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Camel Milk: Potential Health Benefits Mark W. Duncan, Ph.D. INTRODUCTION I continue to review the common claims made relating to the health benefits of camel milk and here I identify the most significant of those claims, critically evaluate them, and provide the solid scientific support for these claims. (If, in fact, it exists.) The references listed in the body of this document – over 400 in total are available – appear in order of year of publication. The bibliography for this document lists all references in alphabetical order. Note: Due to a demanding travel schedule it has been difficult for me to get this completed to my satisfaction. Please consider this a draft, and I will continue to refine, review and complete on my return from Nashville. We can certainly speak about it today (afternoon your time), or face-to-face next week. OVERVIEW OF CURRENT CLAIMS AND BREAKDOWN INTO GROUPS Nomadic cultures have been drinking milk from camels for thousands of years. Camels can survive, travel and thrive with little water, and in areas where horses and cows could not. This has lead some to conclude that camel milk is “special”, offers unique benefits and is a better alternative to cow and other milk options such as cow, goat, sheep, almond, soy and coconut milk. Although camel milk has long been available in North Africa and the Middle East, camel milk is relative recent entry to Western markets. Camel milk has also been touted as a treatment for a very wide range of diseases and conditions. The troubling aspect of most of these claims is that present camel milk as a magical elixir and cure-all drink. Attached is a comprehensive list of published papers on specific health benefits of camel milk consumption. I am working through these and reviewing them for quality and significance. There is unquestionably some very encouraging research on the health benefits of camel milk, but unfortunately, much of published science is poor quality, incomplete science, or based on anecdotal evidence. For example, there is a 2005 publication in the International Journal of Human Development, citing anecdotal evidence of improvements in young autistic patients who switched from cow’s milk to camel’s milk. Similarly, there is a small study of eight children with food allergies published in the Israeli Medical Association Journal reporting that camel’s milk can help subjects overcome severe (milk-related) food allergies. While both studies are encouraging initial reports, they do not “prove” benefit, but rather, they provoke interest and hint at the need for further – better controlled – study. What is certain, however, is that camel milk is nutritionally different from other milks. Therefore, claims such as the following, made about human breast milk, are scientifically sound and can be made about camel milk: “… a complex and rich source of nutrition containing

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Page 1: Camel Milk: Potential Health Benefits€¦ · has lead some to conclude that camel milk is “special”, offers unique benefits and is a better alternative to cow and other milk

CamelMilk:PotentialHealthBenefitsMarkW.Duncan,Ph.D.

INTRODUCTION

IcontinuetoreviewthecommonclaimsmaderelatingtothehealthbenefitsofcamelmilkandhereIidentifythemostsignificantofthoseclaims,criticallyevaluatethem,andprovidethesolidscientificsupportfortheseclaims.(If,infact,itexists.)Thereferenceslistedinthebodyofthisdocument–over400intotalareavailable–appearinorderofyearofpublication.Thebibliographyforthisdocumentlistsallreferencesinalphabeticalorder.

Note:Duetoademandingtravelscheduleithasbeendifficultformetogetthiscompletedtomysatisfaction.Pleaseconsiderthisadraft,andIwillcontinuetorefine,reviewandcompleteonmyreturnfromNashville.Wecancertainlyspeakaboutittoday(afternoonyourtime),orface-to-facenextweek.

OVERVIEWOFCURRENTCLAIMSANDBREAKDOWNINTOGROUPS

Nomadiccultureshavebeendrinkingmilkfromcamelsforthousandsofyears.Camelscansurvive,travelandthrivewithlittlewater,andinareaswherehorsesandcowscouldnot.Thishasleadsometoconcludethatcamelmilkis“special”,offersuniquebenefitsandisabetteralternativetocowandothermilkoptionssuchascow,goat,sheep,almond,soyandcoconutmilk.AlthoughcamelmilkhaslongbeenavailableinNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast,camelmilkisrelativerecententrytoWesternmarkets.

Camelmilkhasalsobeentoutedasatreatmentforaverywiderangeofdiseasesandconditions.Thetroublingaspectofmostoftheseclaimsisthatpresentcamelmilkasamagicalelixirandcure-alldrink.Attachedisacomprehensivelistofpublishedpapersonspecifichealthbenefitsofcamelmilkconsumption.Iamworkingthroughtheseandreviewingthemforqualityandsignificance.

Thereisunquestionablysomeveryencouragingresearchonthehealthbenefitsofcamelmilk,butunfortunately,muchofpublishedscienceispoorquality,incompletescience,orbasedonanecdotalevidence.Forexample,thereisa2005publicationintheInternationalJournalofHumanDevelopment,citinganecdotalevidenceofimprovementsinyoungautisticpatientswhoswitchedfromcow’smilktocamel’smilk.Similarly,thereisasmallstudyofeightchildrenwithfoodallergiespublishedintheIsraeliMedicalAssociationJournalreportingthatcamel’smilkcanhelpsubjectsovercomesevere(milk-related)foodallergies.Whilebothstudiesareencouraginginitialreports,theydonot“prove”benefit,butrather,theyprovokeinterestandhintattheneedforfurther–bettercontrolled–study.

Whatiscertain,however,isthatcamelmilkisnutritionallydifferentfromothermilks.Therefore,claimssuchasthefollowing,madeabouthumanbreastmilk,arescientificallysoundandcanbemadeaboutcamelmilk:“…acomplexandrichsourceofnutritioncontaining

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thousandsofcomponents,ofwhichonlyahandfulareidentifiedandunderstood.Camelmilkisalifesustainingfluidwiththepotentialtopromotedevelopmentandprotectagainstinfection.”(See:www.medolac.com.)

Thereisnoquestionthatcamelspossessunique,powerfulimmune-systemcomponentsandthatthesearecontainedintheirmilk.TheseMAYofferbenefitstoindividualswithdisorderssuchasdiabetesandautism.Herearehowthecurrentpublicationsbreakdown,andIwillcontinuetoreviewandprovideyouwithanupdate.

Ihavedonemuchmoreanditisavailabletoincludeinthisdocument,butIneedtoreviewandevaluatebeforeinclusion.Asyouareaware,thereisanextensive,butlargelyunsubstantiatedliteratureoncamelmilk.Anextensiveconclusionssectionwillfollow.

Diabetes

Thereare30ormorepublicationsthatdealspecificallywithcamelmilkanddiabetes.Theseincludethefollowing:Agrawal,Beniwaletal.2005,Agrawal,Budaniaetal.2007,Agrawal,Saranetal.2007,Agrawal,Dograetal.2009,Mohamad,Zekryetal.2009,Sboui,Khorchanietal.2010,Agrawal,Jainetal.2011,Agrawal,Sharmaetal.2011,Badr,Mohanyetal.2011,Badr2012,Badr,Badretal.2012,Malik,Al-Senaidyetal.2012,Agrawal,Tantiaetal.2013,Badr2013,Cardoso,Ponteetal.2013,Ebaid,Ahmedetal.2013,Abdel-Salam2014,Arab,Salamaetal.2014,Bhat,Kangaetal.2014,Ebaid2014,Korish2014,Ajarem,Allametal.2015,Ebaid,Abdel-Salametal.2015,Ejtahed,NiasariNaslajietal.2015,Korish,AbdelGaderetal.2015,Manaer,Yuetal.2015,Meena,Rajputetal.2016,Mihic,Rainkieetal.2016,Mohanty,Mohapatraetal.2016.

