Carbon Capture and StorageCarbon Capture and StorageThe Developments WorldwideThe Developments Worldwide

Tim DixonIEA G h G R&D PIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

EEF - February 19th 2008EEF February 19 2008

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IntroductionIntroduction• Introduction to IEA GHG

• What is CCS ?

• Why CCS ? Fossil fuels and climate change• Why CCS ? Fossil fuels and climate change

• Is it safe ?

• International policy and regulatory developments

• International project developments

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International Energy AgencyInternational Energy AgencyInternational Energy AgencyInternational Energy Agency

International Energy Agency The International Energy Agency (IEA) acts as energy policy advisor to 27

member countries. Founded 1974 – energy securitygy y IEA’s mandate has broadened to incorporate energy security, economic

development and environmental protection. Current work focuses on climate change policies, market reform, energy g p , , gy

technology collaboration and outreach to the rest of the world, especially major consumers and producers of energy like China, India, Russia and the OPEC countries.

E t bli h d “I l ti A t ” i hi h t b Established “Implementing Agreements” in which two or more member states agree to co-operate or exchange information on specific topics

Today there are 41 IAs covering full range of energy supply and demand issuesissues

Most are task sharing, a few are cost sharing in which members subscribe to maintain staff to undertake programmes of work determined by the members

One of these is IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG)

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One of these is IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG)

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• A collaborative research programme founded in 1991• Aim is to:Aim is to:

Provide members with definitive information on the role that technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Producing information that is:• Objective, trustworthy, independent• Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptive• Reviewed by external Expert Reviewers• Subject to review of policy implications by Members• Subject to review of policy implications by Members

• Activities: Studies (>100), R&D networks (6), Communications :-facilitating and focussing R&D and demonstration activities

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facilitating and focussing R&D and demonstration activities• Funding approximately 2 million €/year.

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What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?

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Carbon Capture and StorageCarbon Capture and StorageCarbon Capture and StorageCarbon Capture and Storage

C tCaptureTransport85-90%

StorageStorage

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CO2 StorageCO2 StorageCO2 StorageCO2 Storage• Saline

Aquifers

• Depleted oil/gasoil/gas reservoirs

• Enhanced Oil Recovery

• Enhanced Coal Bed M th

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Methane

CO2 Trapping MechanismsCO2 Trapping Mechanisms• Physically trapped beneath caprock

timescale: immediately

pp gpp g

y

• CO2 is trapped by capillary forcestimescale: 1- 100s yrs

• CO2 dissolves in waterCO2 dissolves in watertimescale: 1-1000s yrs

• CO2 converts to solid mineralstimescale: 100s – 10,000s yrs

www.ieagreen.org.uk• Trapping becomes more secure with time

CO2 Storage CapacityCO2 Storage Capacity

Storage Option Global Capacity - GtCO2CO2

Depleted gas fields 690Depleted oil fields/CO2- 120EORDeep saline aquifers 400 - 10 000U i bl l 40 Global CO2

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Unminable coal seams 40 Global CO2 emissions ~30 Gt pa

Costs Costs -- UK power UK power generation costs generation costs (central(central assumptions withassumptions with EUEU ETS)ETS)

Onshore Wind (80MW)

Offshore Wind (100MW)

(central (central assumptions with assumptions with EUEU--ETS)ETS)

•ROCCCGT with CCS

Nuclear

Onshore Wind (80MW)

•ROC buyout price

•Market price

Retrofit PF with FGD with CCS

PF with FGD with CCS

IGCC with CCSMarket price 2006

PF with FGD

IGCC

CCGT

Market price 02/2008

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

£/MWh

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Ie CCS = 12.5-25% increase coe •UK DTI Energy Review 2006

Why CCS ?Why CCS ?yy

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IPCC 4IPCC 4thth Assessment Report (2007)Assessment Report (2007)IPCC 4IPCC 4 Assessment Report (2007)Assessment Report (2007)• “There is high agreement and much evidence that with current climate

change mitigation policies and related sustainable developmentchange mitigation policies and related sustainable development practices, global GHG emissions will continue to grow over the next few decades.

• The IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES 2000) projects an• The IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, 2000) projects an increase of global GHG emissions by 25-90% (CO2-eq) between 2000 and 2030, with fossil fuels maintaining their dominant position in the global energy mix to 2030 and beyond.mix to 2030 and beyond.

• Continued GHG emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observedthe 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century .”

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Predicted Future Global WarmingPredicted Future Global Warming•Global Temperature •Global CO Emissions•Global Temperature •Global CO2 Emissions

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•Source: IPCC 2007

STERN REVIEW: The Economics of Climate Change(already at about 430 ppm CO2e – all GHG, not just CO2)

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World Primary Energy Demand•18•18 •Other renewables

•14•16•18

uivale

nt•14•16•18

uivale

nt

•Other renewables•Biomass•Hydro•Nuclear

8•10•12

es of

oil e

qu

8•10•12

es of

oil e

qu •Gas•Oil•Coal

•4•6•8

billio

n ton

ne

•4•6•8

billio

n ton

ne

•0•2

•1980 •1990 •2000 •2010 •2020 •2030

•

•0•2

•1980 •1990 •2000 •2010 •2020 •2030

•

Global demand grows by more than half over the next quarter of a century with coal use rising most in absolute terms

•1980 •1990 •2000 •2010 •2020 •2030•1980 •1990 •2000 •2010 •2020 •2030

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century, with coal use rising most in absolute terms(IEA/OEACD WEO 2007)

Reference Scenario:Reference Scenario:

China & India in Global COChina & India in Global CO22 EmissionsEmissionsChina & India in Global COChina & India in Global CO22 Emissions Emissions •Cumulative Energy-Related CO2 Emissions

•United States

•European Union

•Japan

•China

•India•1900-2005•2006-2030

•Around 60% of the global increase in emissions in 2005-2030

•0 •100 •200 •300 •400 •500•billion tonnes

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g•comes from China & India

WEO 2007 Reference WEO 2007 Reference Scenario:Scenario:World’s Top Five COWorld’s Top Five CO22 EmittersEmittersWorld s Top Five COWorld s Top Five CO22 EmittersEmitters

2005 2015 2030

Gt rank Gt rank Gt rank

US 5 8 1 6 4 2 6 9 2US 5.8 1 6.4 2 6.9 2

China 5.1 2 8.6 1 11.4 1

Russia 1.5 3 1.8 4 2.0 4

J 1 2 4 1 3 5 1 2 5Japan 1.2 4 1.3 5 1.2 5

India 1.1 5 1.8 3 3.3 3

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•China overtook the US to become the largest emitter in 2007, while India becomes the third-largest by 2015

Coal Will Dominate the Power Generation Mix in China

CO2 Emissions from China's Coal-fired Power PlantsPower Plants

6 000

7 000

New 2015-2030New to 2015Existing

4 000

5 000

Mt o

f CO 2

1 000

2 000

3 000

• Source: WEO 2007

0

1 000

2006 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090

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Capacity additions in the next decade will lock-in technology, and be crucial for emissions through 2050 and beyond

45 42 Gt

40CCS in industry - 3%CCS in power generation - 9%Nuclear - 13%

30

35

2

Renewables - 20%

Switching from coal to gas - 8%

End Use electricity efficiency - 17%

25

30

Gt of

CO

2 End Use electricity efficiency 17%

End Use fuel efficiency - 30%

27 Gt

20 23 Gt

10

15

Source: WEO 2007

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2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

ConclusionsConclusions

World Energy Outlook 2007 Conclusions• Global energy system is on an increasingly• Global energy system is on an increasingly

unsustainable path • China and India are transforming the global energy g g gy

system by their sheer size • Challenge for all countries is to achieve transition

to a more secure, lower carbon energy system• New policies now under consideration would make

j t ib tia major contribution• Next 10 years are critical

• The pace of capacity additions will be most rapid• The pace of capacity additions will be most rapid • Technology will be “locked-in” for decades• Growing tightness in oil & gas markets

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• Challenge is global so solutions must be global

Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?• IPCC Special Report (2005) – CCS contributing 15-55% of CO2

mitigation to 2100

• IEA Technology Perspectives (2006) – CCS 20-28% of mitigation to 2050. Second only to energy efficiency.

• Stern Report (2006) – CCS ~10% mitigation by 2025, ~20% by 2050. Marginal mitigation costs without CCS increase by ~60%.

• EC/Shell (2007) - 7 yrs delay CCS = 90GT CO2 to 2050 = 3 yrs global emissions = 10ppm

• World Energy Outlook 2007. “CCS is one of the most promising routes for mitigating emissions in the longer term and could reconcile continued

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for mitigating emissions in the longer term and could reconcile continued coal burning with the need to cut emissions in the longer term”.

