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Computer Architecture assignment
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ASSIGNMENT
COMPUTER EVERYWHERE
CT063-3.5-2-CARC
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
NAME: Akshay Nutish Ramrekha (TP028956)
LECTURER NAME: Ahmad Mohammed
HAND OUT DATE: 20 OCTOBER 2014
HAND IN DATE: 19 DECEMBER 2014
INTAKE CODE: UC3F1410 TE
2
Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Designing the organization and hardware to meet goals and functional requirements ................... 6
Trends in Technology ............................................................................................................................. 7
Semiconductor DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) ................................................................ 7
Semiconductor Flash (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) .............................. 8
Classes of Computers ................................................................................................................................ 9
1.0 Microcomputer .................................................................................................................................. 9
2.0 Minicomputer .................................................................................................................................... 9
3.0 Mainframes ........................................................................................................................................ 9
4.0 Servers .............................................................................................................................................. 10
5.0 Supercomputer ................................................................................................................................ 10
Section 1.0 .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Sophisticated Engine Controls ............................................................................................................. 20
AIR BAGS ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Anti-Locking braking system (ABS) ................................................................................................... 21
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 24
References .............................................................................................................................................. 25
TABLE OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1: List of daily computers ................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 1: Analogy of building Architect ................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Analogy of a computer Architecture ........................................................................................ 5
Figure 3: DRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 5: Fridge........................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 6: ECU ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 7: Air bag ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 8: ABS ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 9: Intelligent Cruise Control ............................................................................................................ 23
Figure 10: Cruise control system ................................................................................................................ 24
3
Abstract
This assignment will focus on the different types of computer found in the daily life of a person
and they will be classified as either being general purpose or special purpose. Furthermore the
some embedded systems in the Modern Car was compared to the general purpose computer.
4
Introduction
Since the first general-purpose electronic computer was created roughly 65 years ago, Computer
Technology has made an incredible progress in this very little amount of time. Nowadays, a person
with less than 2000rm will be able to purchase with more main memory and raw performance
together with more disk storage than a computer which was bought in 1985 for approximately $ 1
million. This exponential improvement has come from both advances in the technology which is
used to build computers and also from the innovations in computer design.
What it Computer Architecture?
Computer Architecture is mainly defined as the science and the art of selecting and interconnecting
hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.
An analogy to architecture of building, the role of a building architect is to;
Figure 1: Analogy of building Architect
5
Whereas on the other hand, the role of a computer architect is to;
Figure 2: Analogy of a computer Architecture
Computer Architecture is difference from normal architecture by four factors namely;
1. Age of discipline
- 60 years contrary to five thousand years
2. Rate of Change
- All three factors (technology, applications, goals) are changing quickly
3. Automated mass production
- Design advances magnified over millions of chips
4. Boot-strapping effect
- Better computers help design next generation
Furthermore, the task of a computer designer/ architect is a very complex one because the latter
will have to determine what the attributes are important for a new computer, then designing the
computer to maximize performance and also energy efficiency while staying as low cost as
possible and staying within power and availability of constraints.
This task has many factors/ aspects including the instruction set design, the functional
organization, logic design, and finally implementation. Concerning the implementation phase, this
may cover integrated circuit design, packaging, power and also cooling. Therefore, optimization
6
of the design requires a great deal of knowledge and familiarity with a wide range of technologies
ranging from compilers and operating systems to logic design and packaging.
A little while ago, the term of computer architecture was often associated to only instruction set
design and then other aspects of computer design were referred to as implementation which in a
way meant that implementation is rather uninteresting or less challenging.
But nowadays, this concept is viewed as incorrect on so many level. The computer architectures
or designers job is so much more than just instruction set design and the technical issues in the
other aspects of some projects are more likely challenging when compared to the ones in
instruction design.
The definition of Instruction Set Design in computer architecture is related to programming which
includes things like native data types, instructions, and registers, addressing modes, memory
architecture, interrupt, exception handling and also external I/O. Furthermore, Instruction Set
Design deals with a specification of the set of opcodes (machine language), and the native
commands which is implemented by a particular processor.
Designing the organization and hardware to meet goals and functional requirements
To be able to implement a computer, there are two components which need full attention and focus.
They are namely, organization and hardware. Here, the term Organization means the high-level
aspects of a computers design. What is meant by that is the aspects of memory system, memory
interconnect and also the most important, the design of the internal processor or CPU (Central
Processing Unit this is where arithmetic, logic, branching, and data transfer are implemented).
