Caribbean Regional Sustainable Tourism … Regional Sustainable Tourism Development Programme Project No. 8 ACP RCA 035 Report of Survey of Residents’ Involvement and Attitudes towards

Caribbean Regional Sustainable Tourism Development Programme

Project No. 8 ACP RCA 035

Report of Survey of Residents' Involvement and Attitudes towards Tourism: Barbados, St.Lucia and Trinidad & Tobago

For Caribbean Tourism Organisation -

Lot 1 Research Capacity

1 March 2007

Caribbean Regional Sustainable Tourism Development Programme

Project No. 8 ACP RCA 035 Report of Survey of Residents' Involvement and Attitudes towards Tourism: Barbados, St Lucia and Trinidad & Tobago

For Caribbean Tourism Organisation - Lot 1 Research Capacity 1 March 2007

© PA Knowledge Limited 2007 PA Consulting Group

123 Buckingham Palace Road London SW1W 9SR

Tel: +44 20 7333 5186Fax: +44 20 7333 5100www.paconsulting.com

Prepared for:

The Caribbean Tourism Organization

Version: 3.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. List of Tables 1-1

2. List of Charts 2-1

3. List of Acronyms 3-1

4. Executive Summary 4-1

5. Background 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Tourism and Impacts 5-1 5.3 Objectives 5-2 5.4 Scope of Work 5-3 5.5 Implementation 5-3

6. Methodology 6-1 6.1 The Samples 6-1 6.2 The Instrument 6-1

7. Findings 7-1 7.1 Economic Impact 7-1 7.2 Social Impact 7-10 7.3 Attitudes Towards Increased Tourism Development 7-34 7.4 Most Serious Benefits and Problems of Tourism 7-37

8. Overall Findings and Recommendations 8-1

9. References 9-1

Appendices A-1

APPENDIX A: Questionnaires A-1

i

1. LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Sample Characteristics

Table 2: What role do you think tourism plays in your local economy in comparison to other industries?

Table 3: To what extent is your job dependent on tourism?

Table 4: Percent of income due to tourism

Table 5: To what extent do you agree/disagree that most of the jobs in the tourism industry are low paying?

Table 6: How would you rate the influence of tourism on job opportunities?

Table 7: To what extent do you agree that tourists do not pay their fair share for services they use in the country?

Table 8: To what extent do you agree that the tourism promotion offered by your country benefits your community economically?

Table 9: How would you rate your level of interaction with tourists?

Table 10: What is your usual reaction towards tourists?

Table 11: How would you rate the influence of tourism on traffic?

Table 12: How would you rate the influence of tourism on conditions of roads and highways?

Table 13: How would you rate the influence of tourism on overall cleanliness and appearance of the country?

Table 14: How would you rate the influence of tourism on parks and recreation areas?

Table 15: How would you rate the influence of tourism on safety?

Table 16: How would you rate the influence of tourism on educational system?

Table 17: How would you rate the influence of tourism on museum cultural centres?

Table 18: To what extent do you agree that tourism increases opportunity to learn about our culture?

1-1

Table 19: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in high economic benefit to the country?

Table 20: To what extent do you agree that you will benefit financially if tourism increases in your community?

Table 21: To what extent do you support tourism development in your community?

Table 22: To what extent do you agree that your country is a good place to invest in new tourism development business?

Table 23: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in increased crime in the country?

Table 24: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in crowding in areas of tourism activity in the country

Table 25: To what extent do you agree that increase in tourism in the country will improve the overall quality of life?

Table 26: To what extent do you agree that your country, the overall benefits of tourism outweigh the negative impacts?

1-2

2. LIST OF CHARTS

Chart 1: What role do you think tourism plays in your local economy in comparison to other industries?

Chart 2: To what extent is your job dependent on tourism?

Chart 3: To what extent do you agree/disagree that most of the jobs in the tourism industry are low paying?

Chart 4: To what extent do you agree that tourists do not pay their fair share for services they use in the country?

Chart 5: To what extent do you agree that the tourism promotion offered by your country benefits your community economically?

Chart 6: How would you rate your level of interaction with tourists?

Chart 7: What is your usual reaction towards tourists?

Chart 8: How would you rate the influence of tourism on traffic

Chart 9: How would you rate the influence of tourism on conditions of roads and highways?

Chart 10: How would you rate the influence of tourism on overall cleanliness and appearance of the country?

Chart 11: How would you rate the influence of tourism on parks and recreation areas?

Chart 12: How would you rate the influence of tourism on safety?

Chart 13: How would you rate the influence of tourism on educational system?

Chart 14: How would you rate the influence of tourism on museum and cultural centres?

Chart 15: To what extent do you agree that tourism increases opportunity to learn about our culture?

Chart 16: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in high economic benefit to the country?

Chart 17: Will benefit financially if tourism increases in your community?

Chart 18: To what extent do you support tourism development in

2-1

your community?

Chart 19: To what extent do you agree that your country is a good place to invest in new tourism development business?

Chart 20: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in increased crime in the country?

Chart 21: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in crowding in areas of tourism activity in the country?

Chart 22: To what extent do you agree that increase in tourism in the country will improve the overall quality of life?

Chart 23: To what extent do you agree that your country, the overall benefits of tourism outweigh the negative impacts?

Chart 24: Benefits of tourism: Barbados

Chart 25: Benefits of tourism: St Lucia

Chart 26: Benefits of tourism: Trinidad and Tobago

Chart 27: Problems of tourism: Barbados

Chart 28: Problems of tourism: St Lucia

Chart 27: Problems of tourism: Trinidad and Tobago

2-2

3. LIST OF ACRONYMS

CARICOM Caribbean Community

CTO Caribbean Tourism Organization

CTPU CARIFORUM Tourism Programme Unit

GDP Gross Domestic Product

NSOs National Statistics Offices

TDC Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company

WTO World Tourism Organization

3-1

4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study reports on findings from three surveys on the perceived economic and social impacts of tourism in three (3) Caribbean countries: Barbados, St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. It also makes recommendations for future analyses of these residents� perceptions of tourism.

The data for the study were collected by the National Statistics Offices (NSOs) of Barbados and St. Lucia. Secondary data were used for Trinidad & Tobago, based on a report prepared by Caribbean Market Research Limited for the Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company (TDC). All of the studies used national random samples of the following sizes: Barbados 1330; St Lucia 545; Trinidad and Tobago 1000.

The instrument for this study borrowed from McGehee, Andereck and Vogt (2004) in their studies of tourism attitudes in 12 communities in Arizona. It was adjusted and expanded for context and relevance to the Caribbean (Appendix).

In general, respondents from all three countries felt that tourism has a significant impact on the economies of their countries, although the extent of the impact varies among them. For example: More than three-quarters of the Barbados and one-half of the St Lucia respondents felt that tourism played a dominant role in comparison to other industries in their respective countries; more than three-quarters of the respondents from each country said that tourism positively influenced job opportunities; more respondents agree than disagree with the view that the tourism promotion offered by their respective countries benefits their communities economically.

However, there were some areas of concern in relation to the economic impact of tourism. For instance, in Barbados almost one in three persons felt that jobs in the tourism industry were low paying. In St Lucia, more people agreed than disagreed with the view that tourism was low paying (36% vs. 29%). In addition, 26% in St. Lucia and 20% in Barbados felt that tourists did not pay their fair share for using public services. Finally, one-third of the persons in St Lucia and one-quarter in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago felt that tourism did not benefit their communities.

The general attitudes regarding the social impact of tourism were much more positive than negative for all three countries. For example, the majority of the respondents in all three countries felt that tourism has a positive impact on conditions on the roads; attitudes towards tourism influences on cultural and educational institutions, such as museums and cultural centres, were also favourable; and the majority from Barbados (86%) and St Lucia (58%) said that they made the tourists feel welcome. However, 43% from Trinidad and Tobago said that they made the tourists feel welcome while the majority (57%) said that there was no specific reaction towards them.

In all three countries, especially in Trinidad and Tobago, there was strong support for further tourism development. The majority of respondents in all three countries shared the view that the net positives of increased tourism outweighed the net negatives. Furthermore, the majority of respondents in all three countries felt that their countries were good places for future tourism investment. Virtually all respondents from Trinidad and Tobago (97%) followed by Barbados (90%) and St Lucia (88%) agreed with that view.

4-1

One area of concern regarding increased tourism was the possibility of increased crime. One in three respondents from Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago and one in four from St Lucia expressed this concern.

The survey also asked respondents in each country to identify two PROBLEMS and two BENEFITS of tourism.