Is it Safe ?Is it Safe ?Is it Safe ?Is it Safe ?

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IPCC Special Report on CCS (2005)IPCC Special Report on CCS (2005)IPCC Special Report on CCS (2005)IPCC Special Report on CCS (2005)

• “Observations from engineered and natural analogues as well as models• Observations from engineered and natural analogues as well as models suggest that the fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years and is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years. “

• “For well-selected designed and managed sites the vast majority of the• For well-selected, designed and managed sites, the vast majority of the CO2 will gradually be immobilized by various trapping mechanisms and, in that case, could be retained for up to millions of years. Storage could become more secure over longer timescales ”become more secure over longer timescales. ”

• “Local health and safety risks for CO2 pipelines could be similar or lower

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Local health and safety risks for CO2 pipelines could be similar or lower than hydrocarbon pipelines.”

IPCC Guidelines for GHG InventoriesIPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories• Apr 2006• Vol 2 Energy, Chp 5 - CO2 Transport, Injection and Geological Storage

• Methodology

Site characterisation inc leakage pathwaysSite characterisation – inc leakage pathways

Assessment of risk of leakage – simulation / modelling

Monitoring – monitoring plan

Reporting – inc CO2 inj and emissions from storage site

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• For appropriately selected and managed sites, supports zero leakage unless monitoring indicates otherwise

IPCC Guidelines for GHG IPCC Guidelines for GHG –– cont.cont.Monitoring Plan• Measurement of background fluxes of CO2• Continuous measurement of CO2 injectedj• Monitoring of injection emissions• Periodic monitoring of CO2 distribution• Monitoring of CO2 fluxes to surface

• Post-injection monitoring – as above, linked to modelling, may be reduced or discontinued once CO2 stabilises at its predicted long-term distributionterm distribution

• Incorporate improvements in technologies and techniques over time

Monitoring technologies – Annex 1Monitoring technologies – Annex 1• Deep subsurface technologies• Shallow subsurface technologies• Surface / water technologies

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• Surface / water technologies

Site Characterisation and Modelling

Year 2021 Year 2412 Year 2621

Year 5019 Year 7018

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ea 50 9•Kilde: Gemini No. 1, 2004 (NTNU and Sintef)

MonitoringMonitoring

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Statoil 20074D seismic used to monitor the CO2 plume

If leakage were to occur ?If leakage were to occur ?R di ti th d il bl f il d tiRemediation methods available from oil and gas expertise • Well integrity

R l d l ll ( t h d)• Re-seal and re-plug well (cement, heavy mud)• Repair or replace well casing/tubing/packing• Intercept well• - long-established techniques

• Caprock • Remove accumulated CO2• Reduce pressure in reservoir • Increase pressure in strata abovep• Inject sealing foam/gel/cement

• Costs - ~ 1-10 $m

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• Also can stop using site

International Policy and Regulatory International Policy and Regulatory D l tD l tDevelopmentsDevelopments

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London Convention and ProtocolLondon Convention and ProtocolLondon Convention and ProtocolLondon Convention and Protocol• Marine Treaty - Global agreement regulating dumping of wastes and

other matter at seaother matter at sea• Convention 1972 (83 countries), Protocol 1996 – ratified March 2006

(31 countries)

CCS• Assessed by LC Scientific Group• 2006 - Risk Assessment Framework for CO2

• Amendment adopted at 28th Consultative Meeting, 2 Nov 2006 - came into force 10 Feb 2007 to allow:-“ CO2 streams from CO2 capture processes for sequestration”

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• CO2 Specific Guidance

Simulated and observed marine pH ranges till 2100ranges till 2100

8 4

8.6

8.2

8.4•pH range for the last 20 million years

7.8

8

pH

7 4

7.6

7.2

7.4

7190 ppm 280 ppm 370 ppm 500 ppm 700 ppm 1000 ppm

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Glacial Pre-ind Now 2050 2100 2100 worstcase

PML 2005

•PML: Impacts and Feedbacks in a High CO2 World?

•Synergistic Effects

•Ocean Acidification•Climate Change

•Biogases: sea/air flux

•CH4, N2O, DMS…•Ocean CO2

•Feedbacks with climate change

•Increased thermal and

•Feedbacks with ocean acidification

•Decreasing Ocean CO2uptake

•C, N, •Pelagic biodiversity

mfreshwater stratification

•Modellin

surface ocean pH

•P, Si, Sg y

and biogeochemistry

•Meroplankton: •Decreasing

•Experimentation

g

•Benthic biodiversity d bi h i

•Benthic-Pelagic coupling

plarvae and juveniles

Decreasing nutrient and O2 flux •Observatio

n

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and biogeochemistry

•Turley, Plymouth Marine Laboratory

Example: Leakage at a rate ofExample: Leakage at a rate of 3 million tons3 million tons COCO22 per yearper yearExample: Leakage at a rate of Example: Leakage at a rate of 3 million tons 3 million tons COCO22 per yearper year

www.ieagreen.org.uk•Slide courtesy Ken Caldeira; Data Chen et al., 2005

Simulation of a continuous leak over 1 yearpH anomaly compared with no leak - based on capacity of one

• 0 02

pH anomaly compared with no leak based on capacity of one pipeline

•-0.02

Short term leak will have a very small and spatially limited impact

A long term leak will have a measurable and wider spread impact, but the impact is small compared with atmospherically driven acidification

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the impact is small compared with atmospherically driven acidificationBlackford, J.C., Gilbert, F.J., 2007. pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 64

OSPAROSPAR• Marine Treaty for NE Atlantic• 15 nations and EC

• Considered CO2 impacts on seas• Considered CCS

• OSPAR amendments (to Annexes II and III) for CO2 storage adopted June 2007

• OSPAR Decision – requirement to use Guidelines when permitting, including risk assessment and management process

• OSPAR Guidelines for Risk Assessment and Management of Storagef CO2 i G l i l F ti i l d th F k f Ri k

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of CO2 in Geological Formations – includes the Framework for Risk Assessment and Management (FRAM)

London and OSPAR Guidelines for London and OSPAR Guidelines for Risk Assessment and ManagementRisk Assessment and Management

S i b d i• Scope – scenarios, boundaries• Site selection and characterisation – physical,

geological, chemical, biologicalgeo og ca , c e ca , b o og ca• Exposure assessment – characterisation CO2

stream, leakage pathwaysEff t t iti it f i• Effects assessment – sensitivity of species, communities, habitats, other users

• Risk characterisation – integrates exposure and g peffects - environmental impact, likelihood

• Risk management – incl. monitoring, mitigation

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EU DevelopmentsEU DevelopmentsEU DevelopmentsEU Developments• EC Communication on Sustainable Power Generation from

F il F l (J 2007)Fossil Fuels (Jan 2007)

EU S i C il 200 A i Pl f E P li f• EU Spring Council 2007 - Action Plan for Energy Policy for Europe

Sti l t t 12 CCS d t ti b 2015• Stimulate up to 12 CCS demonstrations by 2015• Strengthen R&D and develop technical, economic and

regulatory framework to bring environmentally safe CCSregulatory framework to bring environmentally-safe CCS to deployment by 2020

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EC Draft CCS DirectiveEC Draft CCS DirectiveEnabling regulatory framework to ensure environmentally sound CCS (23 Jan 2008)

• Follows IPCC GHG Guidelines and OSPAR• Objective is permanent storage

P it ill b i d f CCS• Permits will be required for CCS • Permit only if “no significant risk of leakage”• Emphasis on site selection, characterisation, risk assessment, monitoringp g• Corrective measures• Financial security required from operator• Liability transfer to regulatory authority “when evidence indicates contained• Liability transfer to regulatory authority when evidence indicates contained

for indefinate future” – only then may monitoring reduce or cease• Removes regulatory barriers in other Directives – IPPC, Waste, LCPD,

Water EIA ELD

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Water, EIA, ELD• Capture-ready

ETS DirectiveETS DirectiveETS DirectiveETS DirectiveTo strengthen, expand and improve the ETS from 2013

CCS• Can already be included in Phase II (2008-2012) by ‘opt-in’• CCS fully included from 2013

• Site and operation will need to comply with CCS Directive• Needs monitoring and reporting guidelines

• No free allocation to CCS (same as electricity)• No free allocation to CCS (same as electricity)• Separate permitting of capture, transport and storage• If any leakage surrendering of allowances

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• If any leakage – surrendering of allowances

Regulatory developments in other regionsRegulatory developments in other regionsRegulatory developments in other regionsRegulatory developments in other regions• USA – Existing Underground Injection Control programme for ground

water protection adapted for Pilot projects• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission has developed

recommendations for regulations for CO2 storage at a State Level• US EPA are developing Federal level regulations for CO2 storage

A t li• Australia• Will adapt Federal Oil and Gas Laws • State of Victoria has a consultation document for CCS

Canada• Canada• Canada – acid gas injection and CO2-EOR already permitted in states like

Alberta• Federal Task Force developing CCS regulationsFederal Task Force developing CCS regulations

• Japan • Adapted marine laws but has no oil and gas laws to adopt for CCS

• Most existing laws cover; permitting, construction, operational and

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Most existing laws cover; permitting, construction, operational and abandonment phases but NOT post closure

Multinational InitiativesMultinational InitiativesMultinational Initiatives Multinational Initiatives • Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum

• To facilitate development and deployment of improved cost-To facilitate development and deployment of improved costeffective technologies for the separation and capture of carbon dioxide for its transport and long-term safe storage

• 2003 21 Countries and EC2003. 21 Countries and EC

• Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate f• To accelerate the development and deployment of clean

energy technologies• 2006. 6 Countries

• G8 – 2005. 5 initiatives on CCS

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EUEU -- ChinaChinaEU EU -- ChinaChina

EU Chi P t hi Cli t Ch 2005• EU-China Partnership on Climate Change 2005

C ( C)Near Zero Emissions Coal project (NZEC)

• Aim – to bring forward deployment of CCS in China

• NZEC Phase 1

• Feasibility study for carbon dioxide capture and storage in Chinain China

• Leading towards demonstration

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International CCS Project DevelopmentsInternational CCS Project Developmentsj pj p

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Current COCurrent CO22 Injection and Storage ProjectsInjection and Storage Projects

Snohvit

4 New CO2-EOR Pilots in Canada

50 Acid Gas injection sites in North America

Nagaoka

Hokkaido•Qinshui

Sleipner

RECOPOLCO2 SINKK-12B

•MountaineerWeyburn

Penn WestAlberta ECBM

Teapot DomeRangely

Zama

NagaokaBasin

In Salah•Frio

•West Pearl QueenRangelyBurlington

•Carson

Ke

70 CO2-EOR projects in U.S.A.

Key

ECBM projects

EOR projects

Depleted Oil Field

Otway Basin

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Gas production Fields

Saline aquifier

Proposed Integrated CCS ProjectsProposed Integrated CCS Projectsp g jp g j

HALTENDF1 HALTEN

RWERWESaskPower

FutureGen HypoGen

CentricaE.ON

MongstadE.ON

Lacq

nZECDF2 DF4GREENGEN

Key

Pre-Combustion Capture

IGCC

DF3

Stanwell

Hazelwood

CallideLNG

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Oxy-Fuel

Post-Combustion

SleipnerSleipner, Norway, Norway –– injecting 1mt since 1997injecting 1mt since 1997SleipnerSleipner, Norway , Norway injecting 1mt since 1997injecting 1mt since 1997

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SleipnerSleipnerSleipnerSleipner

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InIn SalahSalahIn In SalahSalah• Algeria• BP with Sonatrach &

Statiol• Started in 2004

N t l l• Natural gas clean-up• Storing 1 million tons

of CO2 annually• Injecting into reservoir

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Injecting into reservoir aquifer

WeyburnWeyburnWeyburnWeyburn• Capture from coal

gasification in the USA by Dakota Gas

• Injection for enhanced oil i C d brecovery in Canada by

Encana

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Recent Project Developments in EU.......Recent Project Developments in EU.......Include:• UK

• CCS demo full scale coal post combustion offshore storage• CCS demo – full scale, coal, post-combustion, offshore storage• Germany

• Ketzin - injectionRWE l i 450 MW l fi d IGCC j t ith h• RWE planning a 450 MWe coal fired IGCC project with on-shore storage

• Vattenfall have a built a 30 MW CO2 capture pilot plantPl t b ild 300MW d t ti j t i G• Plans to build a 300MW demonstration project in Germany

• EON and Siemens – CO2 capture pilot plant• France

• Lacq Project. Total. 2008. Oxyfuel. 150kt - CO2 aquifer. 27km pipeline

• Netherlands

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• CO2 injection into K12B field• NUON _ IGCC CO2 capture

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

• General - www.ieagreen.org.uk• CCS - www.co2captureandstorage.infop g

GHGT 9•GHGT-9•16th – 19th November

2009•Washington D C

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Washington D.C.•www.mit.edu/ghgt9