AllergyRelatedReferences

See:Restani,Gaiaschietal.1999,Restani,Berettaetal.2002,Katz,Goldbergetal.2008,Al-Hammadi,El-Hassanetal.2010,Ehlayel,Beneretal.2011,Ehlayel,Hazeimaetal.2011,Cardoso,Ponteetal.2013,Zibaee,Hosseinietal.2015.

Cancer-RelatedReferences

Numerousreferencesandsomeofconsiderableinterest.See:McKnight,Burdonetal.1992,Rahbarizadeh,Rasaeeetal.2004,Rahbarizadeh,Rasaeeetal.2005,Mohamad,Zekryetal.2009,Liao,Duetal.2010,SalwaandLina2010,Badr,Badretal.2012,Korashy,ElGendyetal.2012,Korashy,Maayahetal.2012,Habib,Ibrahimetal.2013,Alhaider,AbdelGaderetal.2014,Hasson,Al-Busaidietal.2015,Kanwar,Royetal.2015,Maswadeh,Aljarbouetal.2015,Maswadeh,Aljarbouetal.2015,Mohamed,Schaalanetal.2015,Ahamad,Raishetal.2016,Ben-Arye,Samuelsetal.2016,Mihic,Rainkieetal.2016,Mohanty,Mohapatraetal.2016,Romli,Abuetal.2016.

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Infection-RelatedReferences

Althoughsomeoftheseareofperipheralinterest,therearealsosomeencouragingfindings.Thereismoresolidevidenceinthisareathaninanyother.See:Angrisani1962,Krupenko,Bailarovetal.1973,Murray,Murrayetal.1980,Jezek,Krizetal.1983,Almer1985,Barbour,Nabbutetal.1985,Ramadan,elHassanetal.1987,Hiepe1988,Elamin,Eliasetal.1992,Radwan,Bekairietal.1992,Abdurahman1995,Abdurahman,Agabetal.1995,Radwan,Bekairietal.1995,Abdurahman1996,KhujneriandQureshi1998,BekeleandMolla2001,Younan,Alietal.2001,Guliye,VanCreveldetal.2002,Shaalan,Memishetal.2002,Gustafsson,Kacskovicsetal.2005,Maghraby,Mohamedetal.2005,Schelling,Daoudetal.2005,Younan,Estoepangestieetal.2005,Al-Moslih,Perkinsetal.2007,RedwanelandTabll2007,Goudah,Shahetal.2008,Musa,Eisaetal.2008,Brussow2009,Shuiep,Kanbaretal.2009,Bhanuprakash,Prabhuetal.2010,SchulzezurWiesch,Wichmannetal.2010,Zinger-Yosovich,Iluzetal.2010,AbuOdeh2011,Aljumaah,Almutairietal.2011,Almahdy,El-Fakharanyetal.2011,Badr,Mohanyetal.2011,Monecke,Ehrichtetal.2011,Rahimi,Amerietal.2011,Alharbi,Al-Swailemetal.2012,Badr2012,Badr,Badretal.2012,El-Fakharany,Abedelbakyetal.2012,Gwida,El-Goharyetal.2012,Jans,Gerberetal.2012,Korashy,Maayahetal.2012,Liao,El-Fakkaranyetal.2012,RahimiandKheirabadi2012,Shimol,Dukhanetal.2012,Sprague,Al-Dahouketal.2012,Anvari-Tafti,Sazmandetal.2013,Badr2013,Bennoune,Adilietal.2013,Cardoso,Ponteetal.2013,Gautret,Benkouitenetal.2013,Gautret,Benkouitenetal.2013,Jans,Folladoretal.2013,Jans,Kaindietal.2013,Regassa,Golichaetal.2013,Wang,Wangetal.2013,Yagil2013,Cetra2014,Fanoy,vanderSandeetal.2014,Gebremedhin,Yunusetal.2014,Osman,Samiretal.2014,Redwan,El-Fakharanyetal.2014,Sahoo,Dubeyetal.2014,vanDoremalen,Bushmakeretal.2014,Al-Ashqar,Al-MohammadSalemetal.2015,Boughattas2015,Kanwar,Royetal.2015,Koning,Kessenetal.2015,Mohammed,Stipeticetal.2015,Omrani,Al-Tawfiqetal.2015,Osoro,Munyuaetal.2015,Salah,Robertsonetal.2015,Soliman,Hassanetal.2015,Albar,El-Fakharanyetal.2016,Alqahtani,Wileyetal.2016,Funk,Goutardetal.2016,Garbaj,Awadetal.2016,Garcell,Garciaetal.2016,Gebremedhin,Dimaetal.2016,Gossner,Danielsonetal.2016,Gyuranecz,Werneryetal.2016,Lee,Tanetal.2016,Liu,Zhangetal.2016,Mihic,Rainkieetal.2016,Rhodes,Williamsetal.2016,SaeidiandSheikhshahrokh2016,Schuster,Sivakumaretal.2016,Yousefi,Deheshetal.2016,Ali,Shehataetal.2017.

Asthma-RelatedReferences

Inadditiontotheabove,alsoseethefollowingspecificreferences:Restani,Berettaetal.2002,Ehlayel,Hazeimaetal.2011.

Cosmetic&Beauty

Underreview.Solid,scientificreferencesaredifficulttofindinthisarea.Nevertheless,camel'smilkhasalsobecomeanin-demandingredientincreams,ointments,andmasks

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FullCitationsandAbstractsfortheAbovementionedStudies

Belowisanextensivelistofreferencesincreditablescientificandmedicaljournalsrelatingtocamelmilkconsumption.Iamworkingmywaythroughtoevaluateeach,andtheclaimstheymake.Ihaveincludedthefullabstractsofeach.

Abdel-Salam,B.K.(2014)."Modulatoryeffectofwheyproteinsinsomecytokinesinvolvedinwoundhealinginmalediabeticalbinorats."Inflammation37(5):1616-1622.

Theanti-inflammatorycytokines(interleukin(IL)-4andIL-10)andthepro-inflammatorycytokines(IL-1beta,IL-6,andtumornecrosesfactor-alpha(TNF-alpha))haveimportantfunctionsinwoundhealing.Thus,theaimofthisstudywastodeterminewhetherdietarysupplementationwithwheyproteincouldenhancenormalinflammatoryresponsesduringwoundhealingindiabeticrats.Inthisstudy,malealbinoratsweredividedintoawoundedcontrolgroup,awoundeddiabeticgroup,andawoundeddiabeticgroupsupplementedwithwheyproteinorallyatadoseof100mg/kgbodyweight.Testedratsshowedincreasingwoundclosureinratstreatedwithwheyprotein.Inaddition,after4daysofwound,modulationinIL-4,IL-10,IL-1beta,IL-6,andTNF-alphalevelsweredetected.Statisticalanalysisofdatashowedsignificantdifferencebetweenthewhey-protein-treatedgroupandeithercontrolordiabeticgroups(P<0.05).Dietarysupplementationwithwheyproteinenhancesthenormalinflammatoryresponsesduringwoundhealingindiabeticratsbymodulatingthelevelsofsomeanti-inflammatoryandinflammatorycytokines.

Abdurahman,O.A.(1995)."MilkN-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidaseandserumalbuminasindicatorsofsubclinicalmastitisinthecamel."ZentralblVeterinarmedA42(10):643-647.

NAGaseactivity(NAGase)andserumalbuminconcentrationsweredeterminedinmilkfrom101traditionallymanagedcamelsintheSudan.NAGase,alysosomalenzymereleasedfromdamagedepithelialcellsaswellasothersomaticcellsinmilk,wasrecordedforquartermilksamplesfromcamels(n=353)usingthefluoroscanmethod.NAGaseactivityinmajorpathogen-infectedquarterswassignificantly(P<0.05)higherthaninminorpathogen-infectedandnon-infectedquarters.Meansforminorpathogen-infectedquarterswerealsosignificantlyhigherthannon-infectedquarters.Concentrationsofserumalbumin,resultingfromincreasedvascularpermeability,inquartermilksamples(n=320)weremeasuredbytheradialimmunodiffusiontest.Serumalbumincontentinmilkwasnotaffectedbyinfectionstatusofthequarter.Therewere,however,largevariationsinserumalbuminlevelsand,toalesserextent,NAGasevaluesbetweensamplesinbothinfectedandnon-infectedquarters.NAGasewasmoreeffectiveinpredictingbacteriologicalstatusofthequarterthanserumalbumin.

Abdurahman,O.A.(1996)."Thedetectionofsubclinicalmastitisinthebactriancamel(Camelusbactrianus)bysomaticcellcountandCaliforniamastitistest."VetResCommun20(1):9-14.

Milksamples(n=160)from7clinicallyhealthybactriancamelswereculturedtodetectsubclinicaludderinfection.ThesampleswereassessedbytheCalifornianmastitistest(CMT)andsomaticcellcount(SCC).Bacteriawererecoveredfrom36(22.5%)ofthemilksamples.Staphylococcusaureusandcoagulase-negativestaphylococci(CNS)werethemainorganismsfound.InfectedquartershadsignificantlyhighermeanvaluesfortheSCC(p<0.01)andCMT(p<0.001)thannon-infectedquarters.All7camelswereinfectedwithCNSbutonly4withS.aureus.CMTvaluesforS.aureus-infectedcamelsweresignificantlyhigherthanforthoseonlyinfectedwithCNS.ThevaluesforSCCandCMTweresignificantlyinfluencedbythestageoflactation(p<0.05).Nosignificantdifferencewas

Page 5: Camel Milk: Potential Health Benefits€¦ · has lead some to conclude that camel milk is “special”, offers unique benefits and is a better alternative to cow and other milk

foundfromtheeffectofthequarters.BothSCCandCMTwereofvalueinpredictingtheinfectionstatusoftheudder.

Abdurahman,O.A.,etal.(1995)."Relationsbetweenudderinfectionandsomaticcellsincamel(camelusdromedarius)milk."ActaVetScand36(4):423-431.

Quartermilksamples(n=391)from101camelswereexaminedtostudytheoccurrenceandcausesofmastitisintraditionallymanagedcamelsineasternSudanandtoevaluatethevalueoftheCaliforniaMastitisTest(CMT),somaticcellcount(SCC)andadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)inthedetectionofsubclinicalmastitisinthecamel.Onehundredandseventy(43.5%)ofthequartermilksamplesyieldedpathogenicbacteria.Streptococcusagalactiae,otherStreptococcusspp.,Staphylococcusaureus,coagulase-negativestaphylococci,andEscherichiacoliwereisolatedfrommilk.Thirty-two(8.2%)quartermilksamplesyieldedmixedcultures,and189(48.3%)yieldednogrowth.MeanvaluesforCMT,SCCandATPwerehigherforquartersinfectedwithmajorpathogens.However,asignificantnumberofquartermilksampleshadelevatedvaluesinthesetestsbutwerefromquartersfromwhichnobacteriawereisolated.Theabilityoftheteststopredictapositivebacteriologyincreasedslightlywhen2or3testswerecombined.

AbuOdeh,R.O.(2011)."DetectionandgenotypingofGBvirus-CindromedarycamelsintheUnitedArabEmirates."VetMicrobiol147(3-4):226-230.

GBvirus-C/hepatitisGvirus(GBV-C/HGV),collectivelyknownasGBV-C,iswidelyspreadandwasdiscoveredwhilesearchingforacausativeagentfornon-A-Ehepatitis.TheaimofthisstudywastodeterminetherateofinfectionandgenotypiccharacteristicsofGBV-CinArabiancamelsintheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE).Atotalof22bloodand8milksamplesfromhealthycamelswerescreenedusingRT-PCR/nestedPCRofthe5'-untranslatedregion(UTR).PhylogeneticanalysiswasconductedbysequencingtheUTRregionofrandomlypickedclones.TheresultsobtainedshowedthattherateofGBV-Cinfectionincamelswas18.2%(4outof22).Allcamelsmilksamplestestednegative.Sequenceanalysisofthe5'-UTRusingisolatesfromthe4camelsrevealedtheprevalenceoftheEuropean/NorthAmericangenotype2whencomparedtothe6referencegenotypesinGenBank.

Agrawal,R.P.,etal.(2005)."Camelmilkasanadjuncttoinsulintherapyimproveslong-termglycemiccontrolandreductionindosesofinsulininpatientswithtype-1diabetesA1yearrandomizedcontrolledtrial."DiabetesResClinPract68(2):176-177.

Agrawal,R.P.,etal.(2007)."ZeroprevalenceofdiabetesincamelmilkconsumingRaicacommunityofnorth-westRajasthan,India."DiabetesResClinPract76(2):290-296.

OBJECTIVES:PreliminarytrialsreflectedthelowprevalenceofdiabetesinRaicacommunityconsumingcamelmilkhabitually.Ourobjectivewastodescribetheprevalenceandclinicalfactorsassociatedwithimpairedfastingglucose(IFG),impairedglucosetolerance(IGT)anddiabetes(DM)amongadults(>or=20years)inlargepopulationgroup.DESIGN:Populationbased,crosssectionalstudyMETHODS:2099participantsfromdifferentvillagesofnorth-westRajasthanwereselectedusingstratifiedsamplingofarepresentativeRaicaandnon-RaicaCommunity,consumingornotconsumingcamelmilk.Demographic,clinical,anthropometricparameterswereobtainedandoralglucosetolerancetestswereperformedinallindividualstodiagnoseIFG,IGTandDM.Associationswereinvestigated

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usingmultivariatelogisticregressionusingSPSSVersion10.0.RESULTS:Inthepresentstudy,theprevalenceofdiabetesinRaicacommunityconsumingcamelmilk(RCCM,n=501)was0%;Raicacommunitynotconsumingcamelmilk(RCNCM,n=554)was0.7%;non-Raicacommunityconsumingmilk(NRCCM,n=515)was0.4%andnon-Raicacommunitynotconsumingcamelmilk(NRCNCM,n=529)was5.5%.Stepwiselogisticregressionanalysisshowedthatconsumptionofcamelmilkwasstatisticallyhighlysignificantasprotectivefactorfordiabetes.Multiplelogisticregressionanalysisrevealedthatcamelmilkconsumptionandcommunityfactorwereassociatedwithdecreasedprevalenceofdiabetes.CONCLUSION:Camelmilkconsumptionandlifestylehavedefiniteinfluenceonprevalenceofdiabetes.Hence,adoptingsuchlifepatternmayplayprotectiveroleinpreventingdiabetestosomeextent.

Agrawal,R.P.,etal.(2009)."Beneficialeffectofcamelmilkindiabeticnephropathy."ActaBiomed80(2):131-134.

Diabeticnephropathyisoriginallymicrovascularinnatureandiswidelyconsideredanimportantcomplicationofdiabetes.Thepresentstudywascarriedouttodeterminetheefficacyofcamelmilkincontrollingdiabeticnephropathy.Twenty-fourtype-1diabeticpatientswererandomlyrecruitedfromtheoutpatientdiabeticclinicinPBMHospital,Bikaner,India.Allsubjectsgavetheirwrittenconsentbeforeparticipationinthestudy.Patientswithanyacutemetaboliccomplicationswerenotincludedinthestudy.Eligiblepatientsenteredarun-inperiodof1monthinwhichtheywereorientedtoachievethebestpossibleglycemiccontrolthroughstandardizeddiet,standardizedexerciseregimenandinsulinadministration.Duringthisperiodfrequentmonitoringofbloodsugarwasperformedtomaintaineuglycemia.Attheendoftherun-inperiod,abaselineevaluationwasperformed,thenthesepatientsweregivencamelmilkinadditionwithusualcareforsixmonths.Urinemicroalbuminandbloodsugarwasmeasuredtwiceaweekbeforebreakfastanddinner.Therewasasignificantimprovementinthemicroalbuminuria(119.48+/-1.68to22.52+/-2.68;p<0.001)afterreceivingcamelmilkfor6months.Asignificantreductioninthemeandoseofinsulinforobtainingglycemiccontrolwasachieved(41.61+/-3.08to28.32+/-2.66;p<0.01).Thisstudywasperformedtoobservetheroleofcamelmilkincontrollingmicroalbuminurialevelsintype-1diabeticpatients.Itwasobservedthatafteraddingcamelmilktotheusualregimenanimprovementinmicroalbuminuriawasreached(119.48+/-1.68to22.52+/-2.68;p<0.001).Thismaybeduetogoodglycemiccontrolortothedirecteffectofcamelmilk.Themechanismbehindthiseffectisstillunknown.

Agrawal,R.P.,etal.(2011)."Effectofcamelmilkonglycemiccontrolandinsulinrequirementinpatientswithtype1diabetes:2-yearsrandomizedcontrolledtrial."EurJClinNutr65(9):1048-1052.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Hypoglycemiceffectofcamelmilksupplementationinexperimentalratmodelandsignificantreductionindosesofinsulinintype1diabeticpatientshavebeenobservedinourpreviousstudies.Thislong-termstudywasundertakentoassesstheefficacy,safetyandacceptabilityofcamelmilkasanadjuncttoinsulintherapyintype1diabetics.SUBJECTS/METHODS:Inthis2-yearrandomizedclinical,paralleldesignstudy,24type1diabeticswereenrolledanddividedintotwogroups.GroupI(n=12)receivedusualcare,thatis,diet,exerciseandinsulinandGroupII(n=12)received500mlcamelmilkinadditiontotheusualcare.Insulinrequirementwastitratedweeklybybloodglucoseestimation.Resultswereanalyzedbyusingtheregressiontechnique.RESULTS:Incamelmilkgroup,therewasdecreaseinmeanbloodglucose(118.58+/-19-93.16+/-17.06mg/dl),hemoglobinA1clevels(7.81+/-1.39-5.44+/-0.81%)andinsulindoses(32.50+/-9.99-17.50+/-12.09U/day,P<0.05).Outof12subjectsreceivingcamelmilk,insulinrequirementin3subjectsreducedtozero.Therewasnonsignificantchangeinplasmainsulinandanti-insulinantibodiesinboththegroups.CONCLUSION:It

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maybestatedthatcamelmilkissafeandefficaciousinimprovinglong-termglycemiccontrol,withasignificantreductioninthedosesofinsulinintype1diabeticpatients.

Agrawal,R.P.,etal.(2007)."Effectofcamelmilkonresidualbeta-cellfunctioninrecentonsettype1diabetes."DiabetesResClinPract77(3):494-495.

Agrawal,R.P.,etal.(2011)."Effectofcamelmilkonglucosemetabolisminadultswithnormalglucosetoleranceandtype2diabetesinRaicacommunity:acrossoverstudy."ActaBiomed82(3):181-186.

BACKGROUND:Toinvestigateeffectsofcamelmilkconsumptiononinsulinsensitivityandglycemiccontrolinnormalandtype-2diabeticsofRaikaandNon-Raikacommunity.METHODS:28raikaandnon-raikamalewereenrolledinstudy,categorizedin2groups,non-diabeticanddiabeticafteronemonthstabilization.Non-diabeticsweresupplementedwithcowmilkanddiabeticswithcamelmilk;followedbyone-monthwashoutperiod.Afterwardsregimenwasinterchangedfor3months.Biochemicalandanthropometricdatawasrecordedatbaseline,afterstabilization,beforeandafterwashoutandatendofstudy.RESULTS:Animprovingtrendwasobservedinboththegroupsforcamelmilkeffect(FBS203.86+/-24.09to161.43+/-11.39mg/dl;p<0.05,OGTT320.86+/-25.34to213.79+/-15.96mg/dl;p<0.05indiabeticsandFBS101.79+/-3.06to96.79+/-2.56mg/dl,OGTT114.36+/-7.99to100.36+/-6.74mg/dlincontrol).HbAlcimprovedduetocamelmilkconsumption(8.39+/-0.64to7.27+/-0.67%)whereasdeterioratedinthecaseofcowmilk(7.36+/-0.66to8.26+/-0.60%)indiabeticgroup.TheHOMA-IRreducedfrom13.21+/-4.88to4.38+/-0.75,AUC-glucosefrom37253.57+/-2859.08to30724.29+/-3677.33andAUC-insulinfrom5871.86+/-1210.73to3301.86+/-629.98inthecamelmilkgroup.CONCLUSIONS:Intype-2diabeticscamelmilkreducesFBS,post-prandialglucoseandHbA1c.AUC-insulinandAUC-glucosealsodecreasedsignificantlyalongwithHOMA-IR.Itshowshypoglycemiceffectofcamelmilkreducinginsulinresistance.(www.actabiomedica.it).

Agrawal,R.P.,etal.(2013)."Camelmilk:apossibleboonfortype1diabeticpatients."CellMolBiol(Noisy-le-grand)59(1):99-107.

Poornutritioninuteroandinearlylifecombinedwithovernutritioninlaterlifemayalsoplayaroleinepidemicofdiabetes.Theefficacyofcamelmilkconsumptionasanadjuncttoroutinediabeticmanagementintype1diabetesisaapproachshowingnewraysofhopetocopewiththisdisorderbyaddingafoodsupplementwithmedicinalvalues.Researchonthebeneficialaspectsofcamelmilkhasbeentakingplaceindifferentcornersofglobesincelastthreedecades.Continuouseffortstodisclosetheroleofcamelmilkindiabeteshasrenderedittitleof'whitegold&apos;.Biochemicalstudieshasrevealedthecomponentse.g.insulinlikeprotein,lactoferrin,immunoglobulinsareresponsibleforimpartingcamelmilkthescientificweightage.Inparallel,epidemiologicalsurveysstatinglowprevalenceofdiabetesincommunitiesconsumingcamelmilkclearlyindicatetowardsitshopefulroleinmaintaininghyperglycemia.Thisarticleshadeslightoncamelmilkproduction,composition,characteristicsaswellasitexpressespositiveeffectofcamelmilkonbloodglucoselevel,insulindose,betacellfunction.Thisreviewalsocompilesvariousepidemiologicalstudiescarriedouttobringforthutilityofcamelmilksuggestingitasausefulfoodsupplementoralternativetherapyfortype1diabeticpatients.

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Ahamad,S.R.,etal.(2016)."PotentialHealthBenefitsandMetabolomicsofCamelMilkbyGC-MSandICP-MS."BiolTraceElemRes.

Noneoftheresearchreportsrevealsthemetabolomicsandelementalstudiesoncamelmilk.Recentstudiesshowedthatcamelmilkpossessesanticancerandanti-inflammatoryactivity.Metabolomicsandelementalstudieswerecarriedoutincamelmilkwhichshowedusthepathwaysandcompositionthatareresponsibleforthekeybiologicalroleofcamelmilk.Camelmilkwasdissolvedinmethanolandchloroformfractionandthenvortexedandcentrifuged.BoththefractionswerederivatizedbyN,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide(BSTFA)andTMCSafternitrogenpurgingandanalyzedbyGC-MS.CamelmilkwasalsoanalyzedbyICP-MSaftermicrowavedigestion.Wefoundthathigheralkanesandfattyacidsarepresentinthechloroformfractionandaminoacids,sugarsandfattyacidderivativesarepresentinaqueousfractions.AlltheheavymetalslikeAs,Pb,Cd,Co,Cu,andNiwereinthesafelimitsintermsofmaximumdailyintakeoftheseelements.Na,K,Mg,andCawerealsopresentinthesafelimitsintermsofmaximumdailyintakeoftheseelements.Theseresultssuggestedthatthecamelmilkdrinkingissafeandthereisnohealthhazard.ThepresentdataofGC-MSandICP-MScorrelatetheactivitiesrelatedtocamelmilk.

Ajarem,J.,etal.(2015)."Neurochemical,structuralandneurobehavioralevidenceofneuronalprotectionbywheyproteinsindiabeticalbinomice."BehavBrainFunct11:7.

BACKGROUND:DiabetesMellitus(DM)isassociatedwithpathologicalchangesinthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)andalterationsinoxidativestress.Theaimofthisstudywastodeterminewhetherdietarysupplementwithwheyprotein(WP)couldimproveneurobehavior,oxidativestressandneuronalstructureintheCNS.METHODS:Animalsweredistributedinthreegroups,acontrolgroup(N),adiabeticmellitusgroup(DM)andaDMgrouporallysupplementedwithWP(WP).RESULTS:TheDMgroupofanimalsreceivingWPhadreducedbloodglucose,significantlydecreasedfreeradicalDiphenyl-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)andlowerlipidperoxidationinbraintissue.TheWPgroupofanimalsshowedimprovementinbalancing,coordinationandfore-limbstrength,oxidativestressandneuronalstructure.CONCLUSION:TheresultsofthisstudyshowthatdietarysupplementationwithWPreducedoxidativestress,protectedCNSneuronsandimprovedtheneurobehaviorofdiabeticmice.

Al-Ashqar,R.A.,etal.(2015)."TheCDmarkersofcamel(Camelusdromedarius)milkcellsduringmastitis:theLPAM-1expressionisanindicationofpossiblemucosalnatureofthecellulartrafficking."ResVetSci99:77-81.

StudyingthecellularpopulationsofthecamelmammaryglandsthroughtheexpressionpatternoftheCDmarkersandadhesionmoleculesisameantodefinewhetherthecellulartraffickingpathwayisperipheralormucosalnature.Camelmilkcellsfrom8Gram-positiveand5Gram-negativeinfectedcamelswereexaminedwithflowcytometryusingcross-reactingantibodieslike,anti-CD4(+),CD8(+),WC+1(+)gammadelta,CD62L,CD11a(+)/CD18,LPAM-1,CXCR2.TheoverallresultsindicatedhighflowcytometryoutputofmostoftheCDmakers.ThestatisticalanalysisofthemeanpercentageoftheexpressedCDmarkershasshownthatCD62L,CXCR-2,LPAM-1,CD11a/CD18,CD8(+),IL-6RandCD20(+)wereexpressedinsignificantdifferencesineithertypeoftheinfection.TheLPAM-1expressionhasprovidedfurthersupporttothenotionthatthelymphocytetraffickingisofthemucosalnature.Themucosaloriginofcellulartraffickinghasimportantimplicationsonthevaccinedesignandtherapeuticalapproachestomastitis.

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Al-Hammadi,S.,etal.(2010)."Anaphylaxistocamelmilkinanatopicchild."Allergy65(12):1623-1625.

Al-Moslih,M.I.,etal.(2007)."GeneticrelationshipofTorqueTenovirus(TTV)betweenhumansandcamelsinUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)."JMedVirol79(2):188-191.

TorqueTenoVirus(TTV)species-crossinfectionhasbeendocumented.However,thegeneticrelationshipbetweenhumanandanimalTTVremainsuncertain.Inthisstudy,genotypiccharacterizationofTTVindifferentCamelspecimensfromtheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)wasundertakenforcomparisonwithhumanUAETTV.Atotalof56specimens:34sera,14raw,and8pasteurizedmilksamplesweretestedforTTV.Theresultsshowedthattherateofinfectionwas,38.2%(13/34),35.7%(5/14),and100%(8/8),forthesamplesofsera,raw,andpasteurizedmilkrespectively.The5'untranslatedregion(5'UTR)of23clonesthatweregeneratedfromPCRproductsamplifiedfromCamelsamples(threesera,threeraw,andtwopasteurizedmilksamples)weresubjectedtosequenceanalysis.ThecamelTTVcloneswereclassifiedasgenotype11(47.8%),group5(43.5%),andSENV-Horgenotype16(8.7%)whichareamongthepredominantgenotypesfoundinhumansintheUAE.Phylogeneticanalysisofrepresentativesequencesrevealedthatthesimilaritybetweenisolatesfromcamelsandhumansis92%-97%forthesamegenotypes.ThedataleadtotheconclusionthatcamelsandhumansshareacommonsourceofTTVinfectionintheUAE.

Albar,A.H.,etal.(2016)."Invitroexplorationoftheanti-HCVpotentialofthesyntheticspacerpeptidesderivedfromhuman,bovine,andcamellactoferrins."ProteinPeptLett.

ChronicliverdiseaseisoftenassociatedwiththeinfectionbyhepatitisCvirus(HCV),whichisanenvelopedRNAvirusbelongingtotheFlaviviridaefamily.Manystudiesfoundthatmilkproteins,suchaslactoferrin,mighthaveprofoundantiviralactivityagainstHCV.Varioussecretoryfluidsrangingfrommilk,totears,saliva,andnasalsecretion,andtobileandpancreaticjuice,aswellasneutrophils,mucosalsurfaces,andbloodcontainawidelyspreadmultifunctionalglycoprotein,lactoferrin(Lf),structureofwhichcanbedepictedastwohomologousdomainsconnectedbytheshortspacerpeptide.ThisstudyaimedtounderstandtheeffectivenessofthesyntheticpeptidescLfsp,bLfsp,hLfsp1,andhLfsp2correspondingtothespacerpeptidesofcamel,bovine,andhumanLfs,respectively,againstHCVininvitrosettings.Tothisend,weusedRT-nestedPCRtoevaluatetheantiviralactivityofthesynthesizedspacerpeptidesagainstHCVinfectivityinPBMCandHepG2cellslookingattheirneutralization,protection,andintracellulartreatmentpotentials.WeshowthatdirectinteractionofhLfsp1,hLfsp2,andbLfspwithviralparticlesisabletoneutralizetheHCVentryintoHepG2cells(withhLfsp2beingmorepotentneutralizerthanhLfsp1andbLfsp),whereascLfspdoesnotshowanyneutralizingpotential.Therefore,ouranalysisrevealedthatdifferentspacerpeptidesarecharacterizedbydifferentantiviralpotentialsandusedifferentmechanismsforantiviralprotection.

Alhaider,A.A.,etal.(2014)."Camelmilkinhibitsinflammatoryangiogenesisviadownregulationofproangiogenicandproinflammatorycytokinesinmice."APMIS122(7):599-607.

Camelmilkhastraditionallybeenusedtotreatcancer,butthispracticeawaitsscientificscrutiny,inparticularitsroleintumorangiogenesis,thekeystepinvolvedintumorgrowthandmetastasis.Weaimedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofcamelmilkonkeycomponentsofinflammatoryangiogenesisinspongeimplantangiogenesismodel.Polyester-polyurethanesponges,usedasaframeworkforfibrovasculartissuegrowth,wereimplantedinSwissalbinomiceandcamelmilk(25,50and100mg/kg/day)wasadministeredfor14daysthroughinstalledcannula.Theimplantscollectedat

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day14post-implantationwereprocessedfortheassessmentofhemoglobin(Hb),myeloperoxidase(MPO),N-acetylglucosaminidase(NAG),andcollagen,whichwereusedasindicesforangiogenesis,neutrophil,andmacrophageaccumulationandextracellularmatrixdeposition,respectively.Relevantinflammatory,angiogenic,andfibrogeniccytokineswerealsodetermined.Camelmilktreatmentattenuatedthemaincomponentsofthefibrovasculartissue,wetweight,vascularization(Hbcontent),macrophagerecruitment(NAGactivity),collagendepositionandthelevelsofvascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF),interleukin(IL)-1beta,IL-6,IL-17,tumornecrosisfactor-alpha,andtransforminggrowthfactor-beta.Aregulatoryfunctionofcamelmilkonmultipleparametersofthemaincomponentsofinflammatoryangiogenesishasbeenrevealed,givinginsightintothepotentialtherapeuticbenefitunderlyingtheanti-canceractionsofcamelmilk.

Alharbi,K.B.,etal.(2012)."Pathologyandmoleculardiagnosisofparatuberculosisofcamels."TropAnimHealthProd44(1):173-177.

CamelsaretheprimesourceofmeatandmilkinmanydesertregionsoftheworldincludingSaudiArabia.Paratuberculosisofcamels,locallycalledSilag,isaseriousandinvariablyfataldiseaseintheArabiancamel.Sixcamelswereusedinthisstudy.Fivecamelswithclinicalparatuberculosiswereusedtostudythepathologyofthediseaseandconfirmitsaetiology.Thesixthcamelwasclinicallyhealthyandusedasacontrol.Thecamelswereexaminedclinicallyandbledforhaematologicalandbloodchemistryanalysis.Theywerethenhumanelykilledwithahighintravenousdoseofthiopentalsodium(10mg/kg)forpathologicalstudiesaswellasobtainingtissuesformicrobiologicalandmolecularstudies.Theclinicalsignsofthediseasewereemaciation,diarrhoea,alopecia,wryneckandpalemucousmembranes.Laboratorydiagnosisshowedreducedhaemoglobinconcentration,lowhaematocritandhighactivityoftheserumenzymealanineaminotransferase.Serumcreatinineconcentrationwasnormal.Theseresultsindicatedtheinfectedcamelswereanaemicandthefunctionoftheirliverswasaffected.Postmortemexaminationshowedthickenedandcorrugatedintestinalmucosa,enlargedgranulomatousmesentericlymphnodes,miliaryanddiffusegranulomasintheliver(infourcamels),generalizedlymphnodegranulomas(inonecamel),splenicgranuloma(inonecamel)andmediastinallymphnodegranuloma(intwocamels).Histopathologicalexaminationshoweddiffuseinfiltrationofmacrophagesinallorgansshowinglesions.Ziehl-Neelsenstainingoftissuescrapingandtissuesectionsshowedmassesofacidfastbacilli,exceptforthespleen.InfectionwithMycobacteriumaviumsubsp.paratuberculosiswasconfirmedbyPCRbytargetingtheIS900gene.

Ali,M.A.,etal.(2017)."Systematic,activesurveillanceforMiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirusincamelsinEgypt."EmergMicrobesInfect6(1):e1.

MiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirus(MERS-CoV)causesseverehumaninfectionsanddromedarycamelsareconsideredanintermediaryhost.Thedynamicsofnaturalinfectionincamelsarenotwellunderstood.ThroughsystematicsurveillanceinEgypt,nasal,rectal,milk,urineandserumsampleswerecollectedfromcamelsbetweenJune2014andFebruary2016.Locationsincludedquarantines,markets,abattoirs,free-roamingherdsandfarmedbreedingherds.Theoverallseroprevalencewas71%andRNAdetectionratewas15%.Importedcamelshadhigherseroprevalence(90%vs61%)andhigherRT-PCRdetectionrates(21%vs12%)thanlocallyraisedcamels.Juvenileshadlowerseroprevalencethanadults(37%vs82%)butsimilarRT-PCRdetectionrates(16%vs15%).Anoutbreakinabreedingherd,showedthatantibodiesrapidlywane,thatcamelsbecomere-infected,andthatoutbreaksinaherdaresustainedforanextendedtime.Maternalantibodiestiterswereverylowincalvesregardlessoftheantibodytitersofthemothers.Ourresultssupportthehypothesisthatcamels

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areareservoirforMERS-CoVandthatcameltradeisanimportantrouteofintroducingthevirusintoimportingcountries.Findingsrelatedtowaningantibodiesandre-infectionhaveimplicationsforcamelvaccinedevelopment,diseasemanagementandzoonoticthreat.

Aljumaah,R.S.,etal.(2011)."FactorsinfluencingtheprevalenceofsubclinicalmastitisinlactatingdromedarycamelsinRiyadhRegion,SaudiArabia."TropAnimHealthProd43(8):1605-1610.

ThepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminetheprevalenceofsubclinicalmastitisincamelsinRiyadh,SaudiArabiaandthefactorsinfluencingitsincidence.Atotalof740quartermilksampleswerecollectedfrom47camelherdsbelongingtoMajahim,Maghatir,Shu'l,andSuferbreeds.Californiamastitistest(CMT)wasusedasascreeningtestforsubclinicalmastitis.SamplesgivingnegativeortraceCMTscores(0)wereassignedtohealthyquarters,whilethosegivingpositivescoresof1+to3+wereassignedtosubclinicallyaffectedquarters.Logisticregressionwasusedtoassesstheassociationofbreed,parity,andstageoflactationwiththeprevalenceofsubclinicalmastitis.Milkfat,protein,lactose,solidnonfatpercentagesandNa,Ca,andKconcentrationswerecomparedinCMT-positiveversushealthyquarters.Onethird(33%)oftestedquartershadsubclinicalmastitisbasedonCMT.Theestimatedprobabilityofsubclinicalmastitiswiththecombinedeffectsofbreed,parity,andstageoflactationrangedfrom15.8%to54.6%.Theriskofsubclinicalmastitisincreasedsignificantlywithparityandwiththeearlystageoflactation.TheShu'lbreedhadsignificantlyhigherprevalenceofsubclinicalmastitisthanotherbreeds.Significantdecreasesinprotein,lactose,andsolidnonfat,CaandKconcentrationsandincreaseinNaconcentrationswereassociatedwithsubclinicalmastitis.Inconclusion,subclinicalmastitisisprevalentinSaudicamels,anditsincidenceisinfluencedbybreed,parity,andstageoflactation.

Almahdy,O.,etal.(2011)."ExaminationoftheactivityofcamelmilkcaseinagainsthepatitisCvirus(genotype-4a)anditsapoptoticpotentialinhepatomaandhelacelllines."HepatMon11(9):724-730.

BACKGROUND:HepatitisCisaglobalhealthconcernthatrepresentsamajorcauseofliverdiseaseandsocioeconomicburden.Currently,thereisnovaccinethatprotectsagainstthisinfectionordrugthattreatsiteffectively.ThecurrenttreatmentforhepatitisCvirus(HCV)infectiondoesnotproduceasustainedvirologicresponse.Therefore,discoveryandidentificationofanewdrugforHCVtreatmentisahighpriority.CamelmilkisatraditionalmedicinethatcouldimprovethecontrolofHCV.OBJECTIVES:ToassessthepotentialeffectofcaseinpurifiedfromcamelmilkonHCVcellularinfectivityinatissueculturemodel.MATERIALSANDMETHODS:Caseinwaspurifiedfromdefattedcamelmilktoelectrophoretichomogeneity.PBMCsandHepG2andHeLacelllineswereused.Threekindsofexperimentswereconducted.HCVwasdirectlyinteractedwithcaseinandthenmixedwithdifferentcelltypes,caseinwasincubatedwiththecellsandthenexposedtoHCV,andtheHCVpre-infectedcellsweretreatedwithcaseinatdifferentconcentrationsandtimeintervals.Non-infectedcellswereusedtoassesscytotoxicityandtheapoptosiseffectofcasein.RESULTS:Directinteractionofcasein(withorwithoutalpha-lactalbumin)withneitherthevirusnorthecellspreventedHCVcellentry.However,caseinwithalpha-lactalbumininducedacytotoxiceffectinHepG2andHeLacelllinesbutnotinhumannaiveleukocytes.Atallconcentrationstested,caseinwithalpha-lactalbumincouldinduceapoptosisinbothinfectedandnon-infectedHepG2cells.CONCLUSIONS:Camelmilkcasein(withorwithoutalpha-lactalbumin)didnotdemonstrateanyanti-HCVactivity.However,thecellularapoptoticcascadewasinitiatedinHepG2andHeLacellstreatedwithcasein(withalpha-lactalbumin)butnotinnaiveleukocytes.

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Almer,L.O.(1985)."Acaseofbrucellosiscomplicatedbyendocarditisanddisseminatedintravascularcoagulation."ActaMedScand217(1):139-140.

Brucellosis,beingeradicatedamongdomesticanimalsinsomecountries,isstillprevalentinsomeotherswhereitposesapotentialthreattotheconsumersofmilkandcheeseandthoseworkingwithanimalsandmeat.Thepatientpresentedbelowhadcontractedasevereandlong-standingBrucellaabortusinfectionbyingestingrawcamelmilk.Shehadsignsofendocarditisanddisseminatedintravascularcoagulation,butrecoveredwhentreatedwithtetracyclinandstreptomycin.

Alqahtani,A.S.,etal.(2016)."CamelexposureandknowledgeaboutMERS-CoVamongAustralianHajjpilgrimsin2014."VirolSin31(1):89-93.

Angrisani,V.(1962)."[Considerationsontherelationbetweenfeedingwithcow'smilkandcamelmilk,inSomaliland,andpossibletuberculosisinfection]."ArchItalSciMedTropParassitol43:205-210.

Anvari-Tafti,M.,etal.(2013)."Gastrointestinalhelminthsofcamels(Camelusdromedarius)incenterofIran."TropBiomed30(1):56-61.

CamelsaremultipurposeanimalsinIran.Asparasiticdiseasesarethemajorcauseofimpairedmeatandmilkproductioninthisanimal,thepresentstudyaimedatdetermininggastrointestinalhelminthicinfectionsofIraniancamelsinthecenterofthecountry.Gastrointestinal(GI)tractof144carcassesofone-humpedcamels(Camelusdromedarius)slaughteredinYazd,EsfahanandKermanprovinces'abattoirswereexaminedforadulthelminths.Camelswerefrombothsexesanddifferentages.Recoveredparasiteswereidentifiedaccordingtodescribedkeysbylightmicroscope.Of144testedcamels,117wereinfectedwithatleastonehelminthspecies(81.3%).Atotalof28wormspeciesfrom14generawereidentifiedinthedigestivetractofinfectedanimals,including26speciesofnematodesandtwospeciesofcestodes.Theinfectionratesinstomach,smallintestine,andcaecum/largeintestinewere86.3%,91.5%and11.1%,respectively.However,nowormwasfoundintheoesophagus.Therecoveredwormswithinfectionratesarediscussedinthispaper.Inthepresentstudy,Haemonchustataricus,TrichostrongylushamatusandTrichurisinfundibulusarereportedfromIraniandromedariesforthefirsttime.Regardinghighprevalenceofinfection,usinganthelminthicdrugsseemednecessarytoimprovethehealthandproductivityofcamels.Ontheotherhand,thehighrateofzoonoticspeciesindicatedthatcamelshaveimportantroleinmaintainingandtransmittinginfectiontohumans.

Arab,H.H.,etal.(2014)."Camel'smilkamelioratesTNBS-inducedcolitisinratsviadownregulationofinflammatorycytokinesandoxidativestress."FoodChemToxicol69:294-302.

Currenttreatmentstrategiesforinflammatoryboweldiseases(IBD)areassociatedwithseveraladverseeffects,andthus,thesearchforeffectiveagentswithminimalsideeffectsmeritsattention.Camel'smilk(CM)isendowedwithantioxidant/anti-inflammatoryfeaturesandhasbeenreportedtoprotectagainstdiabetesandhepaticinjury,however,itseffectsonIBDhavenotbeenpreviouslyexplored.Inthecurrentstudy,weaimedtoinvestigatethepotentialalleviatingeffectsofCMagainstTNBS-inducedcolitisinrats.CM(10ml/kgb.i.d.byoralgavage)effectivelysuppressedtheseverityofcoloninjuryasevidencedbyameliorationofmacroscopicdamage,colonweight/lengthratio,histopathologicalalterations,leukocyteinfluxandmyeloperoxidaseactivity.AdministrationofCM

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mitigatedthecoloniclevelsofTNF-alphaandIL-10cytokines.TheattenuationofCMtocoloninjurywasalsoassociatedwithsuppressionofoxidativestressviareductionoflipidperoxidesandnitricoxidealongwithboostingtheantioxidantdefensesthroughrestorationofcolonglutathioneandtotalanti-oxidantcapacity.Inaddition,caspases-3activity,anapoptoticmarker,wasinhibited.Together,ourstudyhighlightsevidencesforthepromisingalleviatingeffectsofCMincolitis.Thus,CMmaybeaninterestingcomplementaryapproachforthemanagementofIBD.

Badr,G.(2012)."Supplementationwithundenaturedwheyproteinduringdiabetesmellitusimprovesthehealingandclosureofdiabeticwoundsthroughtherescueoffunctionallong-livedwoundmacrophages."CellPhysiolBiochem29(3-4):571-582.

Longandpersistentuncontrolleddiabetestendstodegeneratetheimmunesystemandincreasetheincidenceofinfectionsindiabeticpatients.Aseriouscomplicationofdiabetesisimpairedhealing,whichdiminishesphysicalactivityand,insomecases,leadstochronicwoundsandlimbamputation.Wheyproteins(WPs)enhanceimmunityduringearlydevelopmentandhaveaprotectiveroleinsomeimmunedisorders.TheeffectofcamelWPsonwoundhealinginastreptozotocin-inducedtype1diabeticmicemodelwasinvestigated.Sixtymalemicewereequallydistributedinto3experimentalgroups:group1,non-diabeticcontrolmice;group2,diabeticmice;andgroup3,diabeticmicethatwereorallysupplementedwithundenaturedWP(100mg/kgbodyweight/dayfor1monththroughoralgavage).Weobservedthatthediabeticmiceexhibiteddelayedwoundclosurecharacterizedbyasignificantreductionincollagendeposition,prolongedelevationininflammatorycytokines,aberrantactivationofSTAT3andreductionintheactivationofAktandNF-kappaBwhencomparedwiththecontrolmice.Moreover,inthediabeticmice,thewound-residentmacrophagesweredysfunctionalanddemonstratedincreasedapoptosis,asignificantreductionintheirphagocytoticability,aberrantactivationofSTAT3andamarkedreductionintheactivationofAkt.Interestingly,thesupplementationofdiabeticmicewithWPsignificantlyenhancedthecollagendeposition,limitedtheinflammatorystimuli,restoredtheactivationofSTAT3,AktandNF-kappaBandgreatlyimprovedtheclosureofdiabeticwoundscomparedwiththecontrolmice.Mostimportant,thesupplementationofdiabeticmicewithWPrescuedfunctional,long-livedwound-residentmacrophages.OurdatarevealthebenefitsofWPsupplementationinimprovingthehealingandclosureofdiabeticwounds.

Badr,G.(2013)."Camelwheyproteinenhancesdiabeticwoundhealinginastreptozotocin-induceddiabeticmousemodel:thecriticalroleofbeta-Defensin-1,-2and-3."LipidsHealthDis12:46.

BACKGROUND:Delayedwoundhealingisconsideredoneofthemostseriousdiabetes-associatedcomplications.Thepresenceofreplicatingorganismssuchasbacteriawithinadiabetic'swoundisconsideredoneofthemostimportantfactorsthatimpaircutaneouswoundhealingandthepotentialcellularand/ormolecularmechanismsthatareinvolvedinthehealingprocess.Defensins,whichareanti-microbialpeptides,havepotentbactericidalactivityagainstawidespectrumofthebacterialandfungalorganismsthatarecommonlyresponsibleforwoundinfections.Werecentlydemonstratedthatcamelwheyproteins(WPs)expeditethehealingofdiabeticwoundsbyenhancingtheimmuneresponseofwoundedtissuecellsandbyalleviatingsomeofthediabeticcomplications.METHODS:Inthepresentstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectsofWPsupplementationonthemRNAandproteinexpressionlevelsofbeta-defensin-1(BD-1),2and3andsubsequentlyonthewoundhealingprocessinastreptozotocin(STZ)-induceddiabeticmousemodel.Inthisstudy,threegroupsofmicewereused(10micepergroup):group1,thenon-diabeticmice(control);group2,thediabeticmice;andgroup3,thediabeticmicethatreceivedadailysupplementofundenaturedWP(100mg/kgofbody

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weight)viaoralgavagefor1month.RESULTS:Comparedwiththenon-diabeticcontrolmice,thediabeticmiceexhibiteddelayedwoundclosurethatwascharacterizedbyareductioninhydroxyprolinecontent(indicatorofcollagendeposition),amarkedelevationinfreeradicallevelsandaprolongedelevationinthelevelsofinflammatorycytokines,includinginterleukin-6(IL-6),transforminggrowthfactor-beta(TGF-beta)andtumornecrosisfactor-alpha(TNF-alpha).Interestingly,comparedwiththediabeticmicethatdidnotreceiveWPsupplementation,thediabeticmicewithWPhadanacceleratedclosureandhealingprocessoftheirwounds.TheWPsupplementationalsodecreasedtheirlevelsoffreeradicalsandrestoredtheirhydroxyprolinecontent;proinflammatorycytokinelevels;andexpressionofBD-1,2and3inthewoundedtissue.CONCLUSION:WPsupplementationmaybebeneficialforimprovingthehealingandclosureofdiabeticwounds.

Badr,G.,etal.(2012)."TreatmentofdiabeticmicewithundenaturedwheyproteinacceleratesthewoundhealingprocessbyenhancingtheexpressionofMIP-1alpha,MIP-2,KC,CX3CL1andTGF-betainwoundedtissue."BMCImmunol13:32.

BACKGROUND:Continuousdiabetes-associatedcomplicationsareamajorsourceofimmunesystemexhaustionandanincreasedincidenceofinfection.Diabetescancausepoorcirculationinthefeet,increasingthelikelihoodofulcersformingwhentheskinisdamagedandslowingthehealingoftheulcers.Wheyproteins(WPs)enhanceimmunityduringchildhoodandhaveaprotectiveeffectonsomeimmunedisorders.Therefore,inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectsofcamelWPonthehealingandclosureofdiabeticwoundsinastreptozotocin(STZ)-inducedtypeIdiabeticmousemodel.RESULTS:Diabeticmiceexhibiteddelayedwoundclosurecharacterizedbyasignificantdecreaseinananti-inflammatorycytokine(namely,IL-10)andaprolongedelevationofthelevelsofinflammatorycytokines(TNF-alpha,IL-1betaandIL-6)inwoundtissue.Moreover,aberrantexpressionofchemokinesthatregulatewoundhealing(MIP-1alpha,MIP-2,KCandCX3CL1)andgrowthfactors(TGF-beta)wereobservedinthewoundtissueofdiabeticmicecomparedwithcontrolnondiabeticmice.Interestingly,comparedwithuntreateddiabeticmice,supplementationwithWPsignificantlyacceleratedtheclosureofdiabeticwoundsbylimitinginflammatorystimuliviatherestorationofnormalIL-10,TNF-alpha,IL-1betaandIL-6levels.Mostimportantly,thesupplementationofdiabeticmicewithWPsignificantlymodulatedtheexpressionofMIP-1alpha,MIP-2,KC,CX3CL1andTGF-betainwoundtissuecomparedwithuntreateddiabeticmice.CONCLUSION:OurdatademