Capital A Critique of Political EconomyVolume I Book One: The Process of Production of CapitalFirst published: in German in 1867, English edition first published in 1887; Source: First English edition of 1887 (4th German edition changes included as indicated) with some modernisation of spelling; Publisher: Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR; Translated: Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, edited by Frederick Engels; Transcribed: Zodiac, Hinrich Kuhls, Allan Thurrott, Bill McDorman, Bert Schultz and Martha Gimenez (1995-1996); Proofed: by Andy Blunden and Chris Clayton (2008), Mark Harris (2010), Dave Allinson (2015).Table of ContentsPreface to the First German Edition (Marx, 1867)...................................................................... 6Preface to the French Edition (Marx, 1872) ................................................................................ 9Afterword to the Second German Edition (1873)...................................................................... 10Afterword to the French Edition (1875) .................................................................................... 16Preface to the Third German Edition (1883) ............................................................................. 17Preface to the English Edition (Engels, 1886)........................................................................... 19Preface to the Fourth German Edition (Engels, 1890) .............................................................. 22Part 1: Commodities and Money ............................................................................................... 26Chapter 1: Commodities............................................................................................................ 27Section 1: The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value (The Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value)................................................................................................. 27Section 2: The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities..................... 30Section 3: The Form of Value or Exchange-Value ............................................................... 33Section 4: The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof ....................................... 47Chapter 2: Exchange.................................................................................................................. 60Chapter 3: Money, Or the Circulation of Commodities ............................................................ 67Section 1: The Measure of Values......................................................................................... 67Section 2: The Medium of Circulation.................................................................................. 71Section 3: Money................................................................................................................... 84Part 2: Transformation of Money into Capital....................................................................... 103Chapter 4: The General Formula for Capital........................................................................... 104Chapter 5: Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital................................................. 111Chapter 6: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power ............................................................. 119Part 3: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value ............................................................... 126Chapter 7: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value........................ 127Section 1: The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values ....................................... 127Section 2: The Production of Surplus-Value....................................................................... 131Chapter 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital................................................................... 142Chapter 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value .................................................................................... 150Section 1: The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power.................................................... 150Section 2: The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself....................................................... 154Section 3: Seniors Last Hour .......................................................................................... 156Section 4: Surplus-Produce ................................................................................................. 159Chapter 10: The Working day ................................................................................................. 162Section 1: The Limits of the Working day .......................................................................... 162Section 2: The Greed for Surplus-Labor, Manufacturer and Boyard .................................. 164Section 3: Branches of English Industry Without Legal Limits to Exploitation................. 168Section 4: Day and Night Work. The Relay System........................................................... 175Section 5: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century ................. 178Section 6: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time. English Factory Acts, 1833 ...................................................................... 184Section 7: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries .............................................................................................................. 194Chapter 11: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value ......................................................................... 213Part 4: Production of Relative Surplus-Value ........................................................................ 219Chapter 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value .............................................................. 220Chapter 13: Co-operation ........................................................................................................ 227Chapter 14: Division of Labour and Manufacture................................................................... 237Section 1: Two-Fold Origin of Manufacture....................................................................... 237Section 2: The Detail Labourer and his Implements ........................................................... 238Section 3: The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture .............................................................................................................. 240Section 4: Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society............ 244Section 5: The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture ........................................................ 248Chapter 15: Machinery and Modern Industry ......................................................................... 261Section 1 : The Development of Machinery........................................................................ 261Section 2: The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product ........................................ 268Section 3: The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman..................................... 271Section 4: The Factory......................................................................................................... 284Section 5: The Strife Between Workman and Machine ...................................................... 287Section 6: The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery............................................................................................................................ 293Section 7: Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the Cotton Trade........................................................................................................................ 298Section 8: Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry.................................................................................................................. 304Section 9: The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Their General Extension in England........................................................................................................... 315Section 10: Modern Industry and Agriculture..................................................................... 329Part 5: Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value................................................. 358Chapter 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value.................................................................. 359Chapter 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value....... 367Section 1: Length of the Working day and Intensity of Labour Constant. Productiveness of Labour Variable................................................................................................................... 367Section 2: Working day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour Variable ............................................................................................................................... 370Section 3: Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working day Variable ............................................................................................................................... 370Section 4: Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour ............................................................................................................................................. 372Chapter 18: Various Formula for the rate of Surplus-Value ................................................... 375Part 6: Wages............................................................................................................................. 378Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into Wages ...................................................................................................................................... 379Chapter 20: Time-Wages......................................................................................................... 384Chapter 21: Piece Wages......................................................................................................... 390Chapter 22: National Differences of Wages............................................................................ 396Part 7: The Accumulation of Capital....................................................................................... 400Chapter 23: Simple Reproduction ........................................................................................... 401Chapter 24: Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital........................................................... 410Section 1: Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation ...................................................................................................................... 410Section 2: Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale................................................................................................................... 415Section 3: Separation of Surplus-value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 417Section 4: Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-value into Capital and Revenue, Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced.................................. 421Section 5: The So-Called Labour Fund ............................................................................... 426Chapter 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation ..................................................... 434Section 1: The Increased Demand for labour power that Accompanies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital Remaining the same ...................................................................... 434Section 2: Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it.......................... 438Section 3: Progressive Production of a Relative surplus population or Industrial Reserve Army.................................................................................................................................... 442Section 4: Different Forms of the Relative surplus population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation ................................................................................................... 449Section 5: Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation............................. 453Part 8: Primitive Accumulation ............................................................................................... 506Chapter 26: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation ................................................................ 507Chapter 27: Expropriation of the Agricultural Population From the Land.............................. 510Chapter 28: Bloody Legislation Against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing Down of Wages by Acts of Parliament...................................................................... 522Chapter 29: Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer.......................................................................... 528Chapter 30: Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital................................................................................................................ 530Chapter 31: The Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist............................................................... 533Chapter 32: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation................................................. 541Chapter 33: The Modern Theory of Colonisation1 .................................................................. 543