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Cancer of the Prostate.

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OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

AETIOLOGY/RISKFACTORSINVESTIGATIONS

TREATMENT.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY.

Eunuchs do not develop Cancer of theprostate gland.

Highest incidence in African- Americans

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EPIDEMIOLOGY.

325, 000 cases per year in the 90 s in the USA.

221,000 new cases diagnosed in 2003.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY.

Low incidence in Asian men.

Most common cancer in men in Nigeria.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY.

5-10% of cancers are inherited in autosomaldominant manner

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ETIOLOGY/RISKFACTORS

Risk factor Relative risk

Ob esity 1.25

Dairy products 1.30Animal fat 1.31Num ber of sexual partners 1.21

Vasectomy 1.54Family history 1.70

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PRESENTING SYMPTOMS .

Asymptomatic

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PRESENTING SYMPTOMS .

IRRITATIVE SYMPTOMS.

URGENCY.

FREQUENCY.

NOCTURIA.

OBSTRUCTIVE SYMPTOMS.

HESITANCY.

POOR URINARY STREAM.

URINARY RETENTION.

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PRESENTING SYMPTOMS .

SYMPTOMS OF METASTASES.

EASYFATIGUABILITY.

PARAPLEGIA.

RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTIES.

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D.R.E FINDINGS.

PROSTATE IS ENLARGED.

HARD IN CONSISTENCY.IRREGULAR.

OBLITERATION OF SULCI.

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INVESTIGATIONS.

ULTRASOUND: TRANSRECTAL / TRANSABDOMINAL

Heterogenous architecture

Hypoechoic areas

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INVESTIGATIONS.

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA).

HELPFUL IN DIAGNOSIS AND FOLLOW-UP OFCANCER OF PROSTATE.

52% reduction in diagnosis of stage D cases in

the USA since use of P SA in diagnosis.

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P.S.A

ELEVATEDPSA IS HOWEVER NOT CANCER SPECIFIC.

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INVESTIGATIONS.

BIOPSY

BONE SCAN

MRI

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TREATMENT OPTIONS.

WATCHFUL WAITING .

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TREATMENT OPTIONS.

SURGERY.

RADICAL

PROSTATECTOMY

RADIOTHERAPY.

RADICAL:

TELETHERAPY

BRACHYTHERAPY

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TREATMENT OPTIONS.

HORMONAL MANIPULATION.

ORCHIDECTOMY.

LHRH ANALOGUES.

MAXIMUM ANDROGEN BLOCKADE.

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TREATMENT OPTIONS.

CHEMOTHERAPY.

ESTRAMUSTINE PHOSPHATE SODIUM .

MITOXANTRONE + STEROID.

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TREATMENT OPTIONS.

Biphosphonates.

Epidermal Growth-factor inhibitors.Platelet derived Growth-factor inhibitors.

Docetaxel.

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SUPPORTIVE CARE.

PAIN CONTROL.

ANALGESICS.

RADIOTHERAPY.

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SUPPORTIVE CARE.

PAIN CONTROL.

RADIO-ISOTOPES.

Phosphorous 32Strontum 89

Samarium 153(haematological complications)

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SUPPORTIVE CARE.

CONTINENCE CONTROL

ANAEMIA

PARAPLEGIA

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PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY

Radiation therapy can effectively reduce orsta b ilize the tumour mass, stop activeb leeding, lessen painful ureteral and urethralobstruction, restore luminal patency, preserveskeletal or organ integrity, prevent spinal corddamage, and relieve cancer pain or other

cancer-related symptoms.

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TH

ANKSF

OR YOUR

ATTENTION

.