Canada and Caribean

7/27/2019 Canada and Caribean

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CANADA

Famous Natives listed represent a very small sampling of potential choices. For additionalCanadian Famous Natives view the province and territory pages.

Paul Anka singer, songwriter Margaret Atwood author, poet Bachman-Turner Overdrive music group Frederick Banting co-discovered insulin William "Billy" Bishop world war I flying ace James "Jim" Carrey actor, comedian Cirque du Soleil entertainment company

Samuel Cunard founder cunard cruise lines Celine Dion singer Sir Sandford Fleming creator standard time zones Michael J. Fox actor Terry Fox humanitarian, cancer treatment activist Wayne Gretzky hockey player Gordon "Gordie" Howe hockey player Peter Jennings journalist, television news anchor Kathryn Dawn "K. D." Lang singer, songwriter Art Linkletter radio, television host Guy Lombardo musician, bandleader

Lorne Michaels creatorsaturday night live, producer Lucy Maud Montgomery author James Naismith inventor basketball, coach Morley Safer reporter, news correspondent Isadore "Issy" Sharp founder four seasons hotels Joseph "Joe" Shuster co-creator superman Pierre Trudeau former prime minister Jacques Villeneuve automobile racing driver Jack "J. L." Warner co-founder warner bros. studios

Name: Canada Name: (long form) None Name Orgin: The name Canada is from the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, which

means village, settlement or land. Capital City:Ottawa(metro pop. 1,236,240) Canada's Largest Metro Areas(Cities) Currency:Canadian Dollar (CAD) (conversion rates)

All Canadian currency:(banknotes) Dominion dates:(all provinces and teritories) Flag GDP: $1.819 trillion (2012) GDP: (per capita) $42,734 (2010) Landforms/Land Sizes

Languages: English (official) 59.3%;French (official) 23.2%; other 17.5%
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Largest Cities: (by population) Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa-Gatineau, Calgary,Edmonton

National Day: July 1 Population: 34,207,000 (2012 ) Population & Density: (all countries)

Religions: Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United Church 9.5%, Anglican6.8%, Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other Christian 4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified11.8%, none 16%

Canada Flag:Canada's flag was officially adopted on February 15, 1965.

The Canadian Red Ensign, bearing the Union Jack and the shield of

the royal arms of Canada was lowered, and then on the stroke of noon,the new maple leaf flag was raised. The crowd sang the nationalanthemO Canada, and the royal anthem, God Save the Queen.

The following words, spoken on that momentous day by the Honourable Maurice Bourget,Speaker of the Senate, added further symbolic meaning to the flag: "The flag is the symbol of thenation's unity, for it, beyond any doubt, represents all the citizens of Canada without distinctionof race, language, belief or opinion."

The stylish red maple leaf has been the national symbol of Canada for over 150 years. Red andwhite are the official colors of Canada.

Large Canada Flag

Royal Union Flag

The original Royal Union Flag, or Union Jack, was first raised inCanada at the British settlement in Newfoundland in 1611.

Although the Red Ensign was widely used in Canada from the time ofConfederation until the national flag was adopted in 1965, the Union

Jack was the affirmed national symbol from 1904 and was the flag under which Canadian troopsfought during the First World War. The Union Jack maintains its presence in Canada through itsincorporation in the provincial flags of Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia.

Royal Coat of Arms of Canada:The Royal Coat of Arms of Canada (also known as the Coat of Armsof Canada or, formally, the Arms of His/Her Majesty in Right ofCanada) is, since 1921, the official coat of arms of the Canadianmonarch, and thus also of Canada. It is closely modelled after the royalcoat of arms of the United Kingdom with distinctive Canadianelements replacing or added to those derived from the British.

The maple leaves in the shield, blazoned "proper", were originallydrawn vert (green) but were redrawn gules (red) in 1957. A circlet ofthe Order of Canada was added to the arms for limited use in 1987.The shield design forms the Royal Standard of Canada, and the shieldis found on the Canadian Red Ensign. The Flag of the Governor

General of Canada, which formerly used the shield over the Union Jack, now uses the crest ofthe arms on a blue field.
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Great Seal of Canada:The Great Seal of Canada is used on all state documents such asproclamations and commissions of cabinet ministers, senators, judgesand senior government officials. It's made of specially tempered steel,weighs 3.75 kilograms and is 12.7 centimetres in diameter. The seal

dates back to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth the Second. Theseal bears the effigy of Queen Elizabeth II, in her robes, holding the orband sceptre, and shows her sitting on the coronation chair.

National Emblem:Since 1965, the maple leaf has been the

centrepiece of the National Flag of Canada and the maple tree bearsthe leaves that have become the most prominent Canadian symbol,nationally and internationally.

Maple leaf pins and badges are proudly worn byCanadians abroad, and are recognized around the world.

Although the maple leaf is closely associated with Canada, the maple tree was never officiallyrecognized as Canada's arboreal emblem until 1996.

National Anthem: "O Canada""O Canada" was proclaimed Canada's national anthem on July 1, 1980, 100 years after it wasfirst sung on June 24, 1880. The music was composed by Calixa Lavalle, a well-knowncomposer; French lyrics to accompany the music were written by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier.

National Symbols:

Animal: Beaver Colors: Red and White Tree: Maple Tree


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Canada Flag

DESCRIPTION

The flag of Canada was officially adopted on February 15, 1965. The Canadian Red Ensign,bearing the Union Jack and the shield of the royal arms of Canada, was lowered and then, on thestroke of noon, the new maple leaf flag was raised. The crowd sang the national anthem OCanada, followed by the royal anthem, God Save the Queen.

The following words, spoken on that momentous day by the Honourable Maurice Bourget,Speaker of the Senate, added further symbolic meaning to the flag: "The flag is the symbol of thenation's unity, for it, beyond any doubt, represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction

of race, language, belief or opinion."

The stylish red maple leaf has been the national symbol of Canada for over 150 years. Red and

white are the official colors of Canada, proclaimed by King George V in 1921.

Canadian Province and Territory Flags

Alberta(AB) British Columbia(BK) Manitoba(MB) New Brunswick(NB) Newfoundland & Labrador(NF) Nova Scotia(NS) Northwest Territories(NWT)
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Nunavut(NU) Ontario(ON) Prince Edward Island(PEI) Quebec(PQ) Saskatchewan(SK)

Yukon(YK)

Map of Canada

Land Area:

Land: 5,645,142 sq miles (9,084,977 sq km) Water: 553,744 sq miles (891,163 sq km) Total: 6,198,886 sq miles (9,976,140 sq km) Land Area:(individual provinces and territories) Land Area:(all countries) Horizontal Width: 3,402 miles from Cape Spear, Newfoundland, northwest to the Yukon's

northwestern border with Alaska. Vertical Length: 2,897 miles from the far-northern edge of Ellesmere Island, directly south to

Middle Island in Lake Erie. Geographic Center: Just to the south of Yathkyed Lake in Nunavut, directly west of Hudson

Bay

Note: Maximum lengths and widths are point-to-point, straight-line measurements from aMercator map projection, and will vary some using other map projections

Elevations:

Highest Point: Mt. Logan(Yukon) 19,551 ft.(5,959 m)

Lowest Point:Atlantic Ocean (0 ft.) (0 m)

Land Borders:

Bordering Countries: (1) USA

Canada - USA border: 3,145 miles (5,061 km) Canada - Alaska border: 1,538 miles (2,475 km)

Coastlines:

Mainland coastline: 36,350 miles (58,500 km) Island coastline: 115,133 miles (185,290 km) Total coastline: 151,483 miles (243,790 km)

Land Divisions:Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories:

Provinces and Territories(largest by population)

NamePopulation (2009)Land Size (sq km)1Alberta661,8482BritishColumbia944,7353Manitoba647,7974New Brunswick72,9085Newfoundland andLabrador405,2126Northwest Territories1,346,1067NovaScotia55,2848Nunavut2,093,1909Ontario1,076,39510Prince EdwardIsland5,66011Quebec1,542,05612Saskatchewan651,90013Yukon482,443
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1 |2Landforms (Page 1)

As the second largest country in the world, Canada includes a wide variety of land regions, vastmaritime terrains, thousands of islands, more lakes and inland waters than any other country, andthe longest coastline on the planet. In essence, Canada is a smorgasbord of landforms.

Significant landforms include the Appalachian Mountains; St. Lawrence River; Canadian Shield;Canadian Arctic Archipelago; Great Lakes; Hudson Bay; Great Plains; Lake Winnipeg;Columbia, Fraser, Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers; Great Bear Lake; Great Slave Lake; RockyMountains; Canadian Cordillera and the dozens of volcanoes along thePacific Ring of Fire.

Appalachian Mountains:The Appalachiansextend from the New England states in the U.S. up through parts of the

Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Quebec. In Canada, they're mostlyrolling hills.

Canadian Arctic Archipelago:TheCanadian Arctic Archipelagois located north of the Canadian mainland on the fringes ofthe Arctic Ocean. This group of some 36,000 islands is mostly part of the territory of Nunavut.Baffin, Ellesmere and Victoria islands are the largest of the group, respectfully. The climate herefeatures long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The terrain consists of tundra except inmountainous regions of the east.

Canadian Shield:TheCanadian Shield,covering the eastern half of Canadas landmass, is an ancient bedrockbase of gneiss and granite covered by a shallow layer of soil. Large areas of coniferous(evergreen) forests and hundreds of rivers and lakes spread across this mostly flat region. Itsscattered low-lying mountains include the Laurentian and Torngat ranges.

Canada Cordillera:TheCanada Cordilleraextends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.. TheCordilleras are part of a huge mountain system extending from the Andes of South America to

the tip of Alaska. The Canadian Cordillera includes ranges of the Rocky Mountains, the CoastRange and varied coastal mountains ranges and their many active volcanoes.

Great Slave Lake:Great Slave Lakeis the second-largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada behind GreatBear Lake. It's the deepest lake in North America at 614 m (2,015 ft), and the ninth-largest lakein the world.

Great Bear Lake:Great Bear Lakeis the largest lake entirely within Canada; the third largest in North America,

and the seventh largest in the world. The lake has a surface area of 31,153 sq km (12,028 sqmiles) with a maximum depth of 446 m (1,463 ft).

Great Plains:The Great Plainsslope east from the Rockies and extend to the edge of the Canadian Shield andthe western edges of the Appalachians. The land is generally smooth with large treeless areas andsloping shallow river valleys. They extend across parts of Alberta, Manitoba, NorthwestTerritories and Saskatchewan, and vast parts of the north central U.S.

Lake Winnipeg:
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Lake Winnipegis located in southern Manitoba near the city of Winnipeg. It's 428 km (266 mi)long and has an area of 24,390 sq km (9,417 sq mi). This very shallow lake is fed by dozens ofrivers, including the Red, Saskatchewan, and Winnipeg. It's drained by the Nelson River, whichflows northwest to Hudson Bay.

The Rockies:The Rocky Mountains, about 3,000 miles in length, extend from the U.S. State of New Mexicoup through the western United States and on into the northernmost reaches of Canada's BritishColumbia. Across Canada and the U.S., the Rockies include over one hundred individualmountain ranges.

The highest point in the Rockies is Mt. Elbert, located 10 miles southwest of Leadville,Colorado. It stands at 14,433 ft (4,399 meters).

Rivers:Major rivers of North America

Columbia River:The Columbia River, (1,152 miles) (1,857 km) in length, is a wide, fast-flowing river rising inthe Canadian Rockies of southeast British Columbia. It flows rapidly south through the State ofWashington, then forming the natural border between Washington and Oregon.

Fraser River:The Fraser Riverof British Columbia rises in the Canadian Rockies near Yellowhead Pass,

then flows in a variety of directions (generally south), finally turning west to empty into theStrait of Georgia, just south of Vancouver. It's (850 miles) (1,368 km) in length.

MacKenzie River:The MacKenzie Riveris the longest river in Canada and dissects the Northwest Territories. Itflows generally northwest into Mackenzie Bay and the Beaufort Sea. This historic river wasdiscovered by Sir Alexander MacKenzie, and along its path are thick, green forests and dozensof major lakes. It's (1,200 miles) (1,800 km) in length.

St. Lawrence River:The St. Lawrence River, 744 mi (1,197 km) in length, flows southwest to northeast. It drainsthe Great Lakes and connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.

Yukon River:The Yukon Riverrises in the southwestern edge of the Yukon Territory, flowing northwestacross the border into Alaska. This massive river continues southwest across central Alaska,ending at the Bering Sea. Even at a length of (1,265 miles) (2.035 km), most of it is navigable,however, it remains frozen from October through mid-June.

Canada Timeline

1000's - 1400's

(1000) Leif Ericson and crew (Vikings) visited the coastline of Newfoundland and Labrador (1497) Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) claimed Newfoundland for England (1497-1498) Sebastian and John Cabot explored east coast of North America for England
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(1498) John Cabot traveled coast of Labrador, New Brunswick; traded furs with MicmacIndians

1500's

(1506) First known fishing voyage to Newfoundland made by Normans

(1521 - 1526) Joo lvares Fagundes established first European colony in North America atCape Breton Island (later abandoned)

(1534) Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence River, claimed shores of Gulf of St. Lawrencefor France

(1535) Name of Canada originated from Jacques Cartier; he misunderstood Aboriginal wordKannata, which meant collection of huts

(1540) Jean-Francois de la Rocque de Roberval appointed viceroy of Canada, Newfoundland,Labrador

(1541) Jacques Cartier, Sieur de Roberval founded first French settlement in North America inQuebec - Charlesbourg-Royal

(1542) Charlesbourg-Royal was abandoned (1576) Martin Frobisher of England made first attempt to find Northwest Passage

(1583) Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony (1598) Roberval received fur-trading monopoly to New France; led party of 40 colonists

1600's

(1600) King Henry IV of France granted fur trading rights to group of merchants for Gulf of St.Lawrence

(1605) Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal in present day Nova Scotia (1608) First permanent European settlement (Quebec City) founded by Champlain

(1609) Champlain and French forces battled Iroquois on Lake Champlain (1610) Henry Hudson explored Hudson Bay; Manhattan Indians attacked his ship (1612) Champlain named Governor of New France (1613) Beothuk of Newfoundland killed 37 French fisherman, French armed Micmac in

retaliation, Beothuk exterminated; Port Royal sacked; St. John's, Newfoundland founded (1621) James I of England granted Acadia to Sir William Alexander, renamed it New Scotland (1628) Eight-year old Olivier Le Jeune of Madagascar arrived in Quebec; he was the first

recorded slave purchase in the vast New France area (1629) English, led by David Kirke, captured Quebec City; Champlain taken to England as

prisoner (1632) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with England returned Quebec to France (1639) Smallpox epidemic killed half of Huron Indians; coal discovered at Grand Lake (1640) Lake Erie discovered (1642) Montreal founded by Sieur de Maisonneuve (1663) Louis XIV assumed control of New France; Quebec became royal province (1670) Hudson Bay Company chartered by Charles II of England (1689) Iroquois killed scores of French settlers (1690) Sir William Phips captured most of French possessions in Acadia (1697) Acadia returned to France in Treaty of Ryswick between France and England

1700's

(1701) Iroquois, French, English signed peace treaty (1702 - 1713) Queen Anne's War, France and England (1704) English settlement of Bonavista, Newfoundland, destroyed by French forces (1707) English from Massachusetts attacked Port Royal (1709) Slavery made legal in New France (1710) English captured Port Royal, renamed it Annapolis Royal (1713) French Acadia, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay lands ceded to England by Treaty of

Utrecht; Queen Anne's War ended (1734) Marie-Joseph Angelique set fire to mistress' home to avoid being sold; half of Montreal

is damaged; she was later tortured, then hung (1736) 19 French voyageurs, including Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau and Jean Baptiste de La

Verendrye massacred by Sioux warriors at Lake of the Woods (1744) France declared war on England


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(1745) After six-week siege, Louisbourg surrendered to English (1748) Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle returned Louisbourg, Ile Royale and Ile Saint-Jean to France (1749) Halifax founded by British (1752 - 1759) Seven Years' War(King George's War) (1755) The Great Expulsion - French Acadians forced onto ships and deposited along southern

coasts, hundreds died (1759) British troops led by Wolfe defeated French led by Montcalm at Quebec, both generalskilled; British took possession of Quebec

(1760) British destroyed Louisbourg (1763) In Treaty of Paris, France ceded most of its North American possessions to Britain (1774) Quebec Act passed, established French civil law, British criminal law, freedom of

worship for Roman Catholics, government by appointed council (1776) American Revolution began; Quebec withstood American attack (1783) Americans given fishing rights off Newfoundland; border between Canada and United

States established (1785) New Brunswick separated from Nova Scotia

(1791) Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Quebec into Lower Canada (mostly French) andUpper Canada (mostly English) (1793) Upper Canada passed Act Against Slavery, stopped slaves being brought in, freed slaves

25-years and older

1800's

(1812) War of 1812 between British and U.S.; General William Hull led American forces ininvasion of Canada; General Isaac Brock and 200 soldiers defeated American force atQueenston Heights; Red River settlement founded by Hudson Bay Company

(1817) Poor post-war economy caused famine in Newfoundland

(1818)49th parallel accepted as border between United States and Canada from Lake of the

Woods to Rocky Mountains (1821) Hudson Bay Company merged with North West Company (1825) Parliament House at Toronto burned; fire destroyed over 80 buildings in Montreal (1830) Canada divided into counties (1832) 7,800 French-Canadians killed by cholera epidemic (1836) Canada's first rail line opened from St. Johns to La Prairie (1837) Rebellions against ruling elites, poverty, social divisions held in Upper and Lower

Canada

(1841) Act of Union united Upper and Lower Canada (1847) Telegraph line from London to Canada West completed; 65 immigrants died in

Montreal; St. Lawrence canal system completed; typhus outbreak occurred as immigrantsarrived in Ottawa

(1849) Fire engulfed downtown Toronto, destroyed numerous buildings, including St. JamesCathedral; 49th parallel boundary extended to Pacific Ocean

(1850) Gold discovered in British Columbia; coal discovered on Vancouver Island (1852) Fire destroyed 11,000 homes in Montreal (1854) Great Western Railway opened, linked Toronto, Hamilton, Windsor; passenger train

collided with gravel train at Baptiste Creek, killed 52 (1857) Queen Victoria named Ottawa capital of Province of Canada; bridge over Desjardins

Canal collapsed under passenger train, 60 killed (1858) Toronto Islands created after storm detached them from mainland (1862) Smallpox epidemic killed approximately 200,000 Indians (1867) Canada became sovereign nation by passage of British North America Act, colonies of

Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick became one federal union (1868) Hudson Bay Company turned Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory over to

Canada; Federal Militia passed, Canadian army created (1869) Newfoundland rejected Confederation with Canada; Red River Rebellion began;

smallpox epidemic struck Canadian Plains tribes (1871) Treaty of Washington established fishing rights, Great Lakes trade between Canada,

U.S.; last of British army left Canada; metric system legalized by Parliament (1873) Pacific Scandal occurred, Prime Minister Sir John Macdonald resigned; 60 killed in coal

mine explosion in Nova Scotia; cyclone struck Cape Breton Island, killed 500; Canadian LabourUnion founded


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(1881) Victoria steamer capsized on Thames River, killed 182 people (1883) Nickel-copper ore discovered at Murray Mine (1885) North-West Rebellion occurred; transcontinental railway completed; head tax on

Chinese immigrants imposed; Banff National Park established (1887) U. S. imposed Fisheries Retaliation Act, created limits on Canadian fishermen and

traders; 148 coal miners killed in mine explosion near Nanaimo, B.C. (1892) Fire destroyed two-thirds of St. Johns, Newfoundland (1896) Bridge collapse in Victoria, B.C. killed 55; gold discovered in Yukon, Klondike gold

rush began (1899) First Canadian troops sent to overseas war (Boer War); rock slide in Quebec City killed

45

1900's

(1903) U.S. side of Niagara Falls ran short of water due to drought; Alaska Boundary Disputesettled in favor of U.S.; Frank Slide (landslide) killed 70; Raymond Stampede rodeo arena,

grandstands built in Raymond, Alberta - first in the world (1904) Much of Toronto's downtown destroyed by fire; American, Bill Miner, staged Canada'sfirst train robbery: Henry Ford opened auto manufacturing plant in Windsor

(1907) Anti-Asian riots attacked Vancouver's Chinatown; Quebec Bridge collapsed duringconstruction, 75 workers killed, 11 injured

(1908) Royal Canadian Mint opened (1912) Amherst automobile manufactured in Calgary; Circular No. 17 banned teaching French

language in Ontario schools; first Calgary Stampede held (1914) Oil discovered in western Canada; Ocean liner, Empress of Ireland, sunk in Gulf of St.

Lawrence, 1024 killed; 189 miners killed in coal mine explosion in Hillcrest, Alberta; WorldWar I - 33,000 troops departed for Europe

(1916) Anti-German riot occurred in Calgary; Canadian forces forced to retreat in Battle ofMessines due to intensive German onslaught; Order-in-Council authorized increasing troops to500,000 in World War I; 25,000 Canadians, Newfoundlanders killed at Battle of the Somme;Montreal Canadiens won first Stanley Cup

(1917) Temporary income tax introduced to cover wartime expenses; Halifax Explosion killed1,900, injured 9,000

(1918) Famed Red Baron shot down by Canadian, Roy Brown; Canadian forces arrived innorthern Russia to assist with White Russians battle against Bolsheviks; Canadian forces sent toSiberia; World War I ended, over 600,000 Canadians fought, 60,000 killed, 173,000 wounded;Canada received right to participate in League of Nations and Versailles Peace Conference

(1920) Canada founding member of League of Nations; Ottawa Senators won Stanley Cup;women became eligible to sit in House of Commons

(1922) World's first insulin treatment made at Toronto General Hospital; France gave landaround Vimy Ridge to Canada as thank you for support of Canadian troops during World War I

(1929) Series of explosions in Ottawa's sewer system; women became eligible to be senators;New York Stock Exchange crashed, Great Depression began

(1932) Seven-month miners strike occurred at Crowsnest Pass; Toronto Maple Leafs wonStanley Cup

(1933) Race riot at Christie Pits, Toronto; earthquake at Baffin Bay, Nunavut; due to financialdifficulties, Newfoundland's independence revoked

(1939) World War II began; Canada followed England and declared war on Germany (1940) Canada declared war on Italy; 80 Canadian pilots participated in Battle of Britain (1941) Canada declared war on Japan due to Pearl Harbor Attack; Canada declared war on

Romania, Hungary, Finland; Canadian government impounded all fishing boats owned byJapanese-Canadians; all Japanese language schools, newspapers shut down

(1942) Estevan Point in B.C. shelled by Japanese Submarine; Ferry SS Caribou sunk byGerman U-boat, 137 killed; fire at Knights of Columbus Hall in St. John's Newfoundland killed99

(1945) World War II ended; one million Canadians fought, 48,000 killed; Soviet spy ringdiscovered in Canada; Ford Motor employees on strike

(1949) Canada joined North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1950) Canada joined United Nations force to fight in Korean War; railworkers strike shut

down much of Canadian economy


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(1951) Canadians held off Chinese at Battle of Kapyong during Korean War; formal peaceagreement between Germany and Canada signed

(1953) Korean War ended, 314 Canadians killed, 1,211 injured (1957) Canadian peacekeepers go to Egypt after Suez Crisis; lengthy Murdochville strike

began

(1959) St. Lawrence Seaway opened (1960) Montreal Canadiens won Stanley Cup; seven-year-old, Roger Woodward, first person toaccidentally fall over Horseshoe Falls and survive

(1962) Trans-Canada Highway opened; last three hangings in Canada occurred (1963) Good Friday Earthquake in Alaska caused tsunamis in British Columbia, over $10

million in damages; Toronto Maple Leafs won Stanley Cup (1965) Trans-Canada Airlines renamed Air Canada; Maple leaf became National Flag of

Canada; failure at Ontario power station caused blackout from Florida to Chicago, and all ofsouthern Ontario

(1967) International Expo held in Montreal (1968) Separatists rioted in Montreal; Canada postal workers went on strike

(1969) Students at Sir George Williams University staged computer riot to protest racism oncampus; terrorists bombed Montreal Stock Exchange; Quebec teachers ended 18-month strike;French and English became equal languages in Canada

(1970) Major oil spill when oil tanker ran aground at Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia; phosphatesin laundry detergent banned; federal voting age lowered to 18 from 21; tornado struck Sudbury,Ontario, killed six, injured 200, caused $17 million in damages - all in less than five minutes;Quebec Minister of Labour, Pierre Laporte, kidnapped, killed by FLQ; FLQ kidnappers caught

(1971) Prisoners at Kingston Penitentiary seized control, four-day riot occurred; sinkholedestroyed most of Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec; Air Canada plane hijacked, flown to Cuba

(1974) Mikhail Baryshnikov, Soviet ballet dancer, defected in Toronto (1976) Summer Olympics held in Montreal; over one million workers staged one-day strike,

protested wage and price controls (1979) Nine-month strike at Inco mining plant ended; train carrying explosives and poisonous

chemicals derailed in Mississauga, Ontario - over 200,000 people evacuated; MontrealCanadiens won Stanley Cup

(1985) Armenian terrorists stormed Turkish Embassy in Ottawa, killed one, held dozen peoplehostage; Air India flight exploded en route from Toronto to London; wreck of the Titanic foundoff coast of Newfoundland

(1986) World Expo held in Vancouver; Montreal Canadiens won Stanley Cup (1987) Quebec City first city in North America to become UNESCO World Heritage Site;

tornado in Edmonton, Alberta killed 27; Canadian-American Free Trade Agreement isnegotiated

(1989) Canadian-American Free Trade Agreement went into effect; Calgary Flames wonStanley Cup; 14 women murdered at Universite de Montreal

(1990) Fishery Products International closed three plants, 1300 jobs lost; Sault St. Marie citycouncil declared city "English-only"; tire fire near Hagersville took 15 days to extinguish;Edmonton Oilers won Stanley Cup

(1991) Canadian forces initiated their participation in the Persian Gulf War (1992) Dr. Roberta Bondar became first Canadian woman in space; Toronto Blue Jays won

World Series (1993) Kim Campbell became prime minister, first woman to be Canada's government head;

Toronto Blue Jays won World Series (1996) Serious riots in Quebec City (1998) Three avalanches in B.C. killed nine; El Nino caused ice storm in southern Ontario and

Quebec, widespread power failures, several deaths and severe damage to forests; federalgovernment issued formal apology for past mistreatment of First Nations; forest fires in SalmonArm, B.C. forced 8,000 to evacuate; Supreme Court of Canada ruled Quebec could not secedefrom Canada without federal government approval; Air Canada pilots launched strike; firstdiamond mine opened in Northwest Territories

2000's

(2001) Canada became first country in world to legalize medical marijuana; Canada's borderwith U.S. on high alert after September 11 terrorist attacks

(2002) Ford Motor Co. closed truck assembly plan in Oakville, Ontario; federal governmentallowed stem cell research using human embryos


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(2003) Avalanches in British Columbia killed eight skiers and seven children; Scarborough'sGrace Hospital closed as a result of SARS; Ontario declared public health emergency as a resultof SARS

(2004) 19 million British Columbia poultry slaughtered due to avian influenza; women's icehockey team won World Ice Hockey Championships

(2005) Education strike in British Columbia closed down 40,000 schools for two weeks (2006) 400 police officers raided homes in Toronto and Mississauga, Ontario, arrested 15

people who were part of terrorist cell (2008) Industrial plant explosions in Toronto killed two, forced thousands to evacuate homes;

parliamentary dispute resulted in delay of change of government until new session in 2009

Climate:Canadian citizens have joked that there are eight months of winter in Canada, followed by four

months of road repairs. Well, for parts of the country, that statement is close to true.

Canada is the second largest country in the world (after Russia), and the largest on the NorthAmerican continent, so saying that weather conditions vary widely in Canada would be a grossunderstatement.

Because of the warm ocean currents along the British Columbia coastline, spring begins there inFebruary. Across the central and southern reaches of the country enjoyable spring weatherusually arrives in May.

Summer begins in late May, and extends through September. The hottest months are July andAugust, and in the large cities of the south and across the central plains in summer, hightemperatures are normally in the low 80's, with highs in the 90's somewhat common.

For many travelers, the months of September and October (Fall) are the best time to visitCanada, as most days are cool, crisp and pleasant.

The Canadian winters are cold and long, and in the northern reaches of the country they can bebrutal. In the central interior and prairie provinces, the daily average temps (in winter) are near

5F, with daily lows near -20F; significantly lower on occasion.

In these regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year, while in the far-north,nine months of snow cover (or more) is the norm.


13/17

CARREBEAN

Caribbean Population: 36,314,000 (2010 est.) World Populations(all countries) Ethnic groups: Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean, Native Americans (Arawak, Caribs, Tainos),

European, Asian Demonym West Indian and Caribbean Major Languages: Spanish, English, French patois Governments: 13 sovereign states; 2 overseas departments and 14 dependent territories, tied to

the United Kingdom, France, Netherlands and USA Largest Caribbean Cities: (by metro population)

Santo Domingo,Dominican Republic - 2,799,600Havana,Cuba - 2,662,300Port-au-Prince,Haiti - 1,728,100Kingston,Jamaica - 925,000Santiago de Cuba,Cuba - 544,400Santiago,Dominican Republic - 458,000Camaguey,Cuba - 348,600Holguin,Cuba - 312,000Guantanamo,Cuba - 269,200Santa Clara,Cuba - 247,800

Largest Caribbean Countries:(by population)(2010 est.)Cuba -Dominican Republic -

Haiti -Jamaica -Trinidad & Tobago -Bahamas -Barbados -St. Lucia -Grenada -St. Vincent & the Grenadines -

A handful of countries border the Caribbean Sea and some have cays, inlets, islands andinhabited reefs off of their immediate coastline; all are considered a part of the Caribbean

region. They include:

BELIZE:Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, Glover's Reef, Half Moon Caye Hicks Cays,Lighthouse Reef, St. George's Caye, South Water Caye and Turneffe Islands

COLOMBIA:Archipelago of San Andres and Providencia

HONDURAS:Bay Islands, and Swan Islands

MEXICO:Isla Contoy, Isla Cozumel and Isla Mujeres

NICARAGUA:Corn Islands, Cayos Miskitos and Pearl Cays

PANAMA:Kuna Yala Islands (more than 1300 islands) and Bocas del Toro Archipelago(approximately 300 islands)

VENEZUELA:Blanquilla Island, Coche Island, Cubagua Island, Isla Aves, Islas Los Frailes,Isla Margarita, Isla de Patos, La Sola Island, La Tortuga Island, La Orchila, Las AvesArchipelago, Los Monjes Archipelago, Los Hermanos Archipelago, Los Roques Archipelagoand Los Testigos Islands
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Overall Size: 2,754,000 sq km (1,063,000 sq miles) Land Area: 239,681 sq km (92,541 sq miles) Water: 2,514,319 sq km (970,459 sq miles) Percent of Earth's Land Surface: 0.16% Highest Point: Pico Duarte

3098 m (10,614 ft) (see map) Lowest Point: Lake Enriquillo

(-39 m) (-128 ft) (see map) Deepest Point:Cayman Trough

7,686 m (25,220 ft) (see map)

Horizontal Width: 2,197 km (1,365 miles) from Cancun, Mexico, east to San Juan, PuertoRico (see map)

Vertical Length: 1,799 km (1,118 miles) from Miami, Florida, southeast to Oranjestad,Aruba (see map)

Note: Lengths and widths are point-to-point, straight-line measurements from a Mercator map

projection, and will vary some using other map projections

Caribbean Countries (by land area)Cuba: 110,860 sq kmDominican Republic: 48,730 sq kmHaiti: 27,560 sq kmJamaica: 10,830 sq kmBahamas: 10,010 sq kmTrinidad and Tobago: 5,128 sq kmDominica: 754 sq kmSt. Lucia: 616 sq kmAntiqua: 443 sq kmBarbados: 431 sq kmSt Vincent 389 sq km

Grenada: 344 sq kmSt. Kitts and Nevis: 261 sq km

ISLANDS, ISLETS AND CAYS: Overall the Caribbean is comprised of more than 7,000islands. That number includes islets (very small rocky islands); cay's (small, low islandscomposed largely of coral or sand) and a few inhabited reefs:See Belize.

The largest islands in the Caribbean areCuba,Jamaica,Hispaniola(divided into the twoseparate political units of Haiti and the Dominican Republic), andPuerto Rico.

THE ANTILLES: The majority of the Caribbean islands (called the West Indies) form a largearc extending eastward from theYucatan PeninsulaofMexicoand south fromtheFloridapeninsula in the United States, ending off the northeastern coastline ofSouthAmerica.

The Lesser Antilles, are part of the Antilles, which together with theBahamas,theCaymanIslands,theTurks and Caicosand Greater Antilles all form the West Indies.
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The Lesser Antilles begin to the east ofPuerto Rico.This long chain of smaller islands, borderedin the east by the Atlantic Ocean, curve southward, terminating in Trinidad just off the northerncoast ofVenezuela.

Those Lesser Antilles are subdivided into the Leeward Islands group in the north and the

Windward Islands group in the south. Also included in the Antilles are the Leeward Antillesconsisting ofAruba,Bonaire,Curacaoand a small group of Venezuelan islands.

VOLCANOES: Most of the Caribbean is volcanic in origin, and many of the smaller ( as well aslarger) islands have a central volcanic peak or a mountainous interior.

Visual evidence of that ancient volcanic activity can be seen on the black ( volcanic) sandbeaches of some of the islands likeDominicaand Puerto Rico.

There is ongoing seismic activity in the Caribbean, as a number of volcanoes are consideredactive; they include Mt. Soufriere onSt. Lucia,as well as those in Dominica, Grenada and St.Vincent.

MOUNTAINS: A number of significant mountain ranges stretch across the Caribbean,specifically in Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The highest point in theCaribbean is Pico Duarte at 3098 m (10,164 ft), located on the island ofHispaniola,in theDominican Republic.

RAINFORESTS: Rainforests are found across the Caribbean, with those on Dominica

andJamaica,the most prominent. Most islands have several (small) waterfalls, normally locatedin the higher elevations.

CORAL REEFS: The Caribbean is home to about 9% of the world's coral reefs, covering about52,000 sq km (20,000 sq miles). These reefs are important geographical features and islandslikeCozumelare world famous for same.

RIVERS AND LAKES: There are a scattering of small lakes and rivers across the Caribbean,with the most significant ones on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola andTrinidad and Tobago.

The largest lake in the Caribbean is Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republicat 265 sq km(102 sq miles). Other lakes of note are located in Cuba; Laguna de Leche at 67.2 sq km (25.9 sqmi), and the man-made Zaza Reservoir, at 113.5 sq km (43.8 sq mi).

As for rivers, there are over 400 relatively small ones in the Caribbean, as well as many narrowstreams that frequently run dry in summer. The longest river on a Caribbean Island isinCuba,where the Cauto flows for 230 mi (370 km) from its source in the Sierra Maestra.

BODIES OF WATER: The major bodies of water in the Caribbean include the Atlantic Ocean,

the Caribbean Sea, and to a smaller extent, theGulf of Mexico.

The Caribbean Sea itself is one of the largest salt water seas on the planet with an area of about2,754,000 sq km (1,063,000 sq. miles). Its deepest point is the Cayman Trough, betweentheCayman Islandsand Jamaica, at 7,686 m (25,220 ft) below sea level.

200s - 1300s

Most of the Caribbean inhabited by Carib, Taino, and Arawak Indian
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1400s (1492 - 1493) Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to the New World

1500s

(1500s) The Spanish Empire claimed the entire Caribbean and most of Latin America.Hispanola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, and Trinidad were settled.

(1522) Taino Indian leader, Enriquillo, led a successful rebellion again the Spanish granting hispeople freedoms and rights

(1524) The Council of the Indies was created by the Spanish as a governing body overCaribbean and Latin American territories

(1590s) English privateer, Sir Francis Drake, waged war on Spanish ships and ports1600s

(1600s) British, French and Dutch forces seized Caribbean territories from failing SpanishEmpire. Illegal "piracy" and legal "privateering" began throughout the Caribbean

(1612) British colonized Bermuda (1623) British colonized St. Kitts (1627 - 1635) British colonized Barbados, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, Anguilla, Tortola and

Windward Islands (1635) French contested colonization of St. Kitts. French colonized Guadeloupe and Martinique (1650 - 1730) The Golden Age of Piracy began in the Caribbean (1655) English conquered Jamaica (1650 - 1680) Dutch colonized Saba, St. Eustatius, Saint Martin, Curacao, Bonaire, Aruba,

Tobago, St. Croix, Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Anguilla, and the U.S. Virgin Islands

(1664 - 1674) St. Eustatius changed hands ten times in British - Dutch disputes over the island (1697) Spain ceded Haiti to France. France controlled Tortuga1700s

(1700 - 1750s) Caribbean colonies prospered in sugar, tobacco, and rice farming. Trade betweencolonies and nations prevalent

(1750s) Turks and Caicos captured by the British (1761 - 1778) British captured Dominica from France (1763) Britain captured Havana during the Seven Years War. Britain traded that one city for a

large area of land in Florida, including St. Augustine. (1778 - 1783) French forces recaptured Dominica (1762 - 1783) British and French forces contested Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1775 - 1783) French Caribbean naval victories over the British aided revolutionary war efforts

for the Americans. American Revolutionary War weakened British power. (1791) A slave rebellion against French forces, dubbed the Haitian Revolution, established Haiti

as the world's oldest free, black republic. It was also the second oldest republic in the westernhemisphere

1800s

(1821) Haitian forces conquered the rest of Hispanola (1825) France recognized Haiti as a free nation (1834) Slavery was abolished in the British Empire and in all of their Caribbean colonies (1844) Dominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti (1863) Dutch empire abolished slavery in its Caribbean colonies (1896) Captain-General Valeriano Weyler forced peasants into concentration camps

1900s

(1906) Cuba placed under U.S. occupation (1915 - 1934) U.S. occupied Haiti (1916 - 1924) U.S. occupied Dominican Republic (1917) Danes sold U.S. Virgin Islands to the U.S. for $25 million (1940) General Batista elected Cuba's president


17/17

(1953) Fidel Castro led a revolution against General Batista in Cuba (1958 - 1962) The Federation of the West Indies was created - included many Caribbean

colonies (1962) Dissolution of the Federation of the West Indies inspired Jamaica and Trinidad and

Tobago to declare independence

(1962) U-2 spy plane discovered evidence of Russian nuclear missiles in Cuba. Cuban MissileCrisis ensued. Russians eventually dismantled Cuban missile bases (1966) Barbados declared their independence from Britain (1971) "Baby Doc" Jean-Claude Duvalier succeeded his father as head of Haiti (1973) The Bahamas declared independence from Britain (1974) Grenada declared independence from Britain (1986) "Baby-Doc" and wife fled Haiti under protests over corruption

2000s

(2004) Excessive rain caused flooding in Haiti - claimed 3300 lives

(2008) Fidel Castro resigned as President of Cuba. Raul Castro became new president (2008) Hurricanes killed 800 people in Haiti during a strong hurricane season (2010) A magnitude 7.0 earthquake hit Haiti, an estimated 316,000 people died. Over 1,000,000

people made homeless (2010) Deepwater Horizon oil well exploded, leaked hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil into

the Gulf of Mexico. Threatened Caribbean marine life and beaches (2011) Rumors continued to suggest that Fidel Castro stepped down as head of the Cuban

Communist Party

Documents

Canada and Caribean