Also, the term Organization is often replaced by the term Microarchitecture.
For example, two processors with the same instruction set architectures but different organizations
are the AMD Opteron and the Intel i7. Both processors implement the x86 instruction set, but they
have different pipeline and cash organizations.
The second component of implementation is Hardware which is defined as the specifics of the
computer. These includes the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer.
As it is very common these days, a line of computers which contains the same instruction set
7
architecture with nearly exact organization but they will be differentiated in the level of detailed
hardware implemented.
For example, the Intel i7 and the Intel Xeon 7560 are both nearly identical but on the other hand,
both offer different clock rates and different memory systems. This makes the Xeon 7560 more
efficient for server computers when compared to the Core i7 one.
Trends in Technology
For an instruction set architecture is to be successful, it must imperatively designed to be able to
survive the rapid changes in the computer technology sector. But a good instruction set architecture
may be used for years or at least decades, for example, the core of the IBM mainframe has been
used for nearly 50 years. Here the task of the architect is to plan for any technology changes that
can increase the lifetime of a computer. For this to be possible, the architect must be following the
trend of the rapid changes in implementation technology.
Below are five implementation technologies which have changed at a dramatic pace and which are
critical to modern day implementations:
1. Integrated circuit logic technology
2. Semiconductor DRAM (dynamic random-access-memory)
3. Semiconductor Flash (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)
4. Magnetic disk technology
5. Network technology
Semiconductor DRAM (dynamic random-access memory)
Nowadays, DRAM capacity has increased by about 25% to 40% annually and doubling every two
to three years. DRAM is the corner stone of main memory. But there is rumors that the growth rate
will come to a halt in the middle of this decade because of the increasing difficulty of efficiently
manufacturing DRAM cells. Furthermore, there are also new technologies that may in a near future
replace DRAM if it hits a capacity wall as rumored.
8
Figure 3: DRAM
Semiconductor Flash (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)
This type of semiconductor is a non-volatile memory which is used as the standard storage device
in PMDs (??). With rapid increase in popularity has fuelled its rapid growth rate in capacity. For
example, the capacity per Flash chip has increased by about 50% to 60% per year recently and
also doubles approximately every two years. Another example is that in 2012, Flash memory was
15 to 20 times cheaper than DRAM per bit.
Trends in Power and Energy in Integrated Circuits
The biggest challenge that a computer architect faces today for all classes of computer is the power
consumption. Power is very sensitive issue to designers as first of all, power must be brought in
and distributed to the processor and nowadays, modern day processors (microprocessors) uses
hundreds of pins and multiple connect layers just for power and ground. After the feeding the
processor with power, another problem arises which is the power is now dissipated as heat and
must be imperatively removed.
From a computer architecture point of view, there are three primary concerns when thinking about
performance, power and energy.
1. What maximum power a processor ever requires? Giving the processor the amount of
power it need will automatically ensure correct operation. For example, if a processor
attempts to draw more power than a power supply system can provide, therefore this will
result in a voltage drop which will definitely cause malfunction. But nowadays, modern
processors can vary their power consumption by using high peak currents that allows the
processor to slow down and regulate voltage within a wider margin.
2. What is sustained power consumption? This is known as thermal design power (TDP). A
power supply for a computer will usually size to exceed the TDP and also a cooling system
9
is usually designed to match or exceed the TDP. Failure to cool adequately the processor
will result in failure and possible permanent damage. But modern day processors have two
weapons to counteract this problem. First, as temperature rises and cannot be cooled, the
processor will automatically reduce its clock rate thereby reducing power consumption. If
this is not successful, a second thermal overload trip is activated to power down the
processor.
3. The final factor that computer designer needs to consider is energy and energy efficiency.
Energy is a better metric because it is tied to a specific task and the time required to perform
that task. In other words, the energy to execute a workload is equal to the average power
times the execution time for the workload. For example, if one wants to know which of
two processors is more efficient for a given job, therefore one should compare energy
consumption and not power for executing the desired job.
Classes of Computers
After the invention of the personal computer that dramatic changes has rose in the way computers
appear and in how they are used. From this change, five classes of computers were therefore
created each characterized by difference applications, requirements and computing technologies.
1.0 Microcomputer
Microcomputer is the most regularly utilized machine class; they are called that in view of the
microchip placed inside. Microcomputers are likewise alluded to as Pcs, workstations or Pcs.