Increased crime and high cost of living were the most common problems to all three countries. In Barbados, many were concerned about the high cost of land and health problems. In St Lucia, they were also concerned with access to the beaches and lack of attention to other industries. In Trinidad and Tobago, they expressed concern about the high cost of real estate and lack of local access to facilities for tourists.

Economic development and employment, and greater foreign exchange earnings were the most commonly identified benefits of tourism among the three countries. In Barbados, international exposure and better infrastructure were also identified as additional benefits. In St Lucia, more hotels were seen as an additional benefit. In Trinidad and Tobago, community development was also identified.

The report made three recommendations: Educate the public about the importance of tourism to the development of these societies; undertake continuous surveys of public attitudes and perceptions of tourism in each country to track changes in attitudes towards tourism in the Caribbean; use the results of these surveys to address problems that may arise from the industry

4-2

5. BACKGROUND

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This study was undertaken as part of the Research and Development Component of technical assistance provided to the Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), and implemented by PA Consulting Group, under the Caribbean Regional Sustainable Tourism Development Programme, which is administered by the CARIFORUM Tourism Programme Unit (CTPU) and financed by the European Union.

5.2 TOURISM AND IMPACTS

The travel and tourism industry is one of the world�s largest and a major employer. This industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the world economy and has a significant impact on all sectors of the economy. It provides employment for a large portion of the global population and makes an important contribution to worldwide Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 1998, the travel and tourism industry contributed approximately 8 per cent to worldwide GDP. It is important to note that the World Tourism Organization (WTO) estimates that by 2010, tourism should generate US$10 trillion. In the Caribbean, tourism earnings account for approximately 25 per cent of the region�s Gross Domestic Product. By 2000, the region recorded over US$ 18 billion tourism receipts with over 20 million tourist arrivals and more than 12 million cruise passenger arrivals (CTO, 2001). As Andrew (2005) puts it:

�According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 808 million people travelled to a foreign country in 2005 and spent a total of US$682 billion. International tourism receipts combined with passenger transport currently total more than US$ 800 billion - making tourism the world's number one export earner, ahead of automotive products, chemicals, petroleum and food. In the Caribbean (31 CTO member countries), the equivalent figures for 2005 are 22.5 million stay over arrivals, 19.8 million cruise passenger visits and about US$21.5 billion in expenditure. While this may seem small in comparison to the world total the fact is that the region�s tourism arrivals and receipts command a disproportionately larger share of the global total than do their share in the world�s population and GDP; CTO member countries with only 1 % of the world�s population consistently attract about 3% of global tourism arrivals and world tourism expenditure� (p 3).

Tourism is, therefore, the single most important industry in CARICOM. Tourism, however, also has both negative and positive impacts on societies where the industry exists. These impacts can affect the sustainability of the industry. The study of impacts of and attitudes towards tourism is fairly widespread globally, especially in industrialized countries. Such studies seek to tap the feeling of the host towards the visitor and also seek to explore the socio-cultural and economic impacts of tourism on the local population.

Studies by researchers such as McGehee, Andereck and Vogt (2004) are known for their potential to impact on policy. Others which focus on major tourist cities, such as Bruges, Belgium and London, England have been commissioned by governments in order to ensure a sustainable tourism product; one that has few negative impacts on the communities. In relation to a study on Bruges, Jansen-Verbeke points out:

5-1

�The accumulation of daily problems such as congested traffic, shortage of parking, crowded walking areas, biased range in retail trade, rising prices, intrusion in the private domain � inevitably leads to some antagonism of the local community towards tourism� (p. 6).

In the Caribbean, some of this antagonism has been discussed in studies of tourism in Jamaica by Brown (2000) and Barbados and Jamaica by Boxill (2002), for example. Most of the studies use attitudinal scales, consistent with those for measuring attitudes. In this study, the McGehee, Andereck and Vogt (2004) questionnaire served as an important guide for the instrument, which was eventually used.

5.3 OBJECTIVES

As is outlined in the Terms of Reference (TOR), this study reports on the perceptions and attitudes of residents to the tourism sector. It focuses on their perceived impact of the sector, whether negative or positive, on their lives and communities. Quoting specifically from the TOR this study:

�� will seek to find out what residents know about tourism and how they feel about the sector as a whole, all with a view to determining what policies and measures are required for addressing any actual or latent issues that may be identified. Essentially, it arises from the belief that the perceptions, attitudes and welfare of residents are as crucial to the sustainability of tourism as the ecological, product and visitor satisfaction aspects.

�The main output from the exercise will be a definitive report on the attitudes of residents to the vital tourism sector, their awareness and understanding of the sector and the perceived impact, whether negative or positive, of tourism on their lives and communities. That report is expected to assist in placing critical information at the disposal of regional decision-makers for instituting the necessary reforms, policies and measures for maximizing the potential gains from tourism and ensuring the sustainability of the sector� (p. 2).

Specifically the study has sought to:

• Provide critical information to assist decision-makers in formulating more effective policies on the tourism industry.

• Produce an effective survey instrument for determining the attitude and involvement of residents in the tourism industry.

• Evaluate the perceived economic, and social impacts of tourism on locals and residents in the respective five (5) Caribbean countries: Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, St.Lucia and Trinidad & Tobago.

• Assess, from the survey responses, the perception and attitudes of locals/residents to tourism.

• Create a template for future analyses of residents� attitudes to tourism.

5-2

It should be noted that only three (3) countries have been included in this study since there were difficulties in collecting data in Belize and Jamaica and none of the other CARIFORUM countries were in a position to conduct such a survey at that time.

5.4 SCOPE OF WORK

In view of the above objectives, the following tasks were to be undertaken:

• Review the existing literature, including relevant studies on attitudinal survey of residents to tourism in order to gain a thorough understanding of the issues and methodology

• Identify limitations and possible design flaws in the original survey instrument and propose necessary improvements in order to better achieve the survey�s objectives

• Redesign a survey form to meet the objectives of the study but also accords, in terms of length and design, with the survey structure and methodology of the relevant NSOs

• Liaise with the various NSOs in order to obtain a feel for their respective survey structures and to assist them in training interviewers to conduct the survey interviews

• Evaluate the perceived economic and other impacts of tourism on residents in the relevant countries by analyzing the respective survey responses

• Assess, from the respective survey responses, the perceived involvement of residents in the tourism industry

• Prepare a written analysis and report on the survey responses based on the above objectives

5.5 IMPLEMENTATION

Originally, the study was due to be completed over a period of nine (9) calendar months with completion of the report by December 2006. However, it was extended until February 2007. McHale Andrew, PA�s CTO/CRSTDP Research & Development Adviser, based at the CTO�s offices in Barbados, coordinated the entire process.

5-3

6. METHODOLOGY

6.1 THE SAMPLES

The data for the study were collected by the National Statistics Offices (NSOs) of Barbados and St. Lucia in the latter half of 2006. Secondary data were used for Trinidad & Tobago, based on an August 2006 report prepared by Caribbean Market Research Limited for the Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company (TDC). All of the studies used national random samples of the following sizes: Barbados 1330; St Lucia 545; Trinidad and Tobago 1000. The results therefore allow for generalization to the wider populations of the countries with varying margins of error: Barbados +/- 3%; Trinidad and Tobago +/-3.5 % and St Lucia +/-5%. The details of the three samples are provided in the below tables.

6.2 THE INSTRUMENT

The instrument for this study borrowed from McGehee, Andereck and Vogt (2004) in their studies of tourism attitudes in 12 communities in Arizona. It was adjusted and expanded for context and relevance to the Caribbean (Appendix: Barbados and St Lucia). With minor adjustments this instrument may be used in future studies to track changes in attitudes towards tourism in the Caribbean.

Table 1: Sample Characteristics

BARBADOS ST. LUCIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Gender Gender Gender

Male 52% Male 58% Male 47%

Female 48% Female 42% Female 53%

Age Age

18-25 10% 18-25 20%

26-34 13% 26-34 25%

35-49 35% 35-49 45%

50-64 22% 50-64 7%

65+ 20% 65+ 2%

6-1

Table 1: Sample Characteristics Cont’d

BARBADOS ST. LUCIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Education Education

Some primary 10%

Some Primary 1%

Primary 58% Primary 14%

Some secondary 3%

Some Secondary 15%

Secondary 16% Secondary 59%

Tertiary 8% Tertiary 11%

None 5%

Race

African 43%

Indian 30%

Mixed 36%

Total 1330 Total 545 Total 1000

6-2

7. FINDINGS

In this section, findings from the three countries are presented individually to allow for comparisons among them. In the case of Trinidad and Tobago, secondary data were used from another study. It should be noted that comparative data for Trinidad and Tobago were not available for all of the questions.

7.1 ECONOMIC IMPACT

This area of the report examines attitudes regarding the economic impact of tourism in the three countries. Focus is on perceived personal, community and national economic impacts of tourism.

In general, respondents from all three countries felt that tourism has a significant economic impact on the economies of their countries, although the extent of the impact varies among them.

More than three-quarters of the Barbados and one-half of the St Lucia respondents felt that tourism played a dominant role in comparison to other industries in their respective countries (Table 2). Just one percent felt that it played no role in Barbados and almost 14% shared a similar sentiment in St Lucia. On the other hand, only 9% of the Trinidad respondents thought that tourism played a dominant role in their economy. Most felt that it played a minor role but almost 40% thought that it was equal to others.

In the case of St Lucia, those who said that their jobs were very dependent on tourism were most likely to support the view that tourism played a dominant role in the local economy in comparison to other industries (Chi Square = 151.9, P=.000; Cramers V =. 26, p=. 000).

Table 2: What role do you think tourism plays in your local economy in comparison to other industries?

ROLE BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO (Percent)

No Role 1 13 1

Minor Role 5 24 51

Equal to others 10 11 39

Dominant role 82 49 9

Not Stated 1 2

Total 100 100 100

7-1

Chart 1: What role do you think tourism plays in your local economy in comparison to other industries?

610

82

37

11

49 52

39

9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percent

Barbados St. Lucia Trinidadand Tobago

Country

No/MinorEqualDominant

Over 40% of respondents from Barbados and 30% from St Lucia said that their jobs depended on tourism (Table 3; Chart 2). On the other hand, only 12 % from Trinidad and Tobago said that their jobs depended on tourism.

7-2

Table 3: To what extent is your job dependent on tourism?

LEVEL OF DEPENDENCE

BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

(Percent)

Not at all/somewhat not 18 32 82

Somewhat 23 19 8

Very 19 11 4

Not applicable 39 37 -

Not Stated/unsure 1 1 5

Total 100 100 100

Chart 2: To what extent is your job dependent on tourism?

18

42

32 30

82

12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percent


Country

Does not dependDepend

7-3

With regards to the relationship between tourism and respondents� incomes, 26% from Barbados and 16% from St Lucia said that part or all of their income was due to tourism (Table 4). In the case of Barbados, 9% said that between 76-100% of their income was due to tourism, while the amount was 5% for St Lucia.

Table 4: Percent of income due to tourism

AMOUNT OF INCOME

BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)

None 19 38

1-25% 9 6

26-50% 4 3

51-75% 4 2

76-100% 9 5

Don�t know 16 11

Not applicable 38 34

Not stated 1 1

Total 100 100

More respondents disagreed than agreed with the statement that most of the jobs in the tourism industry are low paying in the cases of Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago (Table 5; Chart 3). As can be seen from Chart 1, respondents in Trinidad and Tobago were more likely to disagree than agree with this statement (58% vs. 18%) when compared to Barbados (34% vs. 30%). However, in the case of St Lucia, more people agreed than disagreed with the view that tourism was low paying (36% vs. 29%).

7-4

Table 5: To what extent do you agree/disagree that most of the jobs in the tourism industry are low paying?

EXTENT OF AGREEMENT/DISAGREEMENT

BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)


Strongly agree 4 10 6

Agree 26 26 12

Disagree 31 24 43

Strongly disagree 3 5 15

Don�t Know 35 34 24

Not Stated 1 1

Chart 3: To what extent do you agree/disagree that most of the jobs in the tourism industry are low paying?1

1 Note that for easy reference, the charts with Likert scales, �strongly agree� and �agree� are combined into �agree�; and �strongly disagree� and �disagree� in combined into �disagree� throughout the report.

7-5

3034 36

29

18

58

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

More than three-quarters of the respondents from each country said that tourism positively influenced job opportunities (Table 6). Trinidad and Tobago had the highest percentage of those who felt that tourism had a positive influence on job opportunities.

7-6

Table 6: How would you rate the influence of tourism on job opportunities?

JOB OPPORTUNITIES BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)


No influence 4 2 1

Negative influence 4 2 2

Positive influence 76 76 86

Positive and negative influence 7 9 10

Don�t Know 8 8 <1

Not Stated 1 2

In relation to how tourists are perceived with respect to their contribution to various services that they use while at the destination, most disagreed with the view that that they did not pay their fair share for services that they used (Table 7, Chart 4). For St Lucia, 39% disagreed while for Barbados the amount was 54%. However, it is noteworthy that 26% in St. Lucia and 20% in Barbados felt that tourists did not pay their fair share for using public services.

Table 7: To what extent do you agree that tourists do not pay their fair share for services they use in the country?

TOURISTS DO NOT PAY FAIR SHARE OF SERVICES THAT THEY USE IN THE COUNTRY

BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)

Strongly agree 3 8

Agree 17 18

Disagree 50 33

Strongly disagree 4 6

Don�t Know 26 34

Not Stated 1 1

7-7

Chart 4: To what extent do you agree that tourists do not pay their fair share for services they use in the country?

20

54

26

39

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

Barbados St. LuciaCountry

AgreeDisagree

In general, more respondents agree than disagree with the view that the tourism promotion offered by their respective countries benefits their communities economically (Table 8; Chart 5). The highest level of agreement with this view was Trinidad and Tobago (62%) followed by Barbados (61%) and St. Lucia (50%).

7-8

Table 8: To what extent do you agree that the tourism promotion offered by your country benefits your community economically?

BENEFITS COMMUNITY ECONOMICALLY

BARBADOS (Percent)

ST LUCIA (Percent)



Agree 51 35 49

Disagree 22 28 18



Not Stated 1 2

Chart 5: To what extent do you agree that the tourism promotion offered by your country benefits your community economically?

61

24

50

37

62

26

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Barbados St. Lucia Trinidad andTobago

Country

AgreeDisagree

7-9

7.2 SOCIAL IMPACT

This section examines perceived social impacts of tourism in the three countries. Attitudes regarding socio-cultural and educational impacts, and impacts on the physical environment are examined here.

The findings indicate that the general attitudes regarding the social impact of tourism were much more positive than negative for all three countries.

One important dimension of the socio-cultural impacts is the interaction level of locals and tourists. When asked to rate their level of interaction with tourists, most persons in all three countries said infrequent or almost never (Table 9; Chart 6). Nonetheless, a not insignificant 41% from Barbados, 26% from St Lucia and 21% from Trinidad and Tobago said that they interacted somewhat frequently and frequently with tourists.

Table 9: How would you rate your level of interaction with tourists?

LEVEL OF INTERACTION

BARBADOS

(Percentage)

ST LUCIA

(Percentage)

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO (Percentage)

Almost never 29 50 36

Infrequent 29 23 43

Somewhat frequent 18 12 15

Frequent 23 14 6

Not stated 1 1

Total

7-10

Chart 6: How would you rate your level of interaction with tourists?

58

41

73

26

79

21

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percent

Barbados St Lucia Trinidad andTobago

Country

Almost never/InfrequentFrequent

Another aspect of the socio-cultural impacts relates to how people responded to tourists when they met them. The majority from Barbados (86%) and St Lucia (58%) said that they made the tourists feel welcome (Table 10; Chart 7). While 43% from Trinidad and Tobago said that they made them feel welcome, the majority 57% said that there was no specific reaction towards them. In general, few people from any of the countries said that they tried to avoid tourists, thereby suggesting no serious social conflicts with tourists.

Table 10: What is your usual reaction towards tourists?

TYPE OF REACTION

BARBADOS ST LUCIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Make then feel welcome

86 58 43

No specific reaction 12 37 57

Try to avoid them 1 2 0.2

Not stated 1 3 --

Total 100 100 100

Chart 7: What is your usual reaction towards tourists?

7-11

86

12

1

58

37

2

43

57

0102030405060708090

Percent

Barbados St Lucia Trinidadand

TobagoCountry

Welcome themNo specific reactionAvoid them

A third aspect of the social impact relates to overcrowding and densities. One measure of this is how tourism affects vehicular traffic. Only in Trinidad and Tobago is there a majority view that tourism has no influence on traffic (Table 11; Chart 8). The situation in the other two countries is more complex where there are mixed views about the negative and positive impacts of tourism on traffic.

Almost one in four of the Barbados and St Lucia respondents felt that tourism had no influence on traffic. However, 26% of Barbados respondents felt that it had both a negative and positive influence on traffic. This percentage was much lower for St Lucia (14%) and Trinidad and Tobago (17%). More people in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago felt that the influence on traffic was more negative than positive. In St Lucia, it was the reverse.

7-12

Table 11: How would you rate the influence of tourism on traffic?

LEVEL OF INFLUENCE BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)


No influence 24 24 51





Not Stated 1 2

Chart 8: How would you rate the influence of tourism on traffic?

24

19

14

2624

16

21

14

51

18

11

17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent


Country

NoneNegativePositiveNegative and Positive

Yet another dimension of overcrowding is the conditions on the roads. The majority of the respondents in all three countries felt that tourism had a positive impact on

7-13

conditions on the roads. Three-quarters of the respondents in Trinidad and Tobago felt that tourism positively impacted on the condition of the roads and highways in their country; more than half of the respondents in St Lucia (57%) and Barbados (51%) are also of this view (Table 12; Chart 9).

Table 12: How would you rate the influence of tourism on conditions of roads and highways?


(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)


No influence 13 9 7




Don�t Know 12 11 <1

Not Stated 2 2

7-14

Chart 9: How would you rate the influence of tourism on conditions of roads and highways?

137

51

159 7

57

137 5

76

11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percent


Country


In relation to how tourism impacted on the quality of the physical environment, the majority of the respondents in Trinidad and Tobago (67%) and St. Lucia (63%) felt that tourism impacted positively on the cleanliness and appearance of the country (Table 13; Chart 10). Barbados, to a much lesser extent (26%), shared this sentiment. In fact, in Barbados, the situation was mixed with a sizeable percentage (23%) saying that tourism also had a negative influence on the environment.

7-15

Table 13: How would you rate the influence of tourism on overall cleanliness and appearance of the country?


(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)


No influence 17 5 4





Not Stated 10 3

Chart 10: How would you rate the influence of tourism on overall cleanliness and appearance of the country?

17

2326

17

5 5

63

13

4 5

67

22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Barbados St Lucia Trinidad and TobagoCountry


7-16

Another aspect of the physical environment, which is directly linked to the social impact of tourism, is the parks and recreational areas. Overall, most respondents felt that tourism had a positive influence on the parks and recreation areas in their countries: Trinidad and Tobago 76%, followed by 64% in St. Lucia and 55% in Barbados (Table 14; Chart 11).

Table 14: How would you rate the influence of tourism on parks and recreation areas?


(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)


No influence 12 5 3





Not Stated 1 2

7-17

Chart 11: How would you rate the influence of tourism on parks and recreation areas?

126

55

16

52

64

12

3 4

76

17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percent


Country


In relation to public safety, the attitudes across all three countries are mixed, suggesting that tourism is viewed as having both negative and positive impacts on safety (Table 15; Chart 12). The most positive view of the influence of tourism on safety was in Barbados. In both St Lucia and Barbados, fairly significant percentages said that they did not know how to rate the influence of tourism on safety or that it had no influence on safety.

7-18

Table 15: How would you rate the influence of tourism on safety?


(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)







Not Stated 1 2

Chart 12: How would you rate the influence of tourism on safety?

22

10

2422

24

16

21

10

16

2426

32

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent


Country


In regard to educational impacts, the majority of respondents in Trinidad and Tobago (62%) and St Lucia (53%) felt that the impact was positive (Table 16; Chart 13). In

7-19

Barbados, a significant percentage (45%) also indicated that it had a positive influence. Very few saw negative influences of tourism on education.

Table 16: How would you rate the influence of tourism on educational system?


(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)







Not Stated 1 3

Chart 13: How would you rate the influence of tourism on educational system?

7-20

24

2

45

1013

2

53

1013

3

62

14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent


Country


Attitudes towards tourism influences on cultural and educational institutions, such as museums and cultural centres, were also favourable. All three countries had overwhelmingly positives attitudes towards the influence of tourism on museums and cultural centres: Barbados 70%, St Lucia 64% and Trinidad and Tobago 62% (Table 17; Chart 14).

7-21

Table 17: How would you rate the influence of tourism on museum cultural centres?

LEVEL OF INFLUENCE

BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)


No influence 6 5 17





Not Stated 1 3

Chart 14: How would you rate the influence of tourism on museum and cultural centres?

62

70

5 51

62

9

17

3

64

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent


Country


Most respondents in Barbados (77%) and St Lucia (64%) felt that tourism afforded visitors the opportunity to learn about their culture (Table 18; Chart 15).

7-22

Table 18: To what extent do you agree that tourism increases opportunity to learn about our culture?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)

Strongly agree 7 15

Agree 70 49

Disagree 10 13

Strongly disagree 1 4

Don�t Know 11 18

Not Stated 1 1

Chart 15: To what extent do you agree that tourism increases opportunity to learn about our culture?

77

11

64

17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percent

Barbados St Lucia

Country

AgreeeDisagree

7.3 ATTITUDES TOWARDS INCREASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

A third aspect of determining attitudes towards tourism is in relation to how people perceive increased tourism development. While current tourism development may be perceived to be good, it is important to know whether or not locals associate increased social tensions or diminishing economic returns with the expansion of the industry.

7-23

In relation to the perceived economic impacts of further development of tourism, the overwhelming majority of respondents in all three countries felt that it would lead to high economic benefit to their country (Table 19; Chart 16). The level of approval was highest amongst Trinidadians (98%), followed by Barbados (89%) and St Lucia (83%).

7-24

Table 19: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in high economic benefit to the country?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 64 46 52

Disagree 4 6 1


Don�t Know 6 8 <1

Not Stated <1 1

Chart 16: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in high economic benefit to the country?

89

5

83

8

98

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

A smaller majority from each country also believed that they would benefit financially if tourism were to increase in their community (Table 20; Chart 17). Again this feeling was

7-25

strongest among Trinidadian respondents (66%), followed by St Lucia (56%) and Barbados (55%).

Table 20: To what extent do you agree that you will benefit financially if tourism increases in your community?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 47 43 43

Disagree 23 14 6



Not Stated 1 2

7-26

Chart 17: To what extent do you agree that you will benefit financially if tourism increases in your community?

55

25

56

19

66

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

Support for actual tourism development in their communities was extremely high: more than 78% in Barbados, 75% in St Lucia, and 92% in Trinidad and Tobago (Table 21; Chart 18).

7-27

Table 21: To what extent do you support tourism development in your community?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 68 51 53

Disagree 10 7 3



Not Stated 1 2

Chart 18: To what extent do you support tourism development in your community?

78

11

75

9

92

4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

Interestingly, the majority of respondents in all three countries felt that their countries were good places for future tourism investment. Virtually all respondents from Trinidad and Tobago (97%), followed by Barbados (90%) and St Lucia (88%) agreed with that view (Table 22; Chart 19).

7-28

Table 22: To what extent do you agree that your country is a good place to invest in new tourism development business?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 74 58 55

Disagree 2 3 <1

Strongly disagree <1 1 <1

Don�t Know 7 7 2

Not Stated 1 1

7-29

Chart 19: To what extent do you agree that your country is a good place to invest in new tourism development business?

90

3

88

4

97

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

In regard to future impacts of increased tourism on social life, two areas were examined: crime and overcrowding in tourist areas. In relation to crime, more people disagreed than agreed with the statement that crime would increase with increased tourism in Barbados (50% vs. 33%), St Lucia (57% vs. 27%) and Trinidad and Tobago (42% vs. 36%) (Table 23; Chart 20). However, it is noticeable that the percentages that agreed were significant, suggesting a mixed picture regarding crime.

7-30

Table 23: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in increased crime in the country?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 30 18 36

Disagree 47 42 19



Not Stated 1 2

Chart 20: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in increased crime in the country?

33

50

27

57

36

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

Most of the respondents in St. Lucia (58%) and almost half in Barbados (47%) held the view that increased tourism would result in crowding in the areas of tourism activity in

7-31

their country. On the other hand, the majority of the Trinidad and Tobago respondents (62%) disagreed with this view (Table 24; Chart 21).

Table 24: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in crowding in areas of tourism activity in the country?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 43 41 19

Disagree 35 18 25



Not Stated 1 2

7-32

Chart 21: To what extent do you agree that increased tourism will result in crowding in areas of tourism activity in the country?

47

36

58

2126

62

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

In relation to the overall impact of increased tourism on the country, two measures are used: overall quality of life and net benefits. In regard to quality of life, most respondents in all three countries believed that increased tourism would improve the overall quality of life of the country (Table 25; Chart 22). The highest positive responses came from Trinidad and Tobago (83%), followed by St. Lucia (74%) and Barbados (71%).

7-33

Table 25: To what extent do you agree that increase in tourism in the country will improve the overall quality of life?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 60 51 50

Disagree 12 10 3



Not Stated 1 2

7-34

Chart 22: To what extent do you agree that increase in tourism in the country will improve the overall quality of life?

71

13

74

12

83

4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

There was also majority agreement regarding the net benefits of tourism, with most respondents in all countries agreeing that increased tourism was likely to be more positive then negative: Trinidad and Tobago 93%, Barbados 73% and St Lucia 52% (Table 26; Chart 23). However, it is noticeable that in the case of St Lucia, 21% said that it would be more negative than positive, while another 26% said that they did not know. Overall, Trinidad and Tobago was much more upbeat about the benefits of increased tourism, while St Lucia was the least.

7-35

Table 26: To what extent do you agree that your country, the overall benefits of tourism outweigh the negative impacts?


BARBADOS

(Percent)

ST LUCIA

(Percent)



Agree 63 36 54

Disagree 8 18 4



Not Stated 1 1

Chart 23: To what extent do you agree that your country, the overall benefits of tourism outweigh the negative impacts?

73

9

52

21

93

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent


Country

AgreeDisagree

7-36

7.4 MOST SERIOUS BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS OF TOURISM

Respondents in each country were asked to identify two problems and two benefits of tourism. Increased crime and high cost of living were the most common problems to all three countries. Likewise more economic development and employment, and greater foreign exchange earnings were the most commonly identified benefits of tourism among the three countries. Both the benefits and problems for each country are shown in Charts 24 to 29.

7.4.1 Benefits

Chart 24: Benefits of tourism

65%

9%4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Economicdevelopment and

jobs

InternationalExposure

Better infrastructure

Barbados

7-37


47%

17%11%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Jobs Foreign Exchange MoreDevelopment/Hotels

St Lucia

7-38


45%

37%

28%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Jobs Revenue/ ForeignExchange

CommunityDevelopment

Trinidad and Tobago

7-39

7.4.2 Problems

Chart 27: Problems of tourism

13%

4%3%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

Increase in Drugs andCrime

Shortage of Land andHigh Cost of Living

Disease and HealthProblems

Barbados

7-40


16%

11% 11%

0%

2%4%6%8%

10%

12%14%16%

Increase in Drugs,Crime and Disease

Lack of Access toPublic Beaches

Neglect of otherIndustries

St Lucia

7-41


62%

18% 18%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Increase in Crime High Cost of RealEstate

Limited Access toTourist Facilities

Trinidad and Tobago

7-42

8. OVERALL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results from this study show that, generally, there are more positive than negative attitudes toward the tourism sector by citizens of all three countries. Nonetheless, there are concerns about the likely social impact of increased tourism. One of major recommendations of this study is that these surveys be instituted and repeated in each CARIFORUM country every two years. The major findings and recommendations are presented below.

FINDING RECOMMENDATION

1 In general, respondents from all three countries felt that tourism has a significant impact on the economies of their countries, although the extent of the impact varies among them.

In view of this finding there is a need to undertake regular surveys (perhaps every two years) of the general attitudes of residents toward tourism. It is important that this be done systematically and professionally by government in order to track changes among the public, using the same or a similar instrument in this study. Positive views can change to negative or apathetic ones quickly. Knowing how the public feel about the impact and relevance of the industry is vital to tailoring appropriate educational and/or ameliorative programmes to ensure the sustainability of the industry.

2 There were some areas of concern in relation to the economic impact of tourism. For instance, in Barbados almost one in three persons felt that jobs in the tourism industry were low paying. In St Lucia, more people agreed than disagreed with the view that tourism was low paying. In Barbados it was felt that tourists did not pay their fair share for using public services. Also, one-third of the persons in St Lucia and one-quarter in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago felt that tourism did not benefit their communities.

Again, this finding shows the importance of knowing how the public perceive the industry. The finding indicates that there are a number of serious reservations about the industry, which need to be addressed via public policy and/or education. Knowing what the perceived problems are allows for informed and appropriate public policy responses. For example, if indeed from an empirical standpoint tourists do in fact pay their fair share for using public services then there might be the need to educate members of the public about this matter. Intense negative feelings could result in resentment and ultimately disruption of the industry in the long run.

3 The general attitudes regarding the social impact of tourism were much

This is an important finding that could be used to assist in encouraging investors and

8-1

more positive than negative for all three countries. Economic development and employment, and greater foreign exchange earnings were the most commonly identified benefits of tourism among the three countries. In Barbados, international exposure and better infrastructure were also identified as additional benefits. In St Lucia, more hotels were seen as an additional benefit. In Trinidad and Tobago, community development was also identified.

promoting the industry locally. However, a similar finding from a series of surveys over a longer period of time is better than a single cross-sectional survey.

4 In all three countries, especially in Trinidad and Tobago, there was strong support for further tourism development. The majority of respondents in all three countries shared the view that the net positives of increased tourism outweighed the net negatives.

This is an important finding in relation to a case for future investment in the industry. There has been some opposition to the expansion of the industry in many countries of the Caribbean. Evidence of public support for expansion should make it easier for policy makers and investors to undertake the expansion of the industry. However, it may be useful to poll residents on the type, scope and pace of investments in order to garner community support for such and avoid investments that may alienate the resident population.

5 Increased crime and high cost of living were the most common problems to all three countries. In Barbados, many were concerned about the high cost of land and health problems. In St Lucia, they were also concerned with access to the beaches and lack of attention to other industries. In Trinidad and Tobago, they expressed concern about the high cost of real estate and lack of local access to facilities for tourists.

It is important that policy makers use the findings from the study in order to address the concerns that have been identified by the respondents. The social problems identified are serious and have the potential to escalate, thereby negatively impacting on future developments in the tourism sector.

The essential conclusion from the exercise is that regular attitudinal surveys should be an integral part of research and public relations management in all national tourism offices in the region. The Bahamas has been conducting attitudinal surveys since 1996 with the result that they now know much more about Bahamians and residents� views and perceptions of the vital tourism industry. This has helped to shape national tourism

8-2

policy particularly as regards public education and awareness building, which are so vital to the sustainability of the tourism sector.

Hopefully, other countries in the region would use the findings of this report to support their efforts at providing tourism decision-makers with the necessary information for initiating the imperative reforms, policies and measures, which are vital for capitalizing on the potential benefits from tourism and guaranteeing the sustainability of the sector. The ecological, visitor satisfaction and economic aspects of tourism are crucial for ensuring that sector�s sustainability but just as important is the attitude of residents to, and their perceived involvement in, the tourism industry. Regular monitoring of those perceptions and attitudes are therefore strongly recommended and NTOs are hereby urged to liaise with their respective NSOs in instituting those surveys and continuing them on a regular basis.

8-3

REFERENCES 9.

Andrew, McHale. 2005. �Use of Tourism Statistics in Macro-Economic and Business Planning�. Paper presented at the CRSTDP/CTO Statistics & Information Management Workshop, Jolly Beach Hotel, Antigua, October 10-14.

Brown, K.L. 2000. �Physical and Socio-economic Impacts of Tourist Recreational Activities in Montego Bay, Ocho Rios and Port Antonio� in J. Maerk and I. Boxill (eds) Tourism in the Caribbean. Mexico City Plaza y Valdes.

Boxill, I. 2002. �Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism in Barbados and Jamaica� in Alberto Pereira, Ian Boxill and Johannes Maerk (eds). Tourism, development and Natural Resources in the Caribbean. Mexico City: Plaza y Valdez, (189-200).

Jansen-Verbeke. 2002. �Bruges Laboratory for Tourism Studies� in Tourism Studies in Bruges. Bruges, Belgium: Sansen Printing Services.

McGehee, N., K. Andereck and C. Vogt. 2002. �An Examination of factors Influencing Residents Attitudes Toward Tourism in Twelve Arizona Communities�

9-1

APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRES

Trinidad and Tobago

Map No��.. CARIBBEAN MARKET RESEARCH LIMITED Int. Init�

Date��. 21A MARLI STREET, NEWTOWN, POS Sup. Init�

Id. No��.. TOURISM PERCEPTION SURVEY

Good morning/ afternoon� My name is _____ from Caribbean Market Research Ltd.

We are conducting a market research survey in this area and would appreciate it if you

could spare us a few minutes of your time please, to answer a few questions.

Screening questions.

S1 Do you or other members of your family work for any of the following types of companies?

1. Market Research Company 4. Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs 2. Advertising Agency 5. Ministry of Tourism 3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6. TDC

IF YES TO ANY OF THE ABOVE, END INTERVIEW.

Q.1a Do you listen to the radio? 1. Yes → Continue 2. No → Go to Q.4Q.1b At what times of the day do you normally listen to the radio?

1 Before 6 AM 7 4 PM � 6 PM

2 6 AM � 8 AM 8 6 PM � 8 PM

3 8 AM �10 AM 9 8 PM � 10 PM

4 10 AM � 12 NOON 10 10PM � 12 MIDNIGHT

5 12 NOON � 2 PM

6 2 PM � 4 PM

11 Other (Specify)

Q.2 Which stations do you tend to listen to most often? DO NOT READ OPTIONS

A-1

A: Questionnaires

1. 90.5 FM 8. 97 FM 15. 105 FM

2. 93.1 FM 9. 98.1 FM 16. 106 FM

3. 93.5 FM 10. 99.5 FM 17. Other (Specify)

4. 94 FM 11. 101.1 FM

5. 95.1 FM 12. 102 FM

6. 95.5 FM 13. 103 FM

7. 96.1 FM 14. 104 FM

Q.3 What type of programmes do you listen to? DO NOT READ OPTIONS

1. Call in talk shows 5. News

2. Music 6. Medical/ health related

4. Religious/ spiritual/ inspirational 7. Women�s issues

5. Government 8. Other

(Specify)______________________

Q.4 Now I would like you to rank the following sectors, in terms of which brings in the most revenue to the Trinidad & Tobago economy. [SHOW CARD. ROTATE SEQUENCE] Please rank in order of the highest, which is the 2nd highest, etc.

HIGHEST 2ND HIGHEST 3RD HIGHEST 4TH HIGHEST 5TH HIGHEST

Agricultural sector 1 1 1 1 1

Energy sector 2 2 2 2 2

Tourism sector 3 3 3 3 3

Manufacturing sector 4 4 4 4 4

Business Services sector 5 5 5 5 5

Q.5 What role do you think tourism plays to the economy of Trinidad and Tobago in comparison to other industries?

A-2

A: Questionnaires 1. No role 3. A minor role

2. A role equal to other industries 4. A dominant role

Q6. When you hear the word �tourist� tell me everything that comes to mind. Probe. Anything else? Do not read list.

1. Exploiting Trinidad & Tobago�s beauty, etc. 13. Elderly persons/ Retirees 2. Someone returning to Trinidad & Tobago to visit friends and

family 14. Someone who is not an immigrant, but a stranger to a region

within Trinidad and Tobago 3. A mechanism for introducing diseases into Trinidad &

Tobago 15. Someone with an accent/ speaking a foreign language

4. Money/ Investments/ Revenue/ A means of building Trinidad & Tobago�s economy/ Foreign exchange

16. Promoting a product that Trinidad and Tobago markets/ Promoting trade

5. Generating employment 17. An exchange of ideas/ ideology 6. Someone travelling on business 18. Tourism/ Promoting tourism 7. Americans 19. The sun, sea and sand/ Beaches 8. Someone from one of the Caribbean Islands coming to

Trinidad and Tobago to do some shopping, go to the beach, etc.

20. Someone from outside the Caribbean coming to Trinidad and Tobago to do some shopping, go to the beach, etc.

21. Tours/ Tour guides/ �Getting to know Trinidad and Tobago � tours/ Sightseeing

22. Nature walks/ Flora and Fauna

9. Marketing one�s culture/ Promoting Trinidad and Tobago to the rest of the world/ Advertising or Showcasing the beauty of Trinidad and Tobago, etc./ Inviting persons to come and experience what Trinidad and Tobago has to offer 23. Restaurants

10. Souvenirs 24. Indigenous foods 11. Hotels/ Guesthouses 25. The airport

26. Cruises 27. Yachties

12. An immigrant/ A stranger/foreigner/visitor to Trinidad & Tobago/ Anyone going to another�s country to do some shopping, go to the beach, etc. 28. Other (specify)

A-3

A: Questionnaires

Q7. Whom do you consider to be a tourist? Show card. Read the statements.

Strongly Agree Agree Don�t know Disagree Strongly

Disagree

1. Anyone who is not born �here�/ An immigrant 5 4 3 2 1

2. A stranger/foreigner/visitor to Trinidad & Tobago 5 4 3 2 1

3. Someone from one of the Caribbean Islands coming to Trinidad & Tobago to do some shopping 5 4 3 2 1

4. Someone from the USA coming to Trinidad & Tobago for a beach vacation 5 4 3 2 1

5. Someone returning to Trinidad & Tobago to visit friends and family 5 4 3 2 1

6. Someone who lives in Trinidad and goes to Tobago for the weekend 5 4 3 2 1

7. Someone visiting Trinidad & Tobago on business 5 4 3 2 1

8. Someone from another country participating in a sports event in Trinidad & Tobago 5 4 3 2 1

9. Someone born in Trinidad but lives abroad, who is here for a family wedding 5 4 3 2 1

10. Someone coming to work in Trinidad & Tobago for 3 years 5 4 3 2 1

11. Any Caucasian/ �white� person 5 4 3 2 1

12. Someone with an accent 5 4 3 2 1

13. Someone who lives in San Fernando and goes to the Pitch Lake for the day 5 4 3 2 1

14. Someone speaking a foreign language 5 4 3 2 1

A-4

A: Questionnaires Q8. When you hear the word �tourism� tell me everything that comes to mind. Probe. Anything else? Do not read list.

1. Exploiting Trinidad & Tobago�s beauty, etc. 15. Immigrants/ Strangers/foreigners/visitors to Trinidad & Tobago

2. Someone returning to Trinidad & Tobago to visit friends and family

16. Someone who is not an immigrant, but a stranger to a region within Trinidad and Tobago

3. A mechanism for introducing diseases into Trinidad & Tobago 17. Someone with an accent/ speaking a foreign language

4. Money/ Investments/ Revenue/ A means of building Trinidad & Tobago�s economy/ Foreign exchange

18. Promoting a product that a particular country markets/ Promoting trade

5. Generating employment 19. An exchange of ideas/ ideology 6. Tourists 20. Bake and shark 7. Carnival 21. The sun, sea and sand/ Beaches 8. Someone from one of the Caribbean Islands coming to our

country to do some shopping, go to the beach, etc. 22. Someone from outside the Caribbean coming to Trinidad

and Tobago to do some shopping, go to the beach, etc. 9. The Caribbean 10. Cultural shows/ Arts and Craft

23. Tours/ Tour guides/ �Getting to know the country� tours/ Sightseeing

11. Hotels/ Guest houses 24. Nature walks/ Flora and Fauna 12. The airport 25. Restaurants 13. Cruises 26. Indigenous foods

27. Tobago 28. Souvenirs 29. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs

14. Marketing one�s culture/ Promoting one�s country to the rest of the world/ Advertising or Showcasing the beauty of one�s country, etc./ Inviting persons to come and experience what Trinidad and Tobago has to offer 30. The different embassies

15. Improving the physical appearance of Trinidad & Tobago 31. TIDCO 16. The Ministry of Tourism 32. TDC (Tourism Development Company) 17. The Ministry of Trade and Industry 18. Tourism development in general

33. Other (specify)

A-5

A: Questionnaires

Q.9a To what extent is your job dependent on tourism? RECORD IN TABLE BELOW.

Q.9b What percentage of your income is due to tourism? RECORD IN TABLE BELOW.

Q.9b Q.9a

None at all 1% - 25% 26% - 50% 51% - 75% 76% - 100% Don�t know

1. Not at all dependent 1 X X X X X

2. Somewhat not dependent X 2 3 4 5 6

3. Unsure 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. Somewhat dependent 1 2 3 4 5 6

5. Very dependent 1 2 3 4 5 6

Q10 I am now going to read out some statements about work in the tourism industry. I would like you to tell me how much you agree or disagree with each of them as a description of how you feel? SHOW CARD.

Strongly Agree Agree Don�t

know Disagree Strongly Disagree

The tourism industry does not pay very well 5 4 3 2 1

The work in the tourism sector is easy 5 4 3 2 1

I would much rather work in the tourism sector than in the energy

sector 5 4 3 2 1

Working in tourism is exciting 5 4 3 2 1

I think working in tourism is servitude (i.e. servant like) 5 4 3 2 1

There is limited upward mobility in the tourism industry (i.e. it is difficult to �move up�)

5 4 3 2 1

Working in tourism entails having to work in shifts or at odd hours 5 4 3 2 1

A-6

A: Questionnaires Q11a. Would you say that tourism has made a �contribution to the development of Trinidad? Show card.

5. Very Significant 4. Somewhat Significant

3. Neither Significant nor Insignificant

2. Somewhat Insignificant 1. Insignificant

Q11b. What are your reasons for saying this? Probe fully.

Q12a. Would you say that tourism has made a �contribution to the development of Tobago? Show card.

5. Very Significant 4. Somewhat Significant

3. Neither Significant nor Insignificant

2. Somewhat Insignificant 1. Insignificant

Q12b. What are your reasons for saying this? Probe fully.

Q13. What do you think are the two main advantages of international tourism to Trinidad & Tobago? Do not read list.

1. Cultural exposure 8. Community development 2. It gives locals a greater sense of appreciation of

Trinidad and Tobago 9. An exchange of ideas/ ideology/ Exposure to fresh, new

ideas 3. It assists in promoting our culture 10. Tourism/ It promotes tourism 4. A transfer of/ Exposure to up-to-date/ advanced

technology 11. Money/ Investment opportunities/ Revenue/ Foreign

exchange 5. Employment generation 12. International connections with �tourist� destinations 6. Locals feel proud when international tourists appreciate

what Trinidad and Tobago has to offer (e.g. Carnival, etc)

13. It brings different, new skills/ knowledge/ experiences/ expertise into Trinidad & Tobago

7. Business/ Trade opportunities 14. Other (specify)

A-7

A: Questionnaires

Q14. What do you think are the two main disadvantages of international tourism to Trinidad & Tobago? Do not read list.

1. Int�l Tourism exploits Trinidad and Tobago�s resources, etc.

7. Increased crime

2. Destruction/ Loss of our culture/ Negative cultural influence

8. The high price of real estate/ Real estate prices are increasing

3. Inflation/ Increased cost of living/ Decreased quality of life for residents of T&T

9. One has limited access to/ use of facilities and infrastructure that are set up for tourists

4. Traffic congestion 10. Diseases

5. Increased prostitution

6. Int�l Tourism has a negative impact on our natural environment

11. Other (specify)

Q.15 How would you rate the influence of tourism on the following? SHOW CARD.

No influence

Negative influence

Positive influence

Positive & Negative influence

Don�t know

Traffic 1 2 3 4 5

Safety 1 2 3 4 5

Education system 1 2 3 4 5

Museums and advantage 1 2 3 4 5

Cost of living 1 2 3 4 5

Overall cleanliness and appearance of Trinidad & Tobago 1 2 3 4 5

Parks and recreation areas 1 2 3 4 5

Condition of roads and highways 1 2 3 4 5

Job opportunities 1 2 3 4 5

A-8

A: Questionnaires

Q.16 To what extent do you agree or disagree that the following will occur as a result of increased tourism in Trinidad & Tobago? SHOW CARD.



High economic benefit to Trinidad & Tobago (more

income, more jobs, more profit, etc.) 5 4 3 2 1

Overcrowding in areas of tourism activity 5 4 3 2 1

Increased crime in Trinidad & Tobago 5 4 3 2 1

Increased tourism offers no benefit or advantage 5 4 3 2 1

A loss of the Trinidad and Tobago culture 5 4 3 2 1

Decay of moral values in Trinidad and Tobago�s

society 5 4 3 2 1

A-9

A: Questionnaires

Q.17 Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements. SHOW CARD.



The tourism promotion offered by Trinidad & Tobago benefits my

community economically 5 4 3 2 1

I support some (more) tourism development in my community 5 4 3 2 1

If tourism increases in Trinidad & Tobago, the overall quality of

life for the people of Trinidad & Tobago will improve 5 4 3 2 1

Trinidad & Tobago is a good place to invest in new tourism

development 5 4 3 2 1

I will benefit financially if tourism increases in my community 5 4 3 2 1

I�d like to see more people from overseas come to Trinidad &

Tobago 5 4 3 2 1

I enjoy meeting tourists who come to visit Trinidad & Tobago 5 4 3 2 1

I do not feel welcome in hotels 5 4 3 2 1

Tourists treat us with little or no respect 5 4 3 2 1

Q18. In your opinion, how important is international tourism to the economy of Trinidad and Tobago? Show card.

5. Very Important 4. Somewhat Important

3. Neither Important nor Unimportant

2. Somewhat Unimportant

1. Not Important at all

Q19. What are your reasons for feeling this way? Probe fully.

A-10

A: Questionnaires

Q20. How would you say tourism has contributed to the development of Trinidad & Tobago over the past 5-10 years? Show card.

5. A great deal 4. Quite a lot 3. Somewhat 2. Not very much 1. Not at all

Q21a. If a rating of �4� or �5� is given, ASK: What are your reasons for saying this? Probe.

1. Different, new skills/ knowledge/ experiences/

expertise are being brought into Trinidad & Tobago

11. There is a transfer of/ exposure to up-to-date/ advanced technology

2. Creation of infrastructure (e.g. shopping malls, highways, street signs etc.)

12. An exchange of ideas/ ideology/ Exposure to fresh, new ideas

3. Employment generation/ opportunities 13. Greater development of Carnival, cultural activities

4. Money/ Investment opportunities/ Revenue/ Foreign exchange

14. Areas on tourism have been included in SEA, CXC and tertiary education programmes

5. Business/ Trade opportunities 15. Spanish has been added to the school curriculum

6. Community development 16. There is a new airport 7. Development of �tourist� sites 17. Clean environment esp. in the nations� capitals 8. Development of more hotels/ guesthouses (e.g.

Trinidad Marriott) 18. Establishment of international connections with

�tourist� destinations 9. There is the growth of franchise restaurants such

as TGI, Ruby Tuesday, Hooters, etc. 10. Promotion of our culture

19. Other (specify)

Q21b. If a rating of �3�,�2�or �1� is given, ASK: What are your reasons for saying this? Probe.

1. Trinidad and Tobago�s resources are being

exploited 6. Diseases/ STDs

2. Destruction/ Loss of our culture/ Negative cultural influence

7. The high price of real estate/ Real estate prices are increasing

3. Inflation/ Increased cost of living (e.g. unable to get a reasonable hotel during �tourist season�, paying to visit �tourist sites�, etc.)

8. Foreign investors buy up portions of the beach area thereby restricting locals from experiencing/ benefiting from it

9. Increased crime 4. Int�l Tourism has a negative impact on our natural environment 10. Increased prostitution

5. The government has focused too much on Carnival, neglecting all the other aspects of tourism

11. Other (specify)

A-11

A: Questionnaires

Q22. Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with some statements people have made concerning the effects of international tourism? Show card. Read Statements.

Strongly Agree b. AGREE Don�t


With tourism one has access to/ can use facilities and infrastructure that are set up for tourists

5 4 3 2 1

With tourism one can enjoy a higher level of service at �tourist� sites 5 4 3 2 1

With tourism one has limited access to/ use of facilities and infrastructure that are set up for tourists

5 4 3 2 1

Tourism exposes us to other cultures and people 5 4 3 2 1

Tourism assists in promoting our culture 5 4 3 2 1

Tourism has a negative influence on our culture 5 4 3 2 1

Tourism provides an avenue for foreign exchange, international investments and economic development

5 4 3 2 1

With tourism one has many business/ trade opportunities 5 4 3 2 1

With tourism there are numerous employment opportunities 5 4 3 2 1

With tourism one can enjoy a cleaner/more improved environment 5 4 3 2 1

Tourism exploits Trinidad and Tobago�s resources, etc. 5 4 3 2 1

Tourism increases the quality of life for residents of T&T 5 4 3 2 1

Tourism decreases the quality of life for residents of T&T 5 4 3 2 1

Tourism brings about increased safety from crime 5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1 My community has benefited from tourism

A-12

A: Questionnaires

Tourism brings different, new skills/ knowledge/ experiences/ expertise into Trinidad & Tobago

5 4 3 2 1

Tourism only benefits those who work/ invest directly in the tourist industry 5 4 3 2 1

Q.23a Do you think that international tourism is vital in creating employment opportunities in: (READ OUT OPTIONS) 1. Tobago Only 2. Trinidad Only 3. Both Trinidad & Tobago 4. Neither Q.23b Do you think that international tourism is beneficial to the economy of: (READ OUT OPTIONS) 1. Tobago Only 2. Trinidad Only 3. Both Trinidad & Tobago 4. Neither Q.23c Do you believe that �(READ OUT OPTIONS) has a lot to offer as a tourist destination? 1. Tobago Only 2. Trinidad Only 3. Both Trinidad & Tobago 4. Neither Q.23d Have you seen or heard recent media reports relating to international tourism and: (READ OUT OPTIONS) 1. Tobago Only 2. Trinidad Only 3. Both Trinidad & Tobago 4. Neither

A-13

A: Questionnaires

Q.24 How much do you agree or disagree that the following businesses are tourism related? SHOW CARD.



Hotels or guesthouses 5 4 3 2 1

A tour company 5 4 3 2 1

A taxi driver 5 4 3 2 1

Market vendors 5 4 3 2 1

Restaurants 5 4 3 2 1

Hairdressers or barbers 5 4 3 2 1

A boatyard and yacht repair company 5 4 3 2 1

A nightclub 5 4 3 2 1

A soca artiste or musician 5 4 3 2 1

An employment agency 5 4 3 2 1

Commercial airlines 5 4 3 2 1

Nursing homes or hospitals 5 4 3 2 1

Engineering & construction company 5 4 3 2 1

An agricultural farmer 5 4 3 2 1

A clothing store 5 4 3 2 1

A travel agent 5 4 3 2 1

Sports organizations (e.g. TTFF & QPCC) 5 4 3 2 1

A car rental company 5 4 3 2 1

A-14

A: Questionnaires

Commercial banks 5 4 3 2 1

A dentist 5 4 3 2 1

A roadside vendor 5 4 3 2 1

A cinema 5 4 3 2 1

Water sports business 5 4 3 2 1

Shopping malls 5 4 3 2 1

Security services 5 4 3 2 1

A supermarket or grocery 5 4 3 2 1

An educational institution 5 4 3 2 1

A record or cd shop 5 4 3 2 1

A post office 5 4 3 2 1

A craftsman 5 4 3 2 1

Q25a. When you hear the word �tourism� what is the first company that comes to mind? Note only ONE. Do not read list. RECORD IN TABLE BELOW Q25b. What other companies come to mind? RECORD IN TABLE BELOW

A-15

A: Questionnaires

Q.26 In your opinion, who do you think is responsible for promoting the tourism industry in Trinidad & Tobago?

Q25a.

1st Mentioned

Q25b.

Others Mentioned

Q.26

Promotion of Tourism

The Ministry of Tourism 1 1 1

The Ministry of Trade and Industry 2 2 2

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3 3 3

The Ministry of Community Development, Culture & Gender Affairs 4 4 4

TIDCO 5 5 5

TDC (Tourism Development Company) 6 6 6

Carib 7 7 7

Angostura 8 8 8

Other (specify) 9 9 9



Q.27 How would you rate your level of interaction with tourists? SHOW CARD 1. 2. Very frequent 3. Infrequent 3. Somewhat frequent 4. Almost never

Q.28 What is your usual reaction towards tourists? Do you � [READ STATEMENTS]

1. Make them feel welcome 3. Have no specific reaction

2. Try to avoid them

A-16

A: Questionnaires Q.29 Do you have any other concerns related to tourism or tourists that have not been addressed by this questionnaire?

Q.30 Have you ever visited another country?

1. Yes -! Continue 2. No -! Go to Demographics

Q.31 When was your last trip?

1. More than 5 years ago 3. I travel abroad at least once a

year 2. 3. At least once in the last 5 years

Demographics:

GENDER: 1. MALE 2. FEMALE

RACE: 1. AFRICAN 2. INDIAN 3. MIXED 4. OTHER

AGE: 1. 18-25 2. 26-34 3. 35�49 4. 50-64 5. 65+

LOCATION: 1. NORTH 2. CENTRAL 3. SOUTH

DETAILED ADDRESS: _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

SOCIAL CLASS: 1. AB 2. C1 3. C2 4. D

A-17

A: Questionnaires

OCCUPATION OF MAIN WAGE EARNER: _______________________________________

OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENT: __________________________________

TELEPHONE # ____________________________

TOTAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER MONTH:

1. UNDER $1,000 3. $2,001 - $3,500 5. OVER $5,000 7. Refused

2. $1,000 - $2,000 4. $3,501 - $5,000 6. Don�t know

HIGHEST EDUCATION LEVEL:

1. Some Primary 2. Primary 3. Some Secondary

4. Secondary 5. Tertiary 6. Graduate 7. Other (Specify)

MARITAL STATUS: 1. Married 2. Separated/ Divorced 3. Widowed

4. Single 5. Common Law

Thank you for your assistance.

I have read this completed questionnaire and certify that all questions requiring answers have been appropriately filled in and that this interview has been obtained from the individual designated.

Interviewer��.. Date��..

Barbados and St. Lucia

A-18

A: Questionnaires

SURVEY OF ATTITUDES AND

INVOLVEMENT IN TOURISM

1. WHAT ROLE DO YOU THINK TOURISM PLAYS IN YOUR LOCAL ECONOMY IN COMPARISON TO OTHER INDUSTRIES?

NO ROLE □ MINOR ROLE □

EQUAL TO OTHER INDUSTRIES □ DOMINANT ROLE □

2. TO WHAT EXTENT IS YOUR JOB DEPENDENT ON TOURISM?

VERY DEPENDENT □ SOMEWHAT DEPENDENT □

NOT AT ALL DEPENDENT □ NOT APPLICABLE □

3. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF YOUR INCOME IS DUE TO TOURISM?

NONE AT ALL □ 1 - 25% □ 26 - 50% □

51 - 75% □ 76 - 100% □ DON�T KNOW □

NOT APPLICABLE □

A-19

A: Questionnaires

4. HOW WOULD YOU RATE YOUR LEVEL OF INTERACTION WITH TOURISTS?

FREQUENT □ SOMEWHAT FREQUENT □

INFREQUENT □ ALMOST NEVER □

5. WHAT IS YOUR USUAL REACTION TOWARDS TOURISTS?

MAKE THEM FEEL WELCOME □ NO SPECIFIC REACTION □

TRY TO AVOID THEM □

6. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE THE FOLLOWING WILL OCCUR AS A RESULT OF INCREASED TOURISM IN BARBADOS/ST. LUCIA?

Strongly Agree

Agree Strongly Disagree

Disagree Don�t Know

HIGH ECONOMIC BENEFIT TO THE COUNTRY (more income, more jobs, more profits etc.)

□ □ □ □ □

CROWDING IN AREAS OF TOURISM ACTIVITY

□ □ □ □ □

INCREASED CRIME IN THE COUNTRY

□ □ □ □ □

TOURISM OFFERS NO BENEFIT OR ADVANTAGE

□ □ □ □ □

A-20

A: Questionnaires

7. HOW WOULD RATE THE INFLUENCE OF TOURISM ON THE FOLLOWING:

No Negative Influence

Negative Influence

Positive and Negative Influence

Negative Influence

Don�t Know

TRAFFIC □ □ □ □ □

SAFETY □ □ □ □ □

EDUCATION SYSTEM □ □ □ □ □

MUSEUMS AND CULTURE CENTRES

□ □ □ □ □

COST OF LIVING □ □ □ □ □

OVERALL CLEANLINESS AND APPEARANCE OF COUNTRY

□ □ □ □ □

PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS

□ □ □ □ □

CONDITION OF ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

□ □ □ □ □

JOB OPPORTUNITIES □ □ □ □ □

A-21

A: Questionnaires

8. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:

Strongly Agree Agree Strongly Disagree


THE TOURISM PROMOTION OFFERED BY MY COUNTRY BENEFITS MY COMMUNITY ECONOMICALLY

□ □ □ □ □

I SUPPORT TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MY COMMUNITY

□ □ □ □ □

IF TOURISM INCREASES IN MY COUNTRY, THE OVERALL QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PEOPLE WOULD IMPROVE

□ □ □ □ □

MY COUNTRY IS A GOOD PLACE TO INVEST IN NEW TOURISM DEVELOPMENT/BUSINESS

□ □ □ □ □

I WILL BENEFIT FINANCIALLY IF TOURISM INCREASES IN MY COMMUNITY

□ □ □ □ □

9. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:

Strongly Agree Agree Strongly Disagree


TOURISTS DO NOT PAY THEIR FAIR SHARE FOR SERVICES THEY USE IN THE COUNTRY

□ □ □ □ □

MOST OF THE JOBS IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY ARE LOW PAYING

□ □ □ □ □

TOURISM INCREASES OPPORTUNITIES TO LEARN ABOUT OUR CULTURE

□ □ □ □ □

IN MY COUNTRY, THE OVERALL BENEFITS OF TOURISM OUTWEIGH THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS

□ □ □ □ □

A-22

A: Questionnaires

A-23

10. GIVE TWO BENEFITS THAT TOURISM HAS PROVIDED FOR YOUR COUNTRY

MOST POSITIVE ___________________________________________________________________

NEXT MOST POSITIVE_____________________________________________________________

11. GIVE TWO PROBLEMS THAT HAVE BEEN THE RESULT OF TOURISM IN YOUR COUNTRY

MOST NEGATIVE __________________________________________________________________

NEXT MOST NEGATIVE____________________________________________________________

12. STATE ANY OTHER CONCERNS RELATED TO TOURISM OR TOURISTS THAT

HAVE NOT BEEN ADDRESSED BY THIS QUESTIONNAIRE?

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION

Documents

Caribbean Regional Sustainable Tourism … Regional Sustainable Tourism Development Programme Project No. 8 ACP RCA 035 Report of Survey of Residents’ Involvement and Attitudes towards