-$*. () *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&) 'r&!,e ece'*,&).+&r *$e ,)*ere.*. &+ *$e .%''re..,&) &+ cr,m,)(3 &++e)ce. () *$e 'r&*ec*,&) &+ *$e r,-$*.() +ree&m. &+ *$,r '(r*,e. H&e!er/ *$e ece'*,&). (re &)3; (33&e *& *$e e*e)**$(* *$e; (re c&m'(*,b3e ,*$ $(* ,. )ece..(r; ,) ( em&cr(*,c .&c,e*;

4 S,)ce *$e 'r,m(r; (,m &+ *$e c&33ec*,&) &+ .(m'3e. () *$e c(rr;,)- &%* &+ DNA()(3;.,. &) .%c$ .(m'3e. ,. *$e ,e)*,+,c(*,&) &+ &++e)er. () *$e e&)er(*,&) &+.%.'ec*e &++e)er./ *$e (*( .$&%3 be e3e*e &)ce 'er.&). $(!e bee) c3e(re &+


15/39


.%.',c,&) T$e ,..%e *$e) (r,.e. (. *& $& 3&)- *$e DNA +,),)-. () *$e .(m'3e. &)$,c$ *$e; ere b(.e c() be .*&re ,) *$e c(.e &+ ( +,),)- &+ -%,3*

0 T$e -e)er(3 r%3e .$&%3 be *$(* *$e (*( (re e3e*e $e) *$e; (re )& 3&)-er)ece..(r; +&r *$e '%r'&.e. +&r $,c$ *$e; ere c&33ec*e () %.e T$,. &%3 ,)-e)er(3 be *$e c(.e $e) ( +,)(3 ec,.,&) $(. bee) re)ere (. *& *$e c%3'(b,3,*; &+ *$e&++e)er B; +,)(3 ec,.,&) *$e CAHBI *$&%-$* *$(* *$,. &%3 )&rm(33;/ %)er&me.*,c 3(/ re+er *& ( 9%,c,(3 ec,.,&) H&e!er/ *$e &r5,)- '(r*; rec&-),.e *$(**$ere (. ( )ee *& .e* %' (*( b(.e. ,) cer*(,) c(.e. () +&r .'ec,+,c c(*e-&r,e. &+&++e)ce. $,c$ c&%3 be c&).,ere *& c&).*,*%*e c,rc%m.*()ce. (rr()*,)- ()&*$er.&3%*,&)/ bec(%.e &+ *$e .er,&%.)e.. &+ *$e &++e)ce. T$e &r5,)- '(r*; c(me *& *$,.c&)c3%.,&) (+*er ( *$&r&%-$ ()(3;.,. &+ *$e re3e!()* 'r&!,.,&). ,) *$e E%r&'e()C&)!e)*,&) &) H%m() R,-$*./ *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&) () &*$er 3e-(3,).*r%me)*. r(+*e ,*$,) *$e +r(me&r5 &+ *$e C&%)c,3 &+ E%r&'e I) (,*,&)/ *$e&r5,)- '(r*; *&&5 ,)*& c&).,er(*,&) *$(* (33 member .*(*e. 5ee' ( cr,m,)(3 rec&r

() *$(* .%c$ rec&r m(; be %.e +&r *$e '%r'&.e. &+ *$e cr,m,)(3 9%.*,ce .;.*em I**&&5 ,)*& (cc&%)* *$(* .%c$ () ece'*,&) &%3 be 'erm,..,b3e %)er cer*(,) .*r,c*c&),*,&).1

$e) *$ere $(. bee) ( c&)!,c*,&)

$e) *$e c&)!,c*,&) c&)cer). ( .er,&%. cr,m,)(3 &++e)ce (-(,).* *$e 3,+e/ ,)*e-r,*;() .ec%r,*; &+ ( 'er.&)

*$e .*&r(-e 'er,& ,. 3,m,*e .*r,c*3;

*$e .*&r(-e ,. e+,)e () re-%3(*e b; 3(

*$e .*&r(-e ,. .%b9ec* *& c&)*r&3 b; P(r3,(me)* &r () ,)e'e)e)* .%'er!,.&r;b&;K

'. ,a- and ract!ce !n the Co(nc!% of E(roe #e#er States

4 Acc&r,)- *& *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) 'r&!,e b; *$e '(r*,e. &r &*$er,.e(!(,3(b3e *& *$e C&%r*/ ( m(9&r,*; &+ *$e C&%)c,3 &+ E%r&'e member S*(*e.(33& *$e c&m'%3.&r; *(5,)- &+ +,)-er'r,)*. () ce33%3(r .(m'3e. ,) *$ec&)*e* &+ cr,m,)(3 'r&cee,)-. A* 3e(.* 20 member S*(*e. m(5e 'r&!,.,&)+&r *$e *(5,)- &+ DNA ,)+&rm(*,&) () .*&r,)- ,* &) )(*,&)(3 (*( b(.e. &r ,)

&*$er +&rm. A%.*r,(/ Be3-,%m/ *$e Cec$ Re'%b3,c/ De)m(r5/ E.*&),(/F,)3()/ Fr()ce/ Germ();/ Greece/ H%)-(r;/ Ire3()#/ I*(3;2/ L(*!,(/

#T$e 3( () 'r(c*,ce ,) Ire3() (re 're.e)*3; -&!er)e b; *$e Cr,m,)(3 J%.*,ce F&re).,cE!,e)ce Ac* #0 A )e B,33 $(. bee) (''r&!e b; *$e G&!er)me)* ,*$ ( !,e *&e*e),)- *$e %.e () .*&r(-e &+ DNA ,)+&rm(*,&) ,) ( )(*,&)(3 (*(b(.e T$e B,33 $(. )&*;e* bee) (''r&!e b; P(r3,(me)*2T$e Le-,.3(*,!e Decree &+ 0 Oc*&ber 200 e.*(b3,.$,)- ( )(*,&)(3 DNA (*(b(.e (.(''r&!e b; *$e I*(3,() G&!er)me)* () *$e Se)(*e H&e!er/ *$e Decree e!e)*%(33;e',re ,*$&%* $(!,)- bee) +&rm(33; c&)!er*e ,)*& ( S*(*%*e (. ( m,.*(5e ,) *$e r(+*,)-(. e*ec*e A c&rrec*e !er.,&) &+ *$e ecree ,. e'ec*e *& be ,..%e ,) 2008


16/39


L%emb&%r-/ *$e Ne*$er3()./ N&r(;/ P&3()/ S'(,)/ See) ()S,*er3() T$,. )%mber ,. .*e(,3; ,)cre(.,)-

4 I) m&.* &+ *$e.e c&%)*r,e. ,)c3%,)- A%.*r,(/ Be3-,%m/ F,)3()/Fr()ce/ Germ();/ H%)-(r;/ Ire3()/ I*(3;/ L%emb&%r-/ *$e Ne*$er3()./

N&r(;/ P&3()/ S'(,) () See)/ *$e *(5,)- &+ DNA ,)+&rm(*,&) ,) *$ec&)*e* &+ cr,m,)(3 'r&cee,)-. ,. )&* .;.*em(*,c b%* 3,m,*e *& .&me.'ec,+,c c,rc%m.*()ce. ()&r *& m&re .er,&%. cr,me./ )&*(b3; *$&.e

'%),.$(b3e b; cer*(,) *erm. &+ ,m'r,.&)me)*4 T$e U),*e ",)-&m ,. *$e &)3; member S*(*e e're..3; *& 'erm,*

*$e .;.*em(*,c () ,)e+,),*e re*e)*,&) &+ DNA 'r&+,3e. () ce33%3(r .(m'3e.&+ 'er.&). $& $(!e bee) (c%,**e &r ,) re.'ec* &+ $&m cr,m,)(3

'r&cee,)-. $(!e bee) ,.c&)*,)%e F,!e S*(*e. Be3-,%m/ H%)-(r;/Ire3()/ I*(3; () See) re%,re .%c$ ,)+&rm(*,&) *& be e.*r&;e e

officio%'&) (c%,**(3 &r *$e ,.c&)*,)%()ce &+ *$e cr,m,)(3 'r&cee,)-. Te)&*$er S*(*e. (''3; *$e .(me -e)er(3 r%3e ,*$ cer*(,) !er; 3,m,*eece'*,&).1 Germ();/ L%emb&%r- () *$e Ne*$er3(). (33& .%c$,)+&rm(*,&) *& be re*(,)e $ere .%.',c,&). rem(,) (b&%* *$e 'er.&) &r ,++%r*$er ,)!e.*,-(*,&). (re )eee ,) ( .e'(r(*e c(.e A%.*r,( 'erm,*. ,*.re*e)*,&) $ere *$ere ,. ( r,.5 *$(* *$e .%.'ec* ,33 c&mm,* ( ()-er&%.&++e)ce () P&3() &e. 3,5e,.e ,) re3(*,&) *& cer*(,) .er,&%. cr,me.

