Can Europe be a Model for Turkey to Internalize Her Energy Externalities ?

7/31/2019 Can Europe be a Model for Turkey to Internalize Her Energy Externalities ?

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Can Europe Be a Model for Turkey to Internalize her EnergyExternalities?

Part 1 : Primary & Secondary Particles

Aytu ELMALIErdemir Engineering, Management & Consulting Inc. (ERENCO)

Uzunkum Cad. No:7 Kdz. Ereli, Zonguldak, 67330, [email protected]

OCTOBER 2011ABSTRACT

One of the lessons we have learnt during our industrialization process is that the garbage weleft behind would trip up someone else. In other words, it is not possible to smooth over cracks anymore. The home owner has already surpassed her limits; tired and exhausted, but we are still getting

naughtier.In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit not transmitted through prices and ethically, if

there is behaviour oversteps the limits, someone should be responsible for the outcomes or get thepraise if there is a social benefit.

Externalities of Energy really deserve care for its consistent, destructive and transboundaryenvironmental impacts. Especially some industrialized countries and sensitive organizations havehad various scientific and methodological researches to evaluate environmental impacts of energy

production in monetary terms & numbers, express critical load levels that exceedence increasesexposure to risks and health problems, determine target levels and develop strategies, like EU, to

reduce pollution, draw public attention and promote attendance. All come to the point that theExternalities of Energy should be internalized; damages and yields should be monetized andfinally charged to its producers and/or beneficiaries. Sure, if we do not internalize them, the marketequilibrium will shift in favour of the polluters producing and/or consuming in a neglectful manner.

Today, the living organisms are exposed to aerosols, particulates, heavy metals andgreenhouse gases than ever before. Chemical reactions and temperature rise in nature also increaseinteraction, absorption, accumulation and effectuation of these polluters. Now, the nature needs allour action.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Internalizing Externalities of Energy, Clean Air For Europe (CAFE),

The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

1 PRIMARY & SECONDARY PARTICULES

Air pollution, an externality having negative effects on health and environment is composedof Primary Particles, e.g. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Particulate Matter (PM)emitted directly to the atmosphere by power plants, vehicles, burning of wood, fossil fuels, dustsources, etc. although Secondary Particles (aerosols), e.g. nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide(SO2) and ammonia (NH3) emissions form in the atmosphere via chemical reactions of industry,automobile, power plant... outputs on air. Besides, decomposition of these gases and particulates onstratosphere with the climate events and sunlight; Eutrophication, Acidification and Ground-Level Ozone as well as sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons arise.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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NOX and SOX: Nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted during fossil fuel combustion, especially bypower plants, industrial facilities and road transport sector. Increase in burning temperature alsoincrease NOX formations. Sulphur oxides (SOX) occur when solid and liquid fossil fuels containingsulphur are burned; mainly in energy production. Sulphur dioxide emissions arising from naturalgas combustion are negligible when compared to coal and petroleum.

PM10 and PM2,5: The particulate matters with diameters less than 10 and 2,5 (microns=10-6 m)

can be released to the atmosphere either by the main polluters or they can compose in theatmosphere by the emissions, sulfates and nitrats. PM10, also called coarse fraction e.g. dust, sand,compounds do but especially PM2,5, also called fine fraction which generally occurs underreactions on air and easier to absorb and mix in blood in lungs has the biggest impact on health.Indeed PM2,5 is the main reason of deaths and permanent damages under air pollution. Patients,elder people, children and babies are in the high risk group as well as the ecosystem.

VOC: Fossil fuels are composed of organic compounds which can evaporate under normalatmospheric conditions. So, in addition to motor vehicles and petrol stations, paints and othersolvents are the main organic compounds resources and they may be in gas, liquid and solid phases.

Ground-level ozone: Other than the ozone on the stratosphere (O2) preserving our world fromUltraviolet Radiation (UVR); ground-level ozone (O3) is a photochemical reaction and generallyoccurs around the NO2 sources in the presence of heat and VOC. Ground-level ozone alsoconstitutes to smog formation as well as contributing to global warming.Ozone is the second mostimportant air pollution factor threatening health and the main reason for crop loss in Europe as anundesired outcome of industrialization.

