CARDIAC OUTPUT

1.STROKE VOLUME

2.CARDIAC INDEX

3.VENOUS RETURN

4.RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE

HYPEREFFECTIVE AND

HYPOEFFECTIVE HEART

DEFINITION

CAUSES

1.HYPEREFFECTIVE

A. NERVOUS EXCITATION

B.HYPERTROPHY OF HEART MUSCLE

2.HYPOEFFECTIVE

A.HEART DISEASES

B.INHIBIT NERVOUS EXCITATION

FACTORS AFFECT ON CARDIAC

OUTPUT

1.VENOUS RETURN

2.RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE

3.CIRCULATORY FILLING PRESSURE

4.SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION

5.ELECTROLYTES

6.PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE

MEASUREMENTS OF CARDIAC

OUTPUT

1.DIRECT FICK METHOD

2.INDICATOR DILUTION METHOD