N&r(; () S'(,) (33& *$e re*e)*,&) &+ 'r&+,3e. ,+ *$e e+e)()* ,.(c%,**e +&r 3(c5 &+ cr,m,)(3 (cc&%)*(b,3,*; F,)3() () De)m(r5 (33&re*e)*,&) +&r # () #0 ;e(r. re.'ec*,!e3; ,) *$e e!e)* &+ () (c%,**(3 ()S,*er3() +&r # ;e(r $e) 'r&cee,)-. $(!e bee) ,.c&)*,)%e I) Fr()ceDNA 'r&+,3e. c() be re*(,)e +&r 2 ;e(r. (+*er () (c%,**(3 &r ,.c$(r-e%r,)- *$,. 'er,& *$e '%b3,c 'r&.ec%*&r m(; &rer *$e,r e(r3,er e3e*,&)/e,*$er &) $,. &r $er &) m&*,&) &r %'&) re%e.*/ ,+ *$e,r re*e)*,&) $(. ce(.e*& be re%,re +&r *$e '%r'&.e. &+ ,e)*,+,c(*,&) ,) c&))ec*,&) ,*$ (cr,m,)(3 ,)!e.*,-(*,&) E.*&),( () L(*!,( (3.& (''e(r *& (33& *$e re*e)*,&)&+ DNA 'r&+,3e. &+ .%.'ec*. +&r cer*(,) 'er,&. (+*er (c%,**(3

48 T$e re*e)*,&) &+ DNA 'r&+,3e. &+ c&)!,c*e 'er.&). ,. (33&e/ (. (-e)er(3 r%3e/ +&r 3,m,*e 'er,&. &+ *,me (+*er *$e c&)!,c*,&) &r (+*er *$ec&)!,c*e 'er.&). e(*$ T$e U),*e ",)-&m *$%. (3.& (''e(r. *& be *$e&)3; member S*(*e e're..3; *& (33& *$e .;.*em(*,c () ,)e+,),*e re*e)*,&)

&+ b&*$ 'r&+,3e. () .(m'3e. &+ c&)!,c*e 'er.&).4 C&m'3(,)* mec$(),.m. be+&re (*('r&*ec*,&) m&),*&r,)- b&,e.()&r be+&re c&%r*. (re (!(,3(b3e ,) m&.* &+ *$e member S*(*e. ,*$ re-(r*& ec,.,&). *& *(5e ce3%3(r .(m'3e. &r re*(,) .(m'3e. &r DNA 'r&+,3e.

C. E(roean Un!on

0 D,rec*,!e 4EC &+ 24 Oc*&ber # &) *$e 'r&*ec*,&) &+,),!,%(3. ,*$ re-(r *& *$e 'r&ce..,)- &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( () &) *$e +reem&!eme)* &+ .%c$ (*( 'r&!,e. *$(* *$e &b9ec* &+ )(*,&)(3 3(. &) *$e


17/39

# S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT

'r&ce..,)- &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( ,. )&*(b3; *& 'r&*ec* *$e r,-$* *& 'r,!(c; (.rec&-),.e b&*$ ,) Ar*,c3e 8 &+ *$e E%r&'e() C&)!e)*,&) &) H%m() R,-$*.

() ,) *$e -e)er(3 'r,)c,'3e. &+ C&mm%),*; 3( T$e D,rec*,!e .e*. &%* ()%mber &+ 'r,)c,'3e. ,) &rer *& -,!e .%b.*()ce *& () (m'3,+; *$&.ec&)*(,)e ,) *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&) &+ *$e C&%)c,3 &+ E%r&'e I*(33&. Member S*(*e. *& (&'* 3e-,.3(*,!e me(.%re. *& re.*r,c* *$e .c&'e &+cer*(,) &b3,-(*,&). () r,-$*. 'r&!,e +&r ,) *$e D,rec*,!e $e) .%c$ (re.*r,c*,&) c&).*,*%*e. )&*(b3; ( )ece..(r; me(.%re +&r *$e 're!e)*,&)/,)!e.*,-(*,&)/ e*ec*,&) () 'r&.ec%*,&) &+ cr,m,)(3 &++e)ce. Ar*,c3e #

# T$e PrYm C&)!e)*,&) &) *$e .*e'',)- %' &+ cr&..b&rerc&&'er(*,&)/ '(r*,c%3(r3; ,) c&mb(*,)- *err&r,.m/ cr&..b&rer cr,me (),33e-(3 m,-r(*,&)/ $,c$ (. .,-)e b; .e!er(3 member. &+ *$e E%r&'e()U),&) &) 2 M(; 200/ .e*. &%* r%3e. +&r *$e .%''3; &+ +,)-er'r,)*,)- ()

DNA (*( *& &*$er C&)*r(c*,)- P(r*,e. () *$e,r (%*&m(*e c$ec5,)- (-(,).**$e,r re3e!()* (*( b(.e. T$e C&)!e)*,&) 'r&!,e. inte! alia1

Ar*,c3e X P%r'&.e

2 T$e C&)*r(c*,)- P(r*; (m,),.*er,)- *$e +,3e m(; 'r&ce.. *$e (*( .%''3,e .&3e3; $ere *$,. ,. )ece..(r; +&r *$e '%r'&.e. &+ c&m'(r,.&)/ 'r&!,,)- (%*&m(*ere'3,e. *& .e(rc$e. &r rec&r,)- T$e .%''3,e (*( .$(33 be e3e*e ,mme,(*e3;+&33&,)- (*( c&m'(r,.&) &r (%*&m(*e re'3,e. *& .e(rc$e. %)3e.. +%r*$er 'r&ce..,)-,. )ece..(r; +&r *$e '%r'&.e. me)*,&)e (b&!eK

2 Ar*,c3e 4 -%(r()*ee. ( 3e!e3 &+ 'r&*ec*,&) &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( (* 3e(.*e%(3 *& *$(* re.%3*,)- +r&m *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&) () re%,re. *$e

C&)*r(c*,)- P(r*,e. *& *(5e ,)*& (cc&%)* Rec&mme)(*,&) R 8 # &+ *$eC&mm,**ee &+ M,),.*er. &+ *$e C&%)c,3 &+ E%r&'e

T$e C&%)c,3 +r(me&r5 ec,.,&) &+ 24 J%)e 2008 &) *$e 'r&*ec*,&)&+ 'er.&)(3 (*( 'r&ce..e ,) *$e +r(me&r5 &+ '&3,ce () 9%,c,(3c&&'er(*,&) ,) cr,m,)(3 m(**er. .*(*e. inte! alia1

Ar*,c3e

E.*(b3,.$me)* &+ *,me3,m,*. +&r er(.%re () re!,e

A''r&'r,(*e *,me3,m,*. .$(33 be e.*(b3,.$e +&r *$e er(.%re &+ 'er.&)(3 (*( &r +&r ('er,&,c re!,e &+ *$e )ee +&r *$e .*&r(-e &+ *$e (*( Pr&ce%r(3 me(.%re. .$(33

e).%re *$(* *$e.e *,me3,m,*. (re &b.er!eK

D. Case/%a- !n other 0(r!sd!ct!ons

4 I) *$e c(.e &+ & ". & 200 SCR / 200 SCC # *$eS%'reme C&%r* &+ C()(( c&).,ere *$e ,..%e &+ re*(,),)- ( 9%!e),3e +,r.**,me &++e)er. DNA .(m'3e &) *$e )(*,&)(3 (*( b()5 T$e c&%r* %'$e3 *$eec,.,&) b; ( *r,(3 9%-e $& $( +&%)/ ,) *$e 3,-$* &+ *$e 'r,)c,'3e. ()&b9ec*. &+ ;&%*$ cr,m,)(3 9%.*,ce 3e-,.3(*,&)/ *$(* *$e ,m'(c* &+ *$e DNA


18/39


re*e)*,&) &%3 be -r&..3; ,.'r&'&r*,&)(*e I) $,. &',),&)/ F,.$ J&b.er!e1

O+ m&re c&)cer)/ $&e!er/ ,. *$e ,m'(c* &+ () &rer &) () ,),!,%(3.,)+&rm(*,&)(3 'r,!(c; ,)*ere.*. I) R ! P3()*/ # SCR 28#/ (* ' 2/ *$eC&%r* +&%) *$(* . 8 &+ *$e C$(r*er 'r&*ec*e *$e b,&-r('$,c(3 c&re &+ 'er.&)(3,)+&rm(*,&) $,c$ ,),!,%(3. ,) ( +ree () em&cr(*,c .&c,e*; &%3 ,.$ *&m(,)*(,) () c&)*r&3 +r&m ,..em,)(*,&) *& *$e .*(*e A) ,),!,%(3. DNA c&)*(,).*$e $,-$e.* 3e!e3 &+ 'er.&)(3 () 'r,!(*e ,)+&rm(*,&)1 SAB/ (* '(r( 48 U)3,5e (+,)-er'r,)*/ ,* ,. c('(b3e &+ re!e(3,)- *$e m&.* ,)*,m(*e e*(,3. &+ ( 'er.&). b,&3&-,c(3m(5e%' T$e *(5,)- () re*e)*,&) &+ ( DNA .(m'3e ,. )&* ( *r,!,(3 m(**er ()/(b.e)* ( c&m'e33,)- '%b3,c ,)*ere.*/ &%3 ,)$ere)*3; c&).*,*%*e ( -r(!e ,)*r%.,&) &)*$e .%b9ec*. r,-$* *& 'er.&)(3 () ,)+&rm(*,&)(3 'r,!(c;K

E. UN Convent!on on the R!"hts of the Ch!%d of *121

Ar*,c3e 40 &+ *$e UN C&)!e)*,&) &) *$e R,-$*. &+ *$e C$,3 &+ 20N&!ember #8 .*(*e. *$e r,-$* &+ e!er; c$,3 (33e-e (./ (cc%.e &+/ &rrec&-),.e (. $(!,)- ,)+r,)-e *$e 'e)(3 3( *& be *re(*e ,) ( m())erc&).,.*e)* ,*$ *$e 'r&m&*,&) &+ *$e c$,3. .e).e &+ ,-),*; () &r*$/$,c$ re,)+&rce. *$e c$,3. re.'ec* +&r *$e $%m() r,-$*. () +%)(me)*(3+ree&m. &+ &*$er. () $,c$ *(5e. ,)*& (cc&%)* *$e c$,3. (-e () *$ee.,r(b,3,*; &+ 'r&m&*,)- *$e c$,3. re,)*e-r(*,&) () *$e c$,3. (..%m,)- (c&).*r%c*,!e r&3e ,) .&c,e*;

I THIRD PARTIES SUBMISSIONS

T$e N(*,&)(3 C&%)c,3 +&r C,!,3 L,ber*,e. L,ber*;K .%bm,**e c(.e3( () .c,e)*,+,c m(*er,(3 $,-$3,-$*,)-/ inte! alia/ *$e $,-$3; .e).,*,!e)(*%re &+ ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. () *$e ,m'(c* &) 'r,!(*e 3,+e(r,.,)- +r&m *$e,r re*e)*,&) b; *$e (%*$&r,*,e.

Pr,!(c; I)*er)(*,&)(3 re+erre *& cer*(,) c&re (*('r&*ec*,&) r%3e.() 'r,)c,'3e. e!e3&'e b; *$e C&%)c,3 &+ E%r&'e () ,).,.*e &) *$e,r$,-$ re3e!()ce +&r *$e ,)*er're*(*,&) &+ *$e 'r&'&r*,&)(3,*; re%,reme)*e).$r,)e ,) Ar*,c3e 8 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) I* em'$(.,.e ,) '(r*,c%3(r *$e.*r,c* 'er,&.K rec&mme)e b; Rec&mme)(*,&) R 2 # +&r *$e .*&r(-e

&+ ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. I* +%r*$er '&,)*e &%* (,.'r&'&r*,&)(*e re're.e)*(*,&) &) *$e U),*e ",)-&m )(*,&)(3 DNA (*(

b(.e &+ cer*(,) -r&%'. &+ '&'%3(*,&)/ )&*(b3; ;&%*$/ () *$e %)+(,r)e.. *$(*.,*%(*,&) m,-$* cre(*e T$e %.e &+ (*( +&r +(m,3,(3 *e.*,)- () (,*,&)(3re.e(rc$ '%r'&.e. (. (3.& &+ c&)cer) Pr,!(c; I)*er)(*,&)(3 (3.& 'r&!,e (.%mm(r; &+ c&m'(r(*,!e (*( &) *$e 3( () 'r(c*,ce &+ ,++ere)* c&%)*r,e.,*$ re-(r *& DNA .*&r(-e () .*re..e *$e )%mer&%. re.*r,c*,&). ().(+e-%(r. $,c$ e,.*e ,) *$(* re.'ec*


19/39


THE LA

I ALLEGED IOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONENTION

8 T$e (''3,c()*. c&m'3(,)e %)er Ar*,c3e 8 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) (b&%**$e re*e)*,&) &+ *$e,r +,)-er'r,)*./ ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e.

'%r.%()* *& .ec*,&) 4 #A &+ *$e P&3,ce () Cr,m,)(3 E!,e)ce Ac* #84*$e PACEK Ar*,c3e 8 'r&!,e./ .& +(r (. re3e!()*/ (. +&33&.1

# E!er;&)e $(. *$e r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r $,. 'r,!(*e 3,+e

2 T$ere .$(33 be )& ,)*er+ere)ce b; ( '%b3,c (%*$&r,*; ,*$ *$e eerc,.e &+ *$,. r,-$*ece'* .%c$ (. ,. ,) (cc&r()ce ,*$ *$e 3( () ,. )ece..(r; ,) ( em&cr(*,c

.&c,e*; +&r *$e 're!e)*,&) &+ ,.&rer &r cr,meK

A. E+!stence of an !nterference -!th r!vate %!fe

T$e C&%r* ,33 +,r.* c&).,er $e*$er *$e re*e)*,&) b; *$e (%*$&r,*,e.&+ *$e (''3,c()*. +,)-er'r,)*./ DNA 'r&+,3e. () ce33%3(r .(m'3e. c&).*,*%*e.() ,)*er+ere)ce ,) *$e,r 'r,!(*e 3,+e

+. The pa!ties submissions

3a4 The a%!cants

0 T$e (''3,c()*. .%bm,**e *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ *$e,r +,)-er'r,)*./ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. ,)*er+ere ,*$ *$e,r r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r

'r,!(*e 3,+e (. *$e; ere cr%c,(33; 3,)5e *& *$e,r ,),!,%(3 ,e)*,*; ()c&)cer)e ( *;'e &+ 'er.&)(3 ,)+&rm(*,&) *$(* *$e; ere e)*,*3e *& 5ee',*$,) *$e,r c&)*r&3 T$e; rec(33e *$(* *$e ,),*,(3 *(5,)- &+ .%c$ b,&,)+&rm(*,&) $( c&).,.*e)*3; bee) $e3 *& e)-(-e Ar*,c3e 8 () .%bm,**e*$(* *$e,r re*e)*,&) (. m&re c&)*r&!er.,(3 -,!e) *$e e(3*$ &+ 'r,!(*e,)+&rm(*,&) *$(* bec(me 'erm()e)*3; (!(,3(b3e *& &*$er. () *$%. c(me &%*&+ *$e c&)*r&3 &+ *$e 'er.&) c&)cer)e T$e; .*re..e ,) '(r*,c%3(r *$e .&c,(3

.*,-m( () '.;c$&3&-,c(3 ,m'3,c(*,&). 'r&!&5e b; .%c$ re*e)*,&) ,) *$ec(.e &+ c$,3re)/ $,c$ m(e *$e ,)*er+ere)ce ,*$ *$e r,-$* *& 'r,!(*e 3,+e(33 *$e m&re 're..,)- ,) re.'ec* &+ *$e +,r.* (''3,c()*

# T$e; c&).,ere *$(* *$e C&)!e)*,&) &r-(). c(.e3( .%''&r*e *$,.c&)*e)*,&)/ (. , ( rece)* &me.*,c ec,.,&) &+ *$e I)+&rm(*,&) Tr,b%)(3hief onstables of 1est :o!9shi!e$ *outh :o!9shi!e and o!th 1ales

#olice ". the ;nfo!mation ommissione!$ 200 U" IT EA 200 00#0#2 Oc*&ber 200/ # T$e 3(**er ec,.,&) re3,e &) *$e .'eec$ &+B(r&)e.. H(3e &+ R,c$m&) ,) *$e H&%.e &+ L&r. .ee '(r(-r('$ 2 (b&!e


20/39


() +&33&e ,) .%b.*()ce $er +,),)- $e) ec,,)- ( .,m,3(r %e.*,&)(b&%* *$e (''3,c(*,&) &+ Ar*,c3e 8 *& *$e re*e)*,&) &+ c&)!,c*,&) (*(

2 T$e; +%r*$er em'$(.,.e *$(* re*e)*,&) &+ ce33%3(r .(m'3e. ,)!&3!e() e!e) -re(*er e-ree &+ ,)*er+ere)ce ,*$ Ar*,c3e 8 r,-$*. (. *$e; c&)*(,)e+%33 -e)e*,c ,)+&rm(*,&) (b&%* ( 'er.&) ,)c3%,)- -e)e*,c ,)+&rm(*,&) (b&%*$,. &r $er re3(*,!e. I* (. &+ )& .,-),+,c()ce $e*$er ,)+&rm(*,&) (.(c*%(33; e*r(c*e +r&m *$e .(m'3e. &r c(%.e ( e*r,me)* ,) ( '(r*,c%3(rc(.e (. () ,),!,%(3 (. e)*,*3e *& ( -%(r()*ee *$(* .%c$ ,)+&rm(*,&)$,c$ +%)(me)*(33; be3&)-e *& $,m &%3 rem(,) 'r,!(*e () )&* bec&mm%),c(*e &r (cce..,b3e ,*$&%* $,. 'erm,..,&)

34 The Govern#ent

T$e G&!er)me)* (cce'*e *$(* +,)-er'r,)*./ DNA 'r&+,3e. ().(m'3e. ere 'er.&)(3 (*(K ,*$,) *$e me(),)- &+ *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) Ac*,) *$e $(). &+ *$&.e $& c() ,e)*,+; *$e ,),!,%(3 T$e; c&).,ere/$&e!er/ *$(* *$e mere re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*./ DNA 'r&+,3e. () .(m'3e.+&r *$e 3,m,*e %.e 'erm,**e %)er .ec*,&) 4 &+ *$e PACE , )&* +(33,*$,) *$e (mb,* &+ *$e r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r 'r,!(*e 3,+e %)er Ar*,c3e 8 # &+*$e C&)!e)*,&) U)3,5e *$e ,),*,(3 *(5,)- &+ *$,. (*(/ *$e,r re*e)*,&) , )&*,)*er+ere ,*$ *$e '$;.,c(3 () '.;c$&3&-,c(3 ,)*e-r,*; &+ *$e 'er.&). )&r, ,* bre(c$ *$e,r r,-$* *& 'er.&)(3 e!e3&'me)*/ *& e.*(b3,.$ () e!e3&'re3(*,&).$,'. ,*$ &*$er $%m() be,)-. &r *$e r,-$* *& .e3+e*erm,)(*,&)

4 T$e G&!er)me)* .%bm,**e *$(* *$e (''3,c()*. re(3 c&)cer). re3(*e

*& +e(r. (b&%* *$e +%*%re %.e. &+ .*&re .(m'3e./ *& ()*,c,'(*e me*$&. &+()(3;.,. &+ DNA m(*er,(3 () *& '&*e)*,(3 ,)*er!e)*,&) ,*$ *$e 'r,!(*e 3,+e&+ ,),!,%(3. *$r&%-$ (c*,!e .%r!e,33()ce I* em'$(.,.e ,) *$,. c&))ec*,&)*$(* *$e 'erm,**e e*e)* &+ *$e %.e &+ *$e m(*er,(3 (. c3e(r3; () e're..3;3,m,*e b; *$e 3e-,.3(*,&)/ *$e *ec$)&3&-,c(3 'r&ce..e. &+ DNA 'r&+,3,)- ()*$e )(*%re &+ *$e DNA 'r&+,3e e*r(c*e

T$e 'r&+,3e (. mere3; ( .e%e)ce &+ )%mber. $,c$ 'r&!,e (me(). &+ ,e)*,+;,)- ( 'er.&) (-(,).* b&,3; *,..%e/ c&)*(,),)- )& m(*er,(33;,)*r%.,!e ,)+&rm(*,&) (b&%* () ,),!,%(3 &r $,. 'er.&)(3,*; T$e DNA(*(b(.e (. ( c&33ec*,&) &+ .%c$ 'r&+,3e. $,c$ c&%3 be .e(rc$e %.,)-m(*er,(3 +r&m ( cr,me .ce)e () ( 'er.&) &%3 be ,e)*,+,e &)3; ,+ () *&

*$e e*e)* *$(* ( m(*c$ (. &b*(,)e (-(,).* *$e .(m'3e F(m,3,(3 .e(rc$,)-*$r&%-$ '(r*,(3 m(*c$e. &)3; &cc%rre ,) !er; r(re c(.e. () (. .%b9ec* *&!er; .*r,c* c&)*r&3. F,)-er'r,)*./ DNA 'r&+,3e. () .(m'3e. ere )e,*$er.%.ce'*,b3e *& (); .%b9ec*,!e c&mme)*(r; )&r 'r&!,e (); ,)+&rm(*,&)(b&%* ( 'er.&). (c*,!,*,e. () *$%. 're.e)*e )& r,.5 *& (++ec* *$e 'erce'*,&)&+ () ,),!,%(3 &r (++ec* $,. &r $er re'%*(*,&) E!e) ,+ .%c$ re*e)*,&) erec('(b3e &+ +(33,)- ,*$,) *$e (mb,* &+ Ar*,c3e 8 # *$e e*reme3; 3,m,*e)(*%re &+ (); (!er.e e++ec*. re)ere *$e re*e)*,&) )&* .%++,c,e)*3; .er,&%.*& c&).*,*%*e () ,)*er+ere)ce


21/39


2. The ou!ts assessment

3a4 Genera% r!nc!%es

T$e C&%r* rec(33. *$(* *$e c&)ce'* &+ 'r,!(*e 3,+eK ,. ( br&( *erm)&* .%.ce'*,b3e *& e$(%.*,!e e+,),*,&) I* c&!er. *$e '$;.,c(3 ()

'.;c$&3&-,c(3 ,)*e-r,*; &+ ( 'er.&) .ee #!ett ". the nited


22/39

S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT 2#

=!iedl/ c,*e (b&!e/ 4#/ ()#ec9 ". the nited


23/39


2 Le-,*,m(*e c&)cer). (b&%* *$e c&)ce,!(b3e %.e &+ ce33%3(r m(*er,(3 ,)*$e +%*%re (re )&*/ $&e!er/ *$e &)3; e3eme)* *& be *(5e) ,)*& (cc&%)* ,) *$e

e*erm,)(*,&) &+ *$e 're.e)* ,..%e I) (,*,&) *& *$e $,-$3; 'er.&)(3 )(*%re&+ ce33%3(r .(m'3e./ *$e C&%r* )&*e. *$(* *$e; c&)*(,) m%c$ .e).,*,!e,)+&rm(*,&) (b&%* () ,),!,%(3/ ,)c3%,)- ,)+&rm(*,&) (b&%* $,. &r $er$e(3*$ M&re&!er/ .(m'3e. c&)*(,) ( %),%e -e)e*,c c&e &+ -re(* re3e!()ce*& b&*$ *$e ,),!,%(3 () $,. re3(*,!e. I) *$,. re.'ec* *$e C&%r* c&)c%r.,*$ *$e &',),&) e're..e b; B(r&)e.. H(3e ,) *$e H&%.e &+ L&r. .ee

'(r(-r('$ 2 (b&!e G,!e) *$e )(*%re () *$e (m&%)* &+ 'er.&)(3 ,)+&rm(*,&) c&)*(,)e

,) ce33%3(r .(m'3e./ *$e,r re*e)*,&) pe! sem%.* be re-(re (. ,)*er+er,)-,*$ *$e r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r *$e 'r,!(*e 3,!e. &+ *$e ,),!,%(3. c&)cer)eT$(* &)3; ( 3,m,*e '(r* &+ *$,. ,)+&rm(*,&) ,. (c*%(33; e*r(c*e &r %.e b;

*$e (%*$&r,*,e. *$r&%-$ DNA 'r&+,3,)- () *$(* )& ,mme,(*e e*r,me)* ,.c(%.e ,) ( '(r*,c%3(r c(.e &e. )&* c$()-e *$,. c&)c3%.,&) .eeAmannc,*e(b&!e/

4 A. re-(r. DNA 'r&+,3e. *$em.e3!e./ *$e C&%r* )&*e. *$(* *$e;c&)*(,) ( m&re 3,m,*e (m&%)* &+ 'er.&)(3 ,)+&rm(*,&) e*r(c*e +r&mce33%3(r .(m'3e. ,) ( c&e +&rm T$e G&!er)me)* .%bm,**e *$(* ( DNA

'r&+,3e ,. )&*$,)- m&re *$() ( .e%e)ce &+ )%mber. &r ( b(rc&e c&)*(,),)-,)+&rm(*,&) &+ ( '%re3; &b9ec*,!e () ,rre+%*(b3e c$(r(c*er () *$(* *$e,e)*,+,c(*,&) &+ ( .%b9ec* &)3; &cc%r. ,) c(.e &+ ( m(*c$ ,*$ ()&*$er

'r&+,3e ,) *$e (*(b(.e T$e; (3.& .%bm,**e *$(*/ be,)- ,) c&e +&rm/c&m'%*er *ec$)&3&-; ,. re%,re *& re)er *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) ,)*e33,-,b3e ()*$(* &)3; ( 3,m,*e )%mber &+ 'er.&). &%3 be (b3e *& ,)*er're* *$e (*( ,)%e.*,&)

T$e C&%r* &b.er!e./ )&)e*$e3e../ *$(* *$e 'r&+,3e. c&)*(,) .%b.*()*,(3(m&%)*. &+ %),%e 'er.&)(3 (*( $,3e *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) c&)*(,)e ,) *$e

'r&+,3e. m(; be c&).,ere &b9ec*,!e () ,rre+%*(b3e ,) *$e .e).e .%bm,**eb; *$e G&!er)me)*/ *$e,r 'r&ce..,)- *$r&%-$ (%*&m(*e me(). (33&. *$e(%*$&r,*,e. *& -& e33 be;&) )e%*r(3 ,e)*,+,c(*,&) T$e C&%r* )&*e. ,) *$,.re-(r *$(* *$e G&!er)me)* (cce'*e *$(* DNA 'r&+,3e. c&%3 be/ (),)ee $( ,) .&me c(.e. bee)/ %.e +&r +(m,3,(3 .e(rc$,)- ,*$ ( !,e *&,e)*,+;,)- ( '&..,b3e -e)e*,c re3(*,&).$,' be*ee) ,),!,%(3. T$e; (3.&

(cce'*e *$e $,-$3; .e).,*,!e )(*%re &+ .%c$ .e(rc$,)- () *$e )ee +&r !er;.*r,c* c&)*r&3. ,) *$,. re.'ec* I) *$e C&%r*. !,e/ *$e DNA 'r&+,3e. c('(c,*;*& 'r&!,e ( me(). &+ ,e)*,+;,)- -e)e*,c re3(*,&).$,'. be*ee) ,),!,%(3..ee '(r(-r('$ (b&!e ,. ,) ,*.e3+ .%++,c,e)* *& c&)c3%e *$(* *$e,rre*e)*,&) ,)*er+ere. ,*$ *$e r,-$* *& *$e 'r,!(*e 3,+e &+ *$e ,),!,%(3.c&)cer)e T$e +re%e)c; &+ +(m,3,(3 .e(rc$e./ *$e .(+e-%(r. (**(c$e*$ere*& () *$e 3,5e3,$&& &+ e*r,me)* ,) ( '(r*,c%3(r c(.e (re ,mm(*er,(3 ,)*$,. re.'ec* .eeAmannc,*e (b&!e/ T$,. c&)c3%.,&) ,. .,m,3(r3; )&*(++ec*e b; *$e +(c* *$(*/ .,)ce *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) ,. ,) c&e +&rm/ ,* ,.


24/39

S AND MARPER ! THE UNITED "INGDOM JUDGMENT 2

,)*e33,-,b3e &)3; ,*$ *$e %.e &+ c&m'%*er *ec$)&3&-; () c('(b3e &+ be,)-,)*er're*e &)3; b; ( 3,m,*e )%mber &+ 'er.&).

T$e C&%r* +%r*$er )&*e. *$(* ,* ,. )&* ,.'%*e b; *$e G&!er)me)**$(* *$e 'r&ce..,)- &+ DNA 'r&+,3e. (33&. *$e (%*$&r,*,e. *& (..e.. *$e3,5e3; e*$),c &r,-,) &+ *$e &)&r () *$(* .%c$ *ec$),%e. (re ,) +(c* %.e ,)

'&3,ce ,)!e.*,-(*,&). .ee '(r(-r('$ 40 (b&!e T$e '&..,b,3,*; *$e DNA'r&+,3e. cre(*e +&r ,)+ere)ce. *& be r() (. *& e*$),c &r,-,) m(5e. *$e,rre*e)*,&) (33 *$e m&re .e).,*,!e () .%.ce'*,b3e &+ (++ec*,)- *$e r,-$* *&

'r,!(*e 3,+e T$,. c&)c3%.,&) ,. c&).,.*e)* ,*$ *$e 'r,)c,'3e 3(, &) ,) *$eD(*( Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&) () re+3ec*e ,) *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) Ac* *$(*

b&*$ 3,.* 'er.&)(3 (*( re!e(3,)- e*$),c &r,-,) (m&)- *$e .'ec,(3 c(*e-&r,e.&+ .e).,*,!e (*( (**r(c*,)- ( $e,-$*e)e 3e!e3 &+ 'r&*ec*,&) .ee '(r(-r('$.0# () 4# (b&!e

I) !,e &+ *$e +&re-&,)-/ *$e C&%r* c&)c3%e. *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+b&*$ ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. ,.c3&.e. () ,)*er+ere)ce ,*$ *$e(''3,c()*. r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r *$e,r 'r,!(*e 3,!e./ ,*$,) *$e me(),)- &+Ar*,c3e 8 # &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&)

(ii) =inge!p!ints

8 I* ,. c&mm&) -r&%) *$(* +,)-er'r,)*. & )&* c&)*(,) (. m%c$,)+&rm(*,&) (. e,*$er ce33%3(r .(m'3e. &r DNA 'r&+,3e. T$e ,..%e &+ (33e-e,)*er+ere)ce ,*$ *$e r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r 'r,!(*e 3,+e c(%.e b; *$e,r re*e)*,&)

b; *$e (%*$&r,*,e. $(. (3re(; bee) c&).,ere b; *$e C&)!e)*,&) &r-().

I)>cFeigh/ *$e C&mm,..,&) +,r.* e(m,)e *$e ,..%e &+ *$e *(5,)-() re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*. (. '(r* &+ ( .er,e. &+ ,)!e.*,-(*,!e me(.%re. I*(cce'*e *$(* (* 3e(.* .&me &+ *$e me(.%re. ,.c3&.e () ,)*er+ere)ce ,*$*$e (''3,c()*. 'r,!(*e 3,+e/ $,3e 3e(!,)- &'e) *$e %e.*,&) &+ $e*$er *$ere*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*. (3&)e &%3 (m&%)* *& .%c$ ,)*er+ere)ce >cFeigh$eill and ,"ans )& 8022/ 802 () 802/ Re'&r* &+ *$eC&mm,..,&) &+ #8 M(rc$ #8#/ DR 2/ '#/ 224

80 I)


25/39


82 I) =!iedl$ *$e C&mm,..,&) c&).,ere *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+()&);m&%. '$&*&-r('$. *$(* $(!e bee) *(5e) (* ( '%b3,c em&).*r(*,&) ,

)&* ,)*er+ere ,*$ *$e r,-$* *& re.'ec* +&r 'r,!(*e 3,+e I) .& ec,,)-/ ,*(**(c$e .'ec,(3 e,-$* *& *$e +(c* *$(* *$e '$&*&-r('$. c&)cer)e $( )&*

bee) e)*ere ,) ( (*('r&ce..,)- .;.*em () *$(* *$e (%*$&r,*,e. $( *(5e))& .*e'. *& ,e)*,+; *$e 'er.&). '$&*&-r('$e b; me(). &+ (*( 'r&ce..,)-.ee=!iedlc,*e (b&!e/ 4#

8 I)#.'. and E.G/ *$e C&%r* c&).,ere *$(* *$e rec&r,)- &+ (*( ()*$e .;.*em(*,c &r 'erm()e)* )(*%re &+ *$e rec&r c&%3 -,!e r,.e *& 'r,!(*e3,+e c&).,er(*,&). e!e) *$&%-$ *$e (*( ,) %e.*,&) m(; $(!e bee)(!(,3(b3e ,) *$e '%b3,c &m(,) &r &*$er,.e T$e C&%r* )&*e *$(* (

'erm()e)* rec&r &+ ( 'er.&). !&,ce +&r +%r*$er ()(3;.,. (. &+ ,rec*re3e!()ce *& ,e)*,+;,)- *$(* 'er.&) $e) c&).,ere ,) c&)9%)c*,&) ,*$

&*$er 'er.&)(3 (*( I* (cc&r,)-3; re-(re *$e rec&r,)- &+ *$e (''3,c()*.!&,ce. +&r .%c$ +%r*$er ()(3;.,. (. (m&%)*,)- *& ,)*er+ere)ce ,*$ *$e,r r,-$**& re.'ec* +&r *$e,r 'r,!(*e 3,!e. .ee#.'. and E.G. ". the nited


26/39


'. 5(st!f!cat!on for the !nterference

+. The pa!ties submissions

3a4 The a%!cants

8 T$e (''3,c()*. (r-%e *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*./ ce33%3(r.(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. (. )&* 9%.*,+,e %)er *$e .ec&) '(r(-r('$ &+Ar*,c3e 8 T$e G&!er)me)* ere -,!e) ( !er; ,e rem,* *& %.e .(m'3e. ()DNA 'r&+,3e. )&*(b3; +&r '%r'&.e. re3(*e *& *$e 're!e)*,&) &r e*ec*,&) &+cr,meK/ *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ () &++e)ceK &r *$e c&)%c* &+ ( 'r&.ec%*,&)KT$e.e '%r'&.e. ere !(-%e () &'e) *& (b%.e (. *$e; m,-$* ,) '(r*,c%3(r

3e( *& *$e c&33(*,&) &+ e*(,3e 'er.&)(3 ,)+&rm(*,&) &%*.,e *$e ,mme,(*ec&)*e* &+ *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ ( '(r*,c%3(r &++e)ce T$e (''3,c()*. +%r*$er.%bm,**e *$(* *$ere ere ,).%++,c,e)* 'r&ce%r(3 .(+e-%(r. (-(,).* m,.%.e&r (b%.e &+ *$e ,)+&rm(*,&) Rec&r. &) *$e PNC ere )&* &)3; (cce..,b3e *&*$e '&3,ce/ b%* (3.& *& )&)'&3,ce b&,e./ ,)c3%,)- G&!er)me)* (-e)c,e.() e'(r*me)*./ 'r,!(*e -r&%'. .%c$ (. Br,*,.$ Te3ec&m () *$eA..&c,(*,&) &+ Br,*,.$ I).%rer./ () e!e) cer*(,) em'3&;er. F%r*$erm&re/*$e PNC (. 3,)5e *& *$e E%r&'e,e Sc$e)-e) I)+&rm(*,&) S;.*emKC&).e%e)*3;/ *$e,r c(.e ,)!&3!e ( !er; .%b.*()*,(3 () c&)*r&!er.,(3,)*er+ere)ce ,*$ *$e r,-$* *& 'r,!(*e 3,+e/ (. )&*(b3; ,33%.*r(*e b; &)-&,)-

'%b3,c eb(*e () ,.(-reeme)* (b&%* *$e .%b9ec* ,) *$e U),*e ",)-&m

C&)*r(r; *& *$e (..er*,&) &+ *$e G&!er)me)*/ *$e (''3,c()*. c&)c3%e *$(**$e ,..%e &+ *$e re*e)*,&) &+ *$,. m(*er,(3 (. &+ -re(* ,),!,%(3 c&)cer)() *$e S*(*e $( ( )(rr& m(r-,) &+ (''rec,(*,&) ,) *$,. +,e3

88 T$e (''3,c()*. c&)*e)e *$(* *$e ,)e+,),*e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*./ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. &+ %)c&)!,c*e 'er.&). c&%3 )&* bere-(re (. )ece..(r; ,) ( em&cr(*,c .&c,e*;K +&r *$e '%r'&.e &+

're!e)*,)- cr,me I) '(r*,c%3(r/ *$ere (. )& 9%.*,+,c(*,&) (* (33 +&r *$ere*e)*,&) &+ ce33%3(r .(m'3e. +&33&,)- *$e &r,-,)(3 -e)er(*,&) &+ *$e DNA

'r&+,3e )&r $( *$e e++,c(c; &+ *$e 'r&+,3e. re*e)*,&) bee) c&)!,)c,)-3;em&).*r(*e .,)ce *$e $,-$ )%mber &+ DNA m(*c$e. re3,e %'&) b; *$eG&!er)me)* (. )&* .$&) *& $(!e 3e *& .%cce..+%3 'r&.ec%*,&).

L,5e,.e/ ,) m&.* &+ *$e .'ec,+,c e(m'3e. 'r&!,e b; *$e G&!er)me)* *$e.%cce..+%3 'r&.ec%*,&) $( )&* bee) c&)*,)-e)* &) *$e re*e)*,&) &+ *$erec&r. () ,) cer*(,) &*$er. *$e .%cce..+%3 &%*c&me c&%3 $(!e bee)(c$,e!e *$r&%-$ m&re 3,m,*e re*e)*,&) ,) *,me () .c&'e

8 T$e (''3,c()*. +%r*$er .%bm,**e *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) (.,.'r&'&r*,&)(*e bec(%.e &+ ,*. b3()5e* )(*%re ,rre.'ec*,!e &+ *$e &++e)ce.,)!&3!e/ *$e %)3,m,*e 'er,&/ *$e +(,3%re *& *(5e (cc&%)* &+ *$e (''3,c()*.c,rc%m.*()ce. () *$e 3(c5 &+ () ,)e'e)e)* ec,.,&)m(5,)- 'r&ce.. &r.cr%*,); $e) c&).,er,)- $e*$er &r )&* *& &rer re*e)*,&) T$e; +%r*$erc&).,ere *$e re*e)*,&) re-,me *& be ,)c&).,.*e)* ,*$ *$e C&%)c,3 &+


27/39


E%r&'e. -%,()ce &) *$e .%b9ec* T$e; em'$(.,.e/ +,)(33;/ *$(* re*e)*,&) &+*$e rec&r. c(.* .%.',c,&) &) 'er.&). $& $( bee) (c%,**e &r ,.c$(r-e

&+ cr,me./ *$%. ,m'3;,)- *$(* *$e; ere )&* $&33; ,))&ce)* T$e re*e)*,&)*$%. re.%3*e ,) .*,-m( $,c$ (. '(r*,c%3(r3; e*r,me)*(3 *& c$,3re) (. ,)*$e c(.e &+ S () *& member. &+ cer*(,) e*$),c -r&%'. &!erre're.e)*e &)*$e (*(b(.e

34 The Govern#ent

0 T$e G&!er)me)* .%bm,**e *$(* (); ,)*er+ere)ce re.%3*,)- +r&m *$ere*e)*,&) &+ *$e (''3,c()*. +,)-er'r,)*./ ce33%3(r .(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e.(. 9%.*,+,e %)er *$e .ec&) '(r(-r('$ &+ Ar*,c3e 8 I* (. ,) (cc&r()ce,*$ *$e 3( (. e're..3; 'r&!,e +&r/ () -&!er)e b; .ec*,&) 4 &+ *$ePACE/ $,c$ .e* &%* e*(,3e '&er. () re.*r,c*,&). &) *$e *(5,)- &++,)-er'r,)*. () .(m'3e. () c3e(r3; .*(*e *$(* *$e; &%3 be re*(,)e b;*$e (%*$&r,*,e. re-(r3e.. &+ *$e &%*c&me &+ *$e 'r&cee,)-. ,) re.'ec* &+$,c$ *$e; ere *(5e) T$e eerc,.e &+ *$e ,.cre*,&) *& re*(,) +,)-er'r,)*.() .(m'3e. (. (3.&/ ,) (); e!e)*/ .%b9ec* *& *$e )&rm(3 'r,)c,'3e. &+ 3(re-%3(*,)- ,.cre*,&)(r; '&er () *& 9%,c,(3 re!,e

# T$e G&!er)me)* +%r*$er .*(*e *$(* *$e ,)*er+ere)ce (. )ece..(r;() 'r&'&r*,&)(*e +&r *$e 3e-,*,m(*e '%r'&.e &+ *$e 're!e)*,&) &+ ,.&rer &rcr,me ()&r *$e 'r&*ec*,&) &+ *$e r,-$*. () +ree&m. &+ &*$er. I* (. &+!,*(3 ,m'&r*()ce *$(* 3( e)+&rceme)* (-e)c,e. *&&5 +%33 (!()*(-e &+(!(,3(b3e *ec$),%e. &+ m&er) *ec$)&3&-; () +&re).,c .c,e)ce ,) *$e

're!e)*,&)/ ,)!e.*,-(*,&) () e*ec*,&) &+ cr,me +&r *$e ,)*ere.*. &+ .&c,e*;-e)er(33; T$e; .%bm,**e *$(* *$e re*(,)e m(*er,(3 (. &+ ,)e.*,m(b3e!(3%e ,) *$e +,-$* (-(,).* cr,me () *err&r,.m () *$e e*ec*,&) &+ *$e -%,3*;() 'r&!,e .*(*,.*,c. ,) .%''&r* &+ *$,. !,e T$e; em'$(.,.e *$(* *$e

be)e+,*. *& *$e cr,m,)(39%.*,ce .;.*em ere e)&rm&%./ )&* &)3; 'erm,**,)-*$e e*ec*,&) &+ *$e -%,3*; b%* (3.& e3,m,)(*,)- *$e ,))&ce)* +r&m ,)%,r,e.() c&rrec*,)- () 're!e)*,)- m,.c(rr,(-e. &+ 9%.*,ce

2 A. (* 0 Se'*ember 200/ *$e N(*,&)(3 DNA (*(b(.e $e3 #8#/000'r&+,3e. +r&m ,),!,%(3. $& &%3 $(!e bee) e)*,*3e *& $(!e *$&.e'r&+,3e. e.*r&;e be+&re *$e 200# (me)me)*. 8/2# &+ *$&.e ere.%b.e%e)*3; 3,)5e ,*$ cr,me.ce)e .*(,). $,c$ ,)!&3!e #/0

&++e)ce./ ,)c3%,)- #0 m%rer./ (**em'*e m%rer./ ## r('e./ .e%(3 &++e)ce./ #0 (--r(!(*e b%r-3(r,e. () #2 &++e)ce. &+ *$e.%''3; &+ c&)*r&33e r%-.

T$e G&!er)me)* (3.& .%bm,**e .'ec,+,c e(m'3e. &+ %.e &+ DNAm(*er,(3 +&r .%cce..+%3 ,)!e.*,-(*,&) () 'r&.ec%*,&) ,) .&me e,-$*ee).'ec,+,c c(.e. I) *e) &+ *$e.e c(.e. *$e DNA 'r&+,3e. &+ .%.'ec*. m(*c$e.&me e(r3,er %)re3(*e cr,me.ce)e .*(,). re*(,)e &) *$e (*(b(.e/ *$%.(33&,)- .%cce..+%3 'r&.ec%*,&) +&r *$&.e e(r3,er cr,me. I) ()&*$er c(.e/*& .%.'ec*. (rre.*e +&r r('e ere e3,m,)(*e +r&m *$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) (.*$e,r DNA 'r&+,3e. , )&* m(*c$ *$e cr,me.ce)e .*(,) I) *& &*$er c(.e.


28/39


*$e re*e)*,&) &+ DNA 'r&+,3e. &+ *$e 'er.&). +&%) -%,3*; &+ cer*(,) m,)&r&++e)ce. ,.&rer () *$e+* 3e *& e.*(b3,.$,)- *$e,r ,)!&3!eme)* ,) &*$er

cr,me. c&mm,**e 3(*er I) &)e c(.e *$e re*e)*,&) &+ ( .%.'ec*. DNA 'r&+,3e+&33&,)- () (33e-e ,mm,-r(*,&) &++e)ce $e3'e $,. e*r(,*,&) *& *$eU),*e ",)-&m ( ;e(r 3(*er $e) $e (. ,e)*,+,e b; &)e &+ $,. !,c*,m. (.$(!,)- c&mm,**e r('e () m%rer F,)(33;/ ,) +&%r c(.e. DNA 'r&+,3e.re*(,)e +r&m +&%r 'er.&). .%.'ec*e b%* )&* c&)!,c*e &+ cer*(,) &++e)ce.'&..e..,&) &+ &++e).,!e e('&)./ !,&3e)* ,.&rer () (..(%3* m(*c$e *$ecr,me.ce)e .*(,). c&33ec*e +r&m !,c*,m. &+ r('e %' *& *& ;e(r. 3(*er

4 T$e G&!er)me)* c&)*e)e *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*./ ce33%3(r.(m'3e. () DNA 'r&+,3e. c&%3 )&* be re-(re (. ece..,!e .,)ce *$e;ere 5e'* +&r .'ec,+,c 3,m,*e .*(*%*&r; '%r'&.e. () .*&re .ec%re3; ().%b9ec* *& *$e .(+e-%(r. ,e)*,+,e T$e,r re*e)*,&) (. )e,*$er (rr()*e

b; (); e-ree &+ .%.',c,&) &+ *$e (''3,c()*. ,)!&3!eme)* ,) ( cr,me &r'r&'e).,*; *& cr,me )&r ,rec*e (* re*(,),)- rec&r. ,) re.'ec* &+,)!e.*,-(*e (33e-e &++e)ce. ,) *$e '(.* T$e rec&r. ere re*(,)e bec(%.e*$e '&3,ce $( (3re(; bee) 3(+%33; ,) '&..e..,&) &+ *$em/ () *$e,rre*e)*,&) &%3 (..,.* ,) *$e +%*%re 're!e)*,&) () e*ec*,&) &+ cr,me ,)-e)er(3 b; ,)cre(.,)- *$e .,e &+ *$e (*(b(.e Re*e)*,&) re.%3*e ,) )&.*,-m( () 'r&%ce )& 'r(c*,c(3 c&).e%e)ce +&r *$e (''3,c()*. %)3e.. *$erec&r. m(*c$e ( cr,me.ce)e 'r&+,3e A +(,r b(3()ce (. *$%. .*r%c5

be*ee) ,),!,%(3 r,-$*. () *$e -e)er(3 ,)*ere.* &+ *$e c&mm%),*; () +e33,*$,) *$e S*(*e. m(r-,) &+ (''rec,(*,&)

2. The ou!ts assessment

3a4 In accordance -!th the %a-

T$e C&%r* rec(33. ,*. e33 e.*(b3,.$e c(.e3( *$(* *$e &r,)- ,)(cc&r()ce ,*$ *$e 3(K re%,re. *$e ,m'%-)e me(.%re b&*$ *& $(!e .&me

b(.,. ,) &me.*,c 3( () *& be c&m'(*,b3e ,*$ *$e r%3e &+ 3(/ $,c$ ,.e're..3; me)*,&)e ,) *$e 're(mb3e *& *$e C&)!e)*,&) () ,)$ere)* ,) *$e&b9ec* () '%r'&.e &+ Ar*,c3e 8 T$e 3( m%.* *$%. be (e%(*e3; (cce..,b3e() +&re.ee(b3e/ *$(* ,./ +&rm%3(*e ,*$ .%++,c,e)* 'rec,.,&) *& e)(b3e *$e,),!,%(3 X ,+ )ee be ,*$ (''r&'r,(*e (!,ce X *& re-%3(*e $,. c&)%c* F&r

&me.*,c 3( *& mee* *$e.e re%,reme)*./ ,* m%.* (++&r (e%(*e 3e-(3'r&*ec*,&) (-(,).* (rb,*r(r,)e.. () (cc&r,)-3; ,),c(*e ,*$ .%++,c,e)*c3(r,*; *$e .c&'e &+ ,.cre*,&) c&)+erre &) *$e c&m'e*e)* (%*$&r,*,e. ()*$e m())er &+ ,*. eerc,.e .ee >alone ". the nited


29/39


and haush ". @ulga!ia GC/ )& 08/ 84/ ECHR 2000ZI/ ,*$+%r*$er re+ere)ce.

T$e C&%r* )&*e. *$(* .ec*,&) 4 &+ *$e PACE 'r&!,e. *$(* *$e+,)-er'r,)*. &r .(m'3e. *(5e) +r&m ( 'er.&) ,) c&))ec*,&) ,*$ *$e,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ () &++e)ce m(; be re*(,)e (+*er *$e; $(!e +%3+,33e *$e

'%r'&.e. +&r $,c$ *$e; ere *(5e) .ee '(r(-r('$ 2 (b&!e T$e C&%r*(-ree. ,*$ *$e G&!er)me)* *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &+ *$e (''3,c()*. +,)-er'r,)*() DNA rec&r. $( ( c3e(r b(.,. ,) *$e &me.*,c 3( T$ere ,. (3.& c3e(re!,e)ce *$(* *$e.e rec&r. (re re*(,)e ,) 'r(c*,ce .(!e ,) ece'*,&)(3c,rc%m.*()ce. T$e +(c* *$(* c$,e+ '&3,ce &++,cer. $(!e '&er *& e.*r&;*$em ,) .%c$ r(re c(.e. &e. )&* m(5e *$e 3( ,).%++,c,e)*3; cer*(,) +r&m*$e '&,)* &+ !,e &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&)

8 A. re-(r. *$e c&),*,&). (**(c$e *& () (rr()-eme)*. +&r *$e

.*&r,)- () %.e &+ *$,. 'er.&)(3 ,)+&rm(*,&)/ .ec*,&) 4 ,. +(r 3e.. 'rec,.e I*'r&!,e. *$(* re*(,)e .(m'3e. () +,)-er'r,)*. m%.* )&* be %.e b; ();'er.&) ece'* +&r '%r'&.e. re3(*e *& *$e 're!e)*,&) &r e*ec*,&) &+ cr,me/*$e ,)!e.*,-(*,&) &+ () &++e)ce &r *$e c&)%c* &+ ( 'r&.ec%*,&)

T$e C&%r* (-ree. ,*$ *$e (''3,c()*. *$(* (* 3e(.* *$e +,r.* &+ *$e.e'%r'&.e. ,. &re ,) r(*$er -e)er(3 *erm. () m(; -,!e r,.e *& e*e).,!e,)*er're*(*,&) I* re,*er(*e. *$(* ,* ,. (. e..e)*,(3/ ,) *$,. c&)*e*/ (. ,)*e3e'$&)e *('',)-/ .ecre* .%r!e,33()ce () c&!er* ,)*e33,-e)ce-(*$er,)-/ *&$(!e c3e(r/ e*(,3e r%3e. -&!er),)- *$e .c&'e () (''3,c(*,&) &+ me(.%re./(. e33 (. m,),m%m .(+e-%(r. c&)cer),)-/ inte! alia/ %r(*,&)/ .*&r(-e/%.(-e/ (cce.. &+ *$,r '(r*,e./ 'r&ce%re. +&r 're.er!,)- *$e ,)*e-r,*; ()c&)+,e)*,(3,*; &+ (*( () 'r&ce%re. +&r ,*. e.*r%c*,&)/ *$%. 'r&!,,)-.%++,c,e)* -%(r()*ee. (-(,).* *$e r,.5 &+ (b%.e () (rb,*r(r,)e.. .ee/ mutatismutandis/

#2 be3&/ *$e C&%r* &e. )&* +,) ,* )ece..(r; *& ec,e $e*$er *$e&r,)- &+ .ec*,&) 4 mee*. *$e %(3,*; &+ 3(K re%,reme)*. ,*$,) *$eme(),)- &+ Ar*,c3e 8 2 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&)

34 ,e"!t!#ate a!#

#00 T$e C&%r* (-ree. ,*$ *$e G&!er)me)* *$(* *$e re*e)*,&) &++,)-er'r,)* () DNA ,)+&rm(*,&) '%r.%e. *$e 3e-,*,m(*e '%r'&.e &+ *$ee*ec*,&)/ () *$ere+&re/ 're!e)*,&) &+ cr,me $,3e *$e &r,-,)(3 *(5,)- &+*$,. ,)+&rm(*,&) '%r.%e. *$e (,m &+ 3,)5,)- ( '(r*,c%3(r 'er.&) *& *$e


30/39


'(r*,c%3(r cr,me &+ $,c$ $e &r .$e ,. .%.'ec*e/ ,*. re*e)*,&) '%r.%e. *$ebr&(er '%r'&.e &+ (..,.*,)- ,) *$e ,e)*,+,c(*,&) &+ +%*%re &++e)er.

3c4 Necessar6 !n a de#ocrat!c soc!et6

(i) 'ene!al p!inciples

#0# A) ,)*er+ere)ce ,33 be c&).,ere )ece..(r; ,) ( em&cr(*,c.&c,e*;K +&r ( 3e-,*,m(*e (,m ,+ ,* ().er. ( 're..,)- .&c,(3 )eeK ()/ ,)

'(r*,c%3(r/ ,+ ,* ,. 'r&'&r*,&)(*e *& *$e 3e-,*,m(*e (,m '%r.%e () ,+ *$ere(.&). (%ce b; *$e )(*,&)(3 (%*$&r,*,e. *& 9%.*,+; ,* (re [re3e!()* ().%++,c,e)*[ $,3e ,* ,. +&r *$e )(*,&)(3 (%*$&r,*,e. *& m(5e *$e ,),*,(3(..e..me)* ,) (33 *$e.e re.'ec*./ *$e +,)(3 e!(3%(*,&) &+ $e*$er *$e,)*er+ere)ce ,. )ece..(r; rem(,). .%b9ec* *& re!,e b; *$e C&%r* +&rc&)+&rm,*; ,*$ *$e re%,reme)*. &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&) .ee oste! ". thenited


31/39


Rec&mme)(*,&) R8# &+ *$e C&mm,**ee &+ M,),.*er. re-%3(*,)- *$e %.e&+ 'er.&)(3 (*( ,) *$e '&3,ce .ec*&r T$e &me.*,c 3( m%.* (3.& (++&r

(e%(*e -%(r()*ee. *$(* re*(,)e 'er.&)(3 (*( (. e++,c,e)*3; 'r&*ec*e+r&m m,.%.e () (b%.e .ee )&*(b3; Ar*,c3e &+ *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&)C&)!e)*,&) T$e (b&!e c&).,er(*,&). (re e.'ec,(33; !(3, (. re-(r. *$e

'r&*ec*,&) &+ .'ec,(3 c(*e-&r,e. &+ m&re .e).,*,!e (*( .ee Ar*,c3e &+ *$eD(*( Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&) () m&re '(r*,c%3(r3; &+ DNA ,)+&rm(*,&)/$,c$ c&)*(,). *$e 'er.&). -e)e*,c m(5e%' &+ -re(* ,m'&r*()ce *& b&*$ *$e

'er.&) c&)cer)e () $,. &r $er +(m,3; .ee Rec&mme)(*,&) N& R2# &+*$e C&mm,**ee &+ M,),.*er. &) *$e %.e &+ ()(3;.,. &+ DNA ,*$,) *$e+r(me&r5 &+ *$e cr,m,)(3 9%.*,ce .;.*em

#04 T$e ,)*ere.*. &+ *$e (*( .%b9ec*. () *$e c&mm%),*; (. ( $&3e ,)'r&*ec*,)- *$e 'er.&)(3 (*(/ ,)c3%,)- +,)-er'r,)* () DNA ,)+&rm(*,&)/

m(; be &%*e,-$e b; *$e 3e-,*,m(*e ,)*ere.* ,) *$e 're!e)*,&) &+ cr,me .eeAr*,c3e &+ *$e D(*( Pr&*ec*,&) C&)!e)*,&) H&e!er/ *$e ,)*r,).,c(33;

'r,!(*e c$(r(c*er &+ *$,. ,)+&rm(*,&) c(33. +&r *$e C&%r* *& eerc,.e c(re+%3.cr%*,); &+ (); S*(*e me(.%re (%*$&r,.,)- ,*. re*e)*,&) () %.e b; *$e(%*$&r,*,e. ,*$&%* *$e c&).e)* &+ *$e 'er.&) c&)cer)e .ee/ mutatismutandis/D c,*e (b&!e/

(ii) Application of these p!inciples to the p!esent case

#0 T$e C&%r* +,). ,* *& be be;&) ,.'%*e *$(* *$e +,-$* (-(,).* cr,me/() ,) '(r*,c%3(r (-(,).* &r-(),.e cr,me () *err&r,.m/ $,c$ ,. &)e &+ *$e

c$(33e)-e. +(ce b; *&(;. E%r&'e() .&c,e*,e./ e'e). *& ( -re(* e*e)* &)*$e %.e &+ m&er) .c,e)*,+,c *ec$),%e. &+ ,)!e.*,-(*,&) () ,e)*,+,c(*,&)T$e *ec$),%e. &+ DNA ()(3;.,. ere (c5)&3e-e b; *$e C&%)c,3 &+E%r&'e m&re *$() +,+*ee) ;e(r. (-& (. &++er,)- (!()*(-e. *& *$e cr,m,)(3

9%.*,ce .;.*em .ee Rec&mme)(*,&) R2# &+ *$e C&mm,**ee &+ M,),.*er./'(r(-r('$. 444 (b&!e N&r ,. ,* ,.'%*e *$(* *$e member S*(*e. $(!e.,)ce *$(* *,me m(e r(', () m(r5e 'r&-re.. ,) %.,)- DNA ,)+&rm(*,&),) *$e e*erm,)(*,&) &+ ,))&ce)ce &r -%,3*

#0 H&e!er/ $,3e ,* rec&-),.e. *$e ,m'&r*()ce &+ .%c$ ,)+&rm(*,&) ,)*$e e*ec*,&) &+ cr,me/ *$e C&%r* m%.* e3,m,* *$e .c&'e &+ ,*. e(m,)(*,&)T$e %e.*,&) ,. )&* $e*$er *$e re*e)*,&) &+ +,)-er'r,)*./ ce33%3(r .(m'3e.

() DNA 'r&+,3e. m(; ,) -e)er(3 be re-(re (. 9%.*,+,e %)er *$eC&)!e)*,&) T$e &)3; ,..%e *& be c&).,ere b; *$e C&%r* ,. $e*$er *$ere*e)*,&) &+ *$e +,)-er'r,)* () DNA (*( &+ *$e (''3,c()*./ (. 'er.&). $&$( bee) .%.'ec*e/ b%* )&* c&)!,c*e/ &+ cer*(,) cr,m,)(3 &++e)ce./ (.

9%.*,+,e %)er Ar*,c3e 8/ '(r(-r('$ 2 &+ *$e C&)!e)*,&)#0 T$e C&%r* ,33 c&).,er *$,. ,..%e ,*$ %e re-(r *& *$e re3e!()*

,).*r%me)*. &+ *$e C&%)c,3 &+ E%r&'e () *$e 3( () 'r(c*,ce &+ *$e &*$erC&)*r(c*,)- S*(*e. T$e c&re 'r,)c,'3e. &+ (*( 'r&*ec*,&) re%,re *$ere*e)*,&) &+ (*( *& be 'r&'&r*,&)(*e ,)

Documents

Case of s. and Marper v. the United Kingdom