Eutrophication: Increase in food stuff in lakes and other aquatic ecosystems with excess supply ofammonia (NH3), NOx, phosphate, etc. because of some various anthropogenic reasons (e.g. erosionand acts of mankind) lead to increase in plant size, number and variety. Then, the decrease in theamount of oxygen in the aquatic ecosystem will contribute to weakening and vanishing of the livingorganisms.

Acidification and Acid Rains: SO2 and NOX are the main components of acidification on soil,freshwater and oceans. Mercury, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals decompose in acidicreactions in higher amounts. The plants, animals, mankind dependent to the clean water resources

and nourished in nature will have to make a survive struggle in a toxic lifecycle where temporary orpermanent damage of health inc. DNA mutation or death is probable.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARTICLES


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Hereinbelow are some of the main external costs of energy and transport on health & environment;

Source: European Commission DG for Research (3)

As it is in most of the industrialized countries, the main source of the air pollution in

European Economic Area (EEA-32) having negative effects on lifecycle is energy production andconsumption; accounting for around 70 % of sulphur oxides emissions and 21 % of NOX outputdespite significant reductions since 1990. Meanwhile, energy usage by households burning fuelssuch as wood, gas, coal etc. is the single most important source of PM2.5 and CO, and the thirdmost important source of NMVOCs, NOX and SOX. If we insert the end-users, 95.8 % of NOX, 80% of PM2.5, 44 % of VOC and 95 % of SOX in 2008 are energy based.

(4)

Sources of Selected Air Pollutants in 2008 for EEA-32 and Western Balkan Countries


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Despite significant past reductions of SOX from power plants, energy production &

distribution sector continues to be the main source of SOX in Europe today. Although cheaper coalconsumption has increased again in some areas due to rise in fuel prices in recent years, thedomestic use of high-sulphur fuels such as coal has largely ceased in many urban and other densely-

populated areas, first in western Europe and more recently in most central and eastern European

countries. Reductions of NOX emissions in the last two decades occurred across nearly all economicsectors; but 45 % of the total reduction was in road transportation and 30 % in power generation. (5)

Between 1990 and 2008, EEA-32 emissions of SO2 and NOx from public electricity and heatproduction fell despite a 35 % increase in the amount of electricity and heat produced. SO2emissions fell by 70 %, due mainly to abatement techniques, use of low-sulphur fuels, and fossilfuel switching. NOx emissions fell by 41 %, primarily due to abatement techniques. The mainexplanatory factors for the past changes in SO2 and NOX emissions from the power and heatgenerating sector include public thermal, nuclear, hydro and wind plants. If the structure of thissector had remained unchanged from 1990, then emissions of SO2 and NOX by 2008 would have

been around 35 % above 1990 levels. (6)

Estimated Impact of Different Factors on the Reduction in Emissions of NOX and SO2 fromPublic Electricity and Heat Production, EEA-32, 19902008


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Among various efforts to evaluate the externalities of energy and appraise them in decisionmaking process, EU put into practice two programs; Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) and 6thEnvironmental Action (6th EAP) at the beginning of the 21th century.

CAFE was launched in March 2001 with the aim to develop long-term, strategic andintegrated policy advice to protect against significant negative effects of air pollution on human

health and the environment.(7)

(Please see the CAFE Communication COM(2001) 245)

6th EAP is a programme of community action on the environment with key objectivescovering a period of ten years, in practice between 2002 and 2012. The priorities of the 6th EAPcover climate change, nature and biodiversity, environment, health and quality of life, and naturalresources and waste. Within these key priorities, the 6th EAP calls for the development of seventhematic strategies including a coherent and integrated strategy on air pollution to establish theobjective of achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts onand risks to human health and the environment. This includes no exceedence of critical loads (alevel of exposure below which there is not expected to be any risk) and levels for naturalecosystems. (8)

After the analyses of the current situation and the probable scenarios under these programs,The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution adopted by the European Commission on 21 September2005 to present a coherent and integrated policy on air pollution which: (1) sets out priorities forfuture action; (2) reviews existing ambient air quality legislation and the National EmissionCeilings Directive with a view to reaching long-term environmental objectives; and (3) develops

better systems for gathering information, modelling and forecasting air pollution until 2020. (9)

With this Thematic Strategy, European Union had the chance to determine, develop andinternalize the interim objectives, scenarios and the most favourable strategy specified with cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyzes to decrease air pollution and its impacts. When compared to

business-as-usual scenario (with the current trend of the baseline year 2000), until 2020, roughly560,000 adult life years and 63,000 additional baby life savings, 42-135 billion euro/year monetizedhealth benefits and 1,200,000 km2 ecosystem areas prevention from acidification, eutrophication,ozone, etc. are expected within the adopted strategy. (10)

Note: MTFR; Maximum Technical Feasible Reduction
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52001DC0245:EN:NOThttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52001DC0245:EN:NOT


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The adopted strategy leading to great yields was chosen between scenario A and B, where asharp increase in marginal costs but decrease in marginal benefits initiate. For additionalinformation on reduction of polluting emissions and their impact analyzes under the business-as-usual (baseline) and policy scenarios, please see the report of Commission of the EuropeanCommunities, SEC(2005) 1133 including the table below. (11)

In the EU-27, overall SO2 emissions decreased by 78 %, NMVOC (50 %) and NOX (44 %),Cd (58 %), Hg (61 %), Pb (90 %), PM10 (27 %), PM2,5 (34 %) in 1990-2008 period. But in Turkey,SO2 emissions increased by 44 %, NMVOC (116 %) and NOX (34 %) in the same period.

Pleasevisit http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=478 for additional data.

Today, the intensity of NOX and SO2 emissions of public conventional thermal power plantsin Turkey is within the highest three of EU-32. Turkey is also the 7 th and 8th country performing

poor performance on reducing these emissions respectively between these 32 countries in 1990-2008 period.(12)

In the report published in 2004 covering Energy Baseline Scenarios reshaped under CAFProgram, nuclear energy and solid fuels are projected to lose market share continuously such that in2020 they account for 20.1 % and 11.7 % respectively compared to 31.8 % and 31.5 % in 2000. Theemerging gap is largely covered by greater use of natural gas, which beyond 2010 is projected to

become the main energy input for electricity generation. In 2020, close to 45 % of total electricityproduced is projected to come from natural gas compared to 16.1 % in 2000. (13)

If we have a look at the resources of the electric production in Turkey in 2010, natural gas hasa share of 45.9 %, coal 24.8 %, hydro 24.5 %, liquid fuels 3.5 %, and the remaining is the other

renewables

(14)

. According to Turkish Electricity Market and Supply Security Strategy Document, inthe year 2023, the share of hydro in electric production will be 30 %, coal 25 %, natural gas 18 %,wind 18 %, nuclear 5 %, liquid fuels 3 % and the remaining 1 % is solar and others. (15)
http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=478http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=478http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=478


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References:

[1] EU Financed Research Institutes, e.g. IER, BATH, IOM, Centre dnergtique.Externe.Externalities of Energy, A Research Project of European Commission. [evrimii]

2005. http://www.externe.info/definition.html.[2] Bickel P., Friedrich R.Externe, Externalities of Energy, Methodology 2005 Update.

Luxemburg : http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/kina_en.pdf, page 4, 2005.[3] European Commission, DG for Research.External Costs, Research results on socio-

environmental damages due to electricity and transport. Brussels :http://www.externe.info/externpr.pdf, Page 9, 2003.

[4] European Environment Agency.The European Environment State and Outlook 2010 - AirPollution. Copenhagen : http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/air-pollution/?b_start:int=0&-C=.com, Page 24 and 25, 2010.

[5] European Environment Agency. The European Environment State and Outlook 2010 - AirPollution. Copenhagen : http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/air-pollution/at_download/file, Page 24, 26 and 27, 2010.

[6] European Environment Agency. Emissions (CO2, SO2, NOX) from public electricity andheat production. [evrimii] 2011. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-co2-so2-nox-from-1/assessment-1.

[7] European Commission, Environment DG. The CAFE Programme & The ThematicStrategy on Air Pollution. [evrimii]http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/index.htm.

[8] Commission of the European Communities, Staff Working Paper SEC(2005) 1133.Summary Impact Assessment of the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and the Directive on

Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. s.l. :

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/pdf/ia_report_en050921_summary.pdf, Page 6.[9] Commission of the European Communities, SEC(2005) 1133. The Communication onThematic Strategy on Air Pollution and The Directive on Ambient Air Quality and CleanerAir for Europe'' Impact Assesment. [evrimii].http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/pdf/ia_report_en050921_final.pdf.

[10]Vainio, M., European Commission DG Environment, Deputy Head of Clean Air &Transport Unit. Impact Assessment of the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. [evrimii]www.externe.info/brussels/br1130.pdf, 2005.

[11]Commission of the European Communities, SEC(2005) 1133.The Communication onThematic Strategy on Air Pollution and the Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner

Air for Europe Impact Assessment. s.l. :

www.ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/pdf/ia_report_en050921_final.pdf.[12]European Environment Agency. Emissions (CO2, SO2, NOx) intensity of publicconventional thermal power electricity and heat production (ENER 008). [evrimii] 2011.http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-co2-so2-nox-intensity-1/assessment-1.

[13]Dr. L. Mantzos, M. Zeka-Paschou, Institute of Communication and Computer Systemsof National Technical University of Athens.Energy Baseline Scenarios for the Clean Air

for Europe (CAFE) programme. s.l. :http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/general/pdf/scenarios_cafe.pdf, Page 18, 2004.

[14]Dr. M. GZEN, EPDK. Dzenleme Perspektifinden Elektrik Piyasasnda Gelinen Aamave Hedefler. 2011. http://www.icci.com.tr/2011sunumlar/O01_Mustafa_Gozen.pdf, Page 5.

[15]M. ETN, EPDK Enerji leri Genel Mdr V. Trkiye Enerji Sektrnn GncelGrnm. 2010. http://www.icci.com.tr/2010sunumlar/Pn2_MustafaCetin.ppt, Page 21.


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Can Europe Be a Model for Turkey to Internalize her EnergyExternalities?

Part 2: Heavy Metals, Greenhouse Gases &EU Legislation on Air Pollution

Aytu ELMALIErdemir Engineering, Management & Consulting Inc. (ERENCO)

Uzunkum Cad. No:7 Kdz. Ereli, Zonguldak, 67330, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

One of the lessons we have learnt during our industrialization process is that the garbage we

left behind would trip up someone else. In other words, it is not possible to smooth over cracks anymore. The home owner has already surpassed her limits; tired and exhausted, but we are still gettingnaughtier.

In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit not transmitted through prices and ethically, ifthere is behaviour oversteps the limits, someone should be responsible for the outcomes or get the

praise if there is a social benefit.

Externalities of Energy really deserve care for its consistent, destructive and transboundaryenvironmental impacts. Especially some industrialized countries and sensitive organizations havehad various scientific and methodological researches to evaluate environmental impacts of energy

production in monetary terms & numbers, express critical load levels that exceedence increasesexposure to risks and health problems, determine target levels and develop strategies, like EU, toreduce pollution, draw public attention and promote attendance. All come to the point that theExternalities of Energy should be internalized; damages and yields should be monetized andfinally charged to its producers and/or beneficiaries. Sure, if we do not internalize them, the marketequilibrium will shift in favour of the polluters producing and/or consuming in a neglectful manner.

Today, the living organisms are exposed to aerosols, particulates, heavy metals andgreenhouse gases than ever before. Chemical reactions and temperature rise in nature also increaseinteraction, absorption, accumulation and effectuation of these polluters. Now, the nature needs allour action.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Internalizing Externalities of Energy, Heavy Metals Pollution, Climate

Change, Global Warming, The Climate and Energy Package

2 HEAVY METALS AND GREENHOUSE GASES

The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively highdensity and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals include mercury

(Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb).

(1)
mailto:[email protected]://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Hg-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cd-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/As-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cr-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Pb-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Pb-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cr-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/As-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cd-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Hg-en.htmmailto:[email protected]


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Similar to the particles, heavy metals bioaccumulating in bodies lead to permanent and fataldiseases; e.g. blood poisoning, genetic & hereditary diseases, IQ point loss, cancer and birth defectsrelated to the amount and time exposed. Please visit http://www.externe.info/publications.htmlExternE Externalities of Energy, A Research Project of the European Commission, MethodologyUpdate 2005 for the purpose and general methodology of the research, monetary valuation,exposure-response impacts on health, ecosystem, biodiversity, global warming etc.

Integrated Assessment of Releases of Heavy Metals in Europe (ESPREME) project was alsofinanced by EC between 2004-2007 to assess the heavy metal releases, abatement and reductionscenarios in the region. In Europe, the external costs of heavy metals; e.g. Arsenic (As), Mercury(Hg), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) on human health are projected to exceed 7.3 billioneuro/year in 2010 as per business-as-usual scenario. Marginal cost of mercury is nearly 8 millionEuro/t, arsenic 2.5 million Euro/t and lead 0.5 million Euro/t.(2)

Source: ESPREME Project Team (3)

Lead has the highest share (77 %) of external costs among anthropogenic and natural HMspollution, arsenic (15 %), cadmium (5 %) and the mercury (2 %). Among the most importantendpoints; IQ point loss, anaemia and cardiovascular mortality have the largest monetized costs.(4)

When we have a look at the sector split of the selected heavy metals; lead, mercury andcadmium aroused in 2008 in Europe, energy production and consumption inc. commercial,institutional and households has the greatest share in this HMs pollution. 54 % of the lead, 68.1 %of the mercury and 77.1 % of the cadmium are energy based. If we add the transportation sector,these rates ascend to 64.6 %, 74.8 % and 81.9 % respectively.(5)

As well as the primary & secondary particles (NOX, SO2, VOC, PM, etc.) and heavy metals

(Pb, Cd, Hg, etc.), the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6) emitted have a deepimpact on ecosystem, especially with climate change effect. Naturally, the changes we experiencein nature also do some heavy damages on our health, habitat and environment.

Health Endpoints & Risk Factors of Heavy Metals
http://www.externe.info/publications.htmlhttp://www.externe.info/publications.htmlhttp://www.externe.info/publications.html


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the five new Lnder after German reunification. The reduction of GHG emissions in the UnitedKingdom was primarily the result of liberalizing energy markets and the subsequent fuel switchesfrom oil and coal to gas in electricity production and N2O emission reduction measures in the

production of adipic acid. (10)

The total emissions of CO2 arising from public electricity and heat production reduced 4.3 %

parallel with an increase in thermal efficiency, fossil fuel-switching, nuclear and renewable energyproduction between 1990 and 2008 in EEA-32 although 34.9 % increase of CO2 in the sector wasexpected in the business-as-usual scenario (without any improvement) in this period. Please seehttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-the-reduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and-2006-eea-1

In Turkey, GhGs in CO2 eq. increased 96 % in the period 1990-2008. Meanwhile, the increaseof energy sector GhGs was nearly 114 % and the contribution of energy production & consumptionto GhG emissions was 76 % in 2008 (11). The anticipated increase of GhGs in total and in the energysector in CO2 eq. in reference scenario from 1990 to 2020 is 370 % and 552 % respectively as per

the 1st National Communication (FNC) submitted to the UNFCCC in 2007. In this report; A remarkable temperature increase (esp. in the coasts of west and south) in summer and

decrease (esp. in the coasts of north) in winter observed. Increase of rains in Black Sea coasts (esp. in east regions) and decrease in Aegean-

Mediterranean coasts (esp. in winter) are the other climate change events aroused. 2-13 % reduction at agricultural productivity all over the country experienced. 86.5 % of the total land is under the risk of erosion, deterioration and desertification, and 73

% of the cultivatable land is vulnerable to desertification. Surface water shall decrease 20 %, 35 % and 50 % in 2030, 2050 and 2100 respectively. 2.3 Co average temperature increase and annual average rains decrease from 470 mm to 360

mm until 2070 are projected for the south of Turkey, etc.also mentioned. (12)

For mitigation of GhGs; reduction of energy intensity by 2020 with reference to the levels in2004, increasing the share of renewable energy in total power generation up to 25% by 2020 andlimiting CO2 emissions 7 % in the reference scenario were targeted for the energy sector of Turkey.(13)

3 LEGISLATION

Please visit http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/legis.htm for the list and text of legislation onair effectuated to reduce the environmental pollution to below threshold limits for EU. Within thesedirectives to point the members the direction, develop strategies and put some limits for air

pollution, the union adopted Large Combustion Plants Directive (LCPD 2001/80/EC is valid untilthe year 2016) to decrease the hazardous impacts of power plants having thermal capacity morethan 50 MW. Turkey has internalized this directive with Byk Yakma Tesisleri Ynetmelii

published in Official Gazette dated 08.06.2010 with no 27605.

In March 2007, Europes leaders endorsed a forward-looking political agenda in The Climateand Energy Package to achieve their core energy and climate change objectives of sustainability(social, economic and environmental) by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % (a newambition; rising to 30 % if the conditions are right is also assessed) of 1990 levels, increasing theshare of renewables in the energy consumption to 20 % (also, 10 % of transport fuels from
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-the-reduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and-2006-eea-1http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-the-reduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and-2006-eea-1http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-the-reduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and-2006-eea-1http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/legis.htmhttp://www.cygm.gov.tr/CYGM/Files/mevzuat/yonetmelik/BYT%20Y%E6%AE%A5tmeligi.dochttp://www.cygm.gov.tr/CYGM/Files/mevzuat/yonetmelik/BYT%20Y%E6%AE%A5tmeligi.dochttp://www.cygm.gov.tr/CYGM/Files/mevzuat/yonetmelik/BYT%20Y%E6%AE%A5tmeligi.dochttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/legis.htmhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-the-reduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and-2006-eea-1http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-the-reduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and-2006-eea-1http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-impact-of-different-factors-on-the-reduction-in-emissions-of-co2-from-public-electricity-and-heat-production-between-1990-and-2006-eea-1


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renewables) and improving energy efficiency by 20 % over projected consumption until 2020.Some of the positive externalities of the package are formation of a global roadmap to climatechange, secure energy supply, 50bn a year less on oil & gas imports, 1m jobs in Europeanrenewables industry, get competitive advantage through innovation in energy sector, more jobs inenergy related industries and less air pollution. (14)

On 10 November 2010, the European Commission adopted the COM(2010) 639; Energy2020 - A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy defining the energy priorities forthe next ten years. In the field of electricity generation, investments are envisaged to reach to nearlytwo thirds of the electricity coming from low carbon sources by the early 2020's, the current level

being 45 %. Empowering consumers, decoupling economic growth from energy use, exploiting awide range of centralised and distributed renewable energy as well as key technologies for energystorage and electro-mobility (notably electric vehicles and public transport) are among the first

priorities. The inclusion of energy policy in the EU Treaty calls for a new outlook. and Weurgently need far-reaching changes in energy production, use and supply. reveal the vision of nextdecades. (15)

The European Council reconfirmed in February 2011 the EU objective of reducing GhGemissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990 and specified with COM(2011) 112 A Roadmapfor Moving to a Competitive Low Carbon Economy in 2050, how the sectors responsible forEurope's emissions inc. power generation, can make the transition to a low-carbon economy overthe coming decades. The share of renewable energy in production is envisaged to reach 75-80 % in2030 and nearly 100 % in 2050. CO2 emissions of power sector will be 54-68 % less in 2030 and93-99 % less in 2050 than the sector emissions in 1990. With an additional 270 billion or 1.5 % ofEuropes GDP annually investment on average over the next four decades; 175 - 320 billionannually saving on fuel costs in this 40 years period, 1.5 million additional jobs until 2020, 88

billion euros/year less money spent on health care and on equipment to control air pollution by2050, etc. are expected (16). This agenda until 2050 means there will be substantial changes inEurope's energy policy for producers, consumers and legislators.

Lately arranged EU Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU(17)) is a recast of 7 existingpieces of legislation (inc. 2008/01/EC Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive) toreplace in time aiming to achieve significant benefits for the environment and human health; e.g.reducing industrial emissions across the EU. With this directive, LCPD 2001/80/EC was alsorecasted and tighter emission limits for LCP shall be in practice for EU after 01.01.2016. BestAvailable Techniques for Production (BAT) of the main polluting sectors (inc. power generation)which are explained in BAT Reference Documents (BREFs) of EU Joint Research Centre alsoenforced with 2010/75/EU (Please also see http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/ for the BREFs of each

sector.). The internalization of 2008/01/EC of Turkey will also lead to drastic improvements indecreasing the environmental impacts which arise from energy production.(18)

4 CONCLUSION

Over the past two decades, all polluting emissions in Europe have gone down at anconsiderable amount whereas the economy has grown by 40 % and decoupling economic growthfrom energy use is accepted within the first and foremost strategies in COM(2010) 639. Thequestion is; how can we validate all of these efforts and acquisitions of EU and others in our

industrialization process for a slight transition in Turkey? In order to avoid the negativeexternalities of fossil fuels, we have to measure the emissions wherever required (not only regional)(19) as in E-PRTR (20) frankly and assess their deep impacts on our health and environment with
http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/


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scientific & methodological researches supported with figures to attract public attention and sharethe striking outcomes. Then, the pressure on legislators will bring out more sensitively settled airquality upper limit values than the current figures. (21)

The air pollution arise with energy production is not only an output of the fuel you run in, butalso correlated with your technology, production standarts and emission control systems. A coal

power plant can produce energy with nearly same environmental impacts of a natural gas powerplant with the required investment. Therefore, for all fossil-fuels using plants, Best AvailableTechniques for Production (BAT) must be defined, obliged with legislation and energy producershave to be constrained to comply with these standarts & specifications also in our country. Theactual emissions of coal runned ISOGO Power Plant No2 Unit (600 MW) in Tokyo Bay, Japan areSOX=2 ppm, NOX=7 ppm, Dust=2 mg/nm

3 (22) but still high CO2 release although 2010 yeardeclared emission values of one of the latest technology coal plant in Turkey are SOX


14/14

[11]TUIK. Sera Gaz Emisyon Envanteri 2008. [evrimii] 2010.http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6276.

[12]Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry.1st National Communication (FNC).http://iklim.cob.gov.tr/iklim/Files/bildirim1.pdf. Page 20, 140, 166, 175 & 177. 2007.

[13]Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry.Climate Change NegotiationsGuidebook. http://www.undp.org.tr/publicationsDocuments/Post-

2012.Climate.Change.Negotiations.Guidebook.Turkey.pdf, Page 64, 2009.[14]European Commission, Environment DG.The Climate and Energy Package and itsSummary. http://ec.europa.eu/clima/documentation/package/docs/climate_package_en.pdfand http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm.

[15]Commission of the European Communities. COM(2010) 639 Energy 2020-A strategy forcompetitive, sustainable and secure energy. s.l. :http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htm.

[16]European Commission, Environment DG. Europe 2020 Initiative - Energy Roadmap2050. [evrimii] 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2011/roadmap_2050_en.htmand http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/roadmap/index_en.htm.

[17]European Commission, Environment DG. Summary of the The Industrial Emissions

Directive 2010/75/EU. [evrimii] 2010.http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/ied/legislation.htm.

[18]REC Turkey. IPPC Training. [evrimii] 2010.http://www.rec.org.tr/?module=training&item=training_info&training_info_id=213.

[19]Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Turkey.[evrimii] 2010. http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/Default.htm.

[20]European Environment Agency. European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR). [evrimii] http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/.

[21]Dr. M. AHN, MoEF Deputy General Manager. Hava Kalitesi Ynetimi. [evrimii]2008.http://www.osbuk.org.tr/haber/images/cevre/II%20OSB%20%C3%87EVRE%20Z%C4%B0RVES%C4%B0%202.%20G%C3%9CN%202%20OTURUM/DR.%20MUSTAFA%

20%C5%9EAH%C4%B0N.ppt, page 41.[22]J-Power Entech. Regenerated Activated Coke Technology. [evrimii] 2011.

http://www.jpower.co.jp/entech_e/experience/index.html.[23]. HACIOULLARI, Sugz Power Plant. ICCI 2010 Sunu.

http://www.icci.com.tr/2010sunumlar/otr13_serefhaciogullari.ppt, Page 10.[24]Legislation Information System in Turkey. Byk Yakma Tesisleri Ynetmelii.

[evrimii]. 2010.http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.14027&sourceXmlSearch=&MevzuatIliski=0.
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