These computers are utilized as a part of homes, at working environments, in schools and in
libraries. Computers in this class include: desktop computers, in-auto computers, tablet Pcs,
laptops, Pdas, cell phones, gaming reassures, and programmable mini-computers.
2.0 Minicomputer
Minicomputers have CPUs however are not furnished with processors. These computers are
regularly utilized as a part of multi-client situations and can run some working frameworks. These
computers are considered midlevel or mid-range computers.
3.0 Mainframes
10
Mainframes computers are multi-client gadgets that must be kept a particular temperature and
oblige a unique power supply special to the centralized server. Mainframes computers are fit for
registering incomprehensible measures of information in a little measure of time while running
numerous single-client machines in the meantime. Mainframe servers are ordinarily run by vast
organizations and legislative offices. Numerous banks, colleges and carriers use mainframe servers
to process information.
4.0 Servers
In 1980, the interest desktop computers were shifted to servers because server grew to provide a
larger-scale and more reliable file and computing services. These servers todays which have
replaced the traditional mainframe by becoming the backbone of large-scale enterprise computing.
When talking about servers, there are different characteristics that are important to consider.
1. Availability is imperative. For example, consider the servers running ATM machines for
banks or airline reservation systems. Failure of such server systems is far more catastrophic
than failure of a single desktop computer since these server are operating 24 hours a day
for 7 days straight.
2. Scalability. Servers grow in response to an increase in demand for the services they support
or an increase in functional requirements. This is why the ability to scale up the computing
capacity, the memory, the storage and the I/O bandwidth of a server is very important.
3. Efficiency. Servers are made for efficient throughput. Simply put that the overall
performance of the server for example in terms of transactions per minute or Web pages
served per second, is what is crucial. The important part here is the responsiveness of to an
individual request. Therefore, overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness are determined by
how many requests can be handled in a unit time, are the key metrics for most servers.
5.0 Supercomputer
A supercomputer is an amazingly quick machine that uses specific systems to augment power use.
The machines are utilized to perform to a great degree confused undertakings. These errands
incorporate hypothetical astronomy, liquid motion and climate anticipating. Supercomputers are
evaluated by FLOPS or Floating Point Operations per Second.
11
Microprocessors
The rst microprocessors showed up in the l970s. These were astonishing gadgets, which for the
rst time put a computer CPU onto a solitary lC. For the rst time, signicant processing force
was accessible at rather minimal effort, in a relatively little space. At rst all different capacities
like memory and info yield interfacing, were outside the chip, and a working framework still must
be made of a decent number of ICs. Slowly, the chip got to be more independent, with the
likelihood, for instance, of including distinctive memory sorts on the same chip as the CPU. In the
meantime, the CPU was getting to be all the more capable and speedier, also moved quickly from
8-bit to l6- and 32-bit gadgets. The improvement of the microprocessor headed specifically to
applications like the personal computer.
Microcontrollers
While individuals immediately perceived and misused the registering force of the chip, they
additionally saw an alternate utilization for them, and that was in control. Architects began pulling
microprocessor into different varieties of items that had nothing to do with figuring, like the
refrigerator or the auto entryway that we have quite recently seen. The need was not so much for
high computational power, huge amounts of memory, or rapid. An exceptional class of
microprocessor rose that was proposed for control exercises. Not for crunching huge numbers.
Before long this sort of microprocessor picked up a personality of its own, further got to be known
as a 'microcontroller'. The microcontroller assumed control over the part of the implanted machine
in installed systems so what recognizes a microcontroller from a microprocessor? Like a
microprocessor, a microcontroller needs to have the capacity to process. In spite of the fact that
not so much with enormous numbers. In any case it has different needs also. Essentially, it must
have brilliant input and output capacity, for instance with the goal that it can interface
straightforwardly with the ins and outs of the cooler or the auto entryway. Since numerous inserted
frameworks are both size- and cost-cognizant, the microcontroller must be little independent and
ease.
12
Table 1: List of daily computers
Computer in: Usage of the computer General purpose or special
purpose?
Task performed before the
advent of the computer
TV TV is absolutely a standout
amongst the most powerful
constrains of our time. Through
the gadget called a TV set or TV,
you have the capacity get news,
sports, diversion, data and ads.
The computer in this device is
used for signal processing, audio
processing and video processing.
The most common processors
found in a TV would be:
Genesis Microchip (with
the FLI chipset )
Sigma Designs (with the
VXP)
Integrated Device
Technology (with the
HQV chipset and Teranex
system products)
Silicon Image (with the
VRS chipset and DVDO
system products)
Special purpose, since the
computer has limited
memory and computation
power and can only
performs certain specific
tasks such as:
Signal acquisition
Signal processing
Video processing
Audio processing
Channel analysis
Channel
distribution
Before the TV there was the
radio where almost the same
function where the users were
able to get the news and listen
music and other events such
as football matches.
Remote
control
Most remote controls uses a
single IC such as the TA 11835 to
Special purpose as the
remote controls
Buttons were used or
mechanical switches were
13
perform all the operations. These
operations are transmitting infra-
red waves to the receiver which
have different patterns depending
on which keys are being pressed
on the remote control. The chip is
packaged in what is known as an
18 pin Dual Inline Package, or a
DIP
employment is to hold up
for you to press a key, and
after that to interpret that
key-press into infrared
light signals that are
received by the TV or any
other device that it is
associated with.
used to do the same job on the
appliances or these controls
were situated at proximity to
these appliances.
Calculators As an engineer calculators forms
part of the daily devices that we
use which has a computer in it.
The calculator discussed here is
the HP 35S.
The key structures here are an
8502 microcontroller and a flash
memory chip. The 8502 is
composed by Sunplus
Technology, a Taiwanese
organization. It's focused around
the 6502, an 8-bit processor that
initially showed up on the
Commodore 64. The flash
memory is a generic part, and no
particular merchant is utilized.
The 8502 that is utilized here
likewise contains the system's
power management and all the
ordinary chip-set capacities. This
incorporates a LCD driver, a
Special purpose, since it
cannot be reprogrammed
to perform functions other
than that preprogrammed
in the flash.
The time before the electronic
age and thus that f calculators
were dominated by
mechanical devices such as
the abacus slide rule,
Arithmometer, P100
Burroughs Adding, Machine
Comptometer and Curta
calculator which were used
for calculations.
14
console controller, etc. The
firmware likewise dwells on the
8502 microcontroller. That
leaves practically the whole flash
memory accessible for
programming. The 32-kbyte flash
leaves around 30-kbytes
accessible to the end client,
enough for around 20,000 lines of
code
Microwave As a student, the microwave is
the device which is known as the
quick food cleaner and
cooker and is used daily. The
implanted framework in a
microwave oven acts as a
command device. It is intended to
take inputs from the keypad and
transform them into commands.
In the event that, for example,
you program a microwave oven
to work on high for two minutes,
the embedded system triggers the
high voltage transformer to work
on to the max for two minutes. At
the point when the two minutes
terminate, the implanted
framework tells the transformer
to turn off. Since the implanted
framework does simply interpret
Special purpose, as the
microwave can only
perform instruction that it
has been programmed with
and programs cannot be
loaded into it.
The traditional ovens and
stoves were and are still used
to heat food and cook meals.
15
straightforward orders, it
contains moderately basic
programming.
Refrigerator
The embedded system in a
refrigerator uses a temperature
sensor to measure the
temperature inside the fridge and
turn on a cooling unit if the
temperature becomes too warm
to keep food safely. A simple
flow of operation can be seen in
Figure 5.
Special purpose. The
embedded system cannot
be programmed to do
change its functions and
the programming is stored
in the ROM.
Food reservation was done in
was such as pickling or
preserved in sugar syrup or
other types of bacteria
inhibiting liquids. Keeping
meat was not an option as
fresh produce was used on the
same day as well as meat and
milk.
The modern
Car
Cars cannot be missed in this list
for a student living in an urban
area. A current car will fuse
numerous embedded systems to
control different parts of its
utilization. The main reasons for
this increase in the number of
microprocessors are:
The requirement of
sophisticated engine
controls to meet
emissions and fuel-
economy standards
Better diagnostics
New safety features
New comfort and
convenience features
Special purpose. Cars
today might have as many
as 50 microprocessors on
them which are programed
to perform specific tasks
such as ;
Access Control/Alarm: A
remote control can be
utilized to lock and alarm a
car when it is parked.
Antilock Braking (ABS):
Computerized anti-lock
braking stopping
mechanisms permit cars to
stop in shorter distances
and be controlled without
slipping amid breaking.
Bicycles, horse carriages, Ox
carriages and by foot were the
most famous and effective
methods of transportation and
travel before the advent of the
car. Cars without these
computers were also effective
and were widely used before
computers were used in the
radio system and later on in
theirs fundamental parts.
16
And so on.
The operation that uses the
processor the most would be
Controlling engine and this is
done by the engine control unit
(ECU). It uses a closed-loop
control which is a control scheme
that regulates outputs of a system
to control the inputs to a system
thus managing what the
emissions are and also saving the
fuel and lot more from the data it
collects via dozens of different
sensors. All these are processed
by contain a 32-bit, 40-MHz
processor which modern ECU
would contain.
Motor Control Unit: The
motor control unit will
focus the sparkle timing
and measure of fuel to
infuse into the motor to
acquire the best adjust of
execution, economy and
ecological proficiency.
Smartphones Without this device life seems
unimaginable for students
nowadays. The smartphone In
general, constitute of on an
operating system that permits to
install applications (programs)
and run them. Different types of
OS are available for example;
Apple's iPhone runs the iOS, and
others can run Google's Android
OS, HP's webOS, and Microsoft's
Windows Phone. One famous
processer being used is the
General purpose. It can be
programmed to complete
different task and interact
with the human or user.
Thus it follows instruction
given.
The usual cell phone, the
telephone various other types
of communications forms that
the smartphone engulfs were
used to perform what today
can be done by only one
device.
17
Qualcomm Snapdragon for
example Samsung GALAXY
Note 4 uses the Qualcomm
Snapdragon 805
which is the RAM varies from
2GB to 4GB
Laptops Laptops are also vital parts of the
students day and if as all the
coursework has some percentage
to be done on this machine.
General purpose. . It can be
programmed to complete
different task and interact
with the human or user.
Programs can be installed
and removed according to
the users needs it can
interact with other devices.
It follows instruction.
The Desktop computer was
being used before the advent
of the laptop.
Vacuum
cleaner
The vacuum cleaner has a
microcontroller which is used to
regulate the speed of sucking
power.
Special purpose The broom was used and a
dust pan to clean.
ATM(Autom
atic teller
machine)
The machines treads the clients
details which is on a magnetic
stripe on the back of the card and
ask for a PIN code. Once
validated a series of function can
be done from withdrawing
money to banks cheques deposit.
The computer is programmed to
communicate in real time with
Special purpose: Since a
set of instruction can only
be carried out and an
embedded system is
present.
People had to go to the bank
to withdraw money or for
other transactions that the
ATM can now accept.
18
the bank and count notes,
dispense the correct amount of
money, produce error messages
and so, just as a teller at the bank
would do.
Washing
Machine
A typical flow is given
here :
When the START is
pressed,
The load of the laundry is
measured by the
embedded system then
the inlet valve opens and
clean waters pours in.
Once the correct amount
of water is reached the
valve closes and the
machines proceeds to
follow the instruction that
was given by the user.
The instructions
corresponds to a set of
mechanism that has been
preprogrammed on the
chipset.
Special purpose since it
perform specific task has
already been
preprogrammed and
cannot do anything outside
this of these codes.
Clothes were washed by
hand.
Wi-Fi router
and modem
The Wi-Fi modem receives the
signal from the internet service
provider and decoded it then
Special purpose. Can only
do modulation and
demodulation of signals
Without internet connection
all the services had alternate
ways of being achieved or
19
sends this signal to the router for
it to be amplified checked and
propagate in an area.
and transmit them via the
router.
used. Such as books were
used for learning and TV was
where the time were spent.
Figure 4: Fridge
Section 1.0
In this section the functions of computers (Embedded system) in the modern car will be explained
and compared to the general purpose computer.
Cars are getting more and more sophisticated every year and some of them have as many as 50
Cars 50 microprocessors on them. These microprocessors make the modern car capable of
achieving the following: The need for sophisticated engine controls to meet emissions and fuel-
economy standards
Advanced diagnostics
Simplification of the manufacture and design of cars
Reduction of the amount of wiring in cars
New safety features
New comfort and convenience features
20
Sophisticated Engine Controls
The sanctioning of progressively stricter emanations laws, sophisticated control plans were
expected to manage the air/fuel mixture so that the exhaust system could uproot a ton of the
contamination from the fumes. Controlling the engine is one of the most computation power
needing activities in a modern car and this is done by the engine control unit (ECU). The ECU
uses closed-loop control, a control protocol that monitors outputs of a system to control the inputs
to a system, managing the emissions and fuel economy of the engine. Data is collected from many
sensors thus the ECU is made aware of a lot of parameters such as the temperature of the engine
to the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. These data are used by the ECU to get the best engine
ignition phase and controls the amount of fuel to be released in the combustion chamber all of this
to ensure the lowest emissions and best mileage. A modern ECU normally contains a 32-bit, 40-
MHz processor compared to some general purpose computers which have 500- to 1,000-MHz
processor since the ECU has specific task to carry out and the codes in the EPU takes up less than
1 (MB) of memory whereas a general purpose computer may have at least 2GB of instructions or
programs. Below is an ECU (Figure 6)
Figure 5: ECU
21
AIR BAGS
Its function is basically to stop the continuous motion of the passenger by providing surface to
land on and minimize damage.
Figure 6: Air bag
The Event Data Recorder (EDR) in a car is based upon the sensors and microprocessor computer
system that are used to activate the airbag in the vehicle during a cash and records all the
information of the crash. The EDR performs only specific task in controlling the air bag and
recording the details of the impact using a microprocessor and no programs can be loaded on this
chip unlike the general purpose computer thus the ERD and the air bag system are forms of
special purpose computers.
Anti-Locking braking system (ABS)
Hitting the brakes too hard can cause the car to slip and accident to occur. This is because the
coefficient of slip between the tires and the road is too low hitting the brake cause the wheels to
lock up and the vehicle skids.
22
The ABS reduce the total braking distance as far as possible and increase the stability of the car.
The steering wheel should be operable in case of all out braking. The ABS works as follows;
The wheel-speed sensors detect anomalies in the wheels then the electronic control unit reduces
the braking pressure at each wheel. High speed correction of the braking pressure up to shortly
before the lock up threshold. The brake fluids then return together with the closed- loop brake
circuits makes this a safe, reliable and cost- effective system.
Figure 7: ABS
The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the speed sensors and controls the valves. It
has the specific task to do thus the ABS system is composed of a specific purpose also when the
car is turn off the memory of the computer is not erased as the in the general purpose computer
where there is the RAM.
Electronic Stability Control
It is required to prevent the driver from over-steering or understeering thus overloading any of
the 4 wheels that causes slip, through either throttle or brake application. Electronic Stability
Control (ESC) helps drivers to keep away from accidents by lessening the threat of slipping, or
losing control as a consequence of over-controlling. ESC gets to be dynamic when a driver loses
23
control of their auto. It utilizes machine controlled engineering to apply individual brakes and
help bring the auto securely over on track, without the risk of fish-tailing.
ESC meets expectations by utilizing various shrewd sensors that discover any loss of control and
consequently apply the brake to the pertinent wheel, returning your auto on the planned way.
The computer in an embedded computer since the function does not change, the ECS program is permanently stored in read only memory (ROM).
Intelligent Cruise Control
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control with Collision Warning (CACC+CW)
CACC: Cruise at a given speed when the road is clear (cruise control) otherwise follows the car
in front, using radar (adaptive) and/or communication (cooperative).
CW: Warn the driver when an object is being approached too fast, or is too close.
Figure 8: Intelligent Cruise Control
The computer in the car uses the forward- looking radar, installed behind the grill of the car, to
detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it thus it can automatically control the speed
to maintain a decent distance between the two cars. The cruise computer uses a microprocessor
to achieve this and there are only limited sets of tasks it can achieve thus the cruise control
computer is an embedded system as it can be seen in the figure 10 below. The programs in an
embedded computer dont change the CACC+CW will be a CACC+CW and never a microwave
oven.
24
Figure 9: Cruise control system
Conclusion
In this report, a list of computers in my daily life and each of them has been classified as general
purpose or special purpose, an explanation has been given as why they are special or general
purpose and before the advent of the particular device how was the task accomplished. Not all
the computers could have been listed as they are everywhere and often we do not even notice
them for example Traffic light system which is a special purpose computer and when they were
not present traffic police officers were directing the traffic circulation. The embedded systems in
the modern car was explained in detail and compared to general purpose computers.
25
References
Bovik, Al, 2000. Handbook of Image and Video Processing (Communications, Networking and
Multimedia). 1st Edition. Academic Press.
Electronic Stability Control (ESC) | How Safe Is Your Car . 2014. Electronic Stability Control
(ESC) | How Safe Is Your Car . [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.howsafeisyourcar.com.au/Electronic-Stability-Control/. [Accessed 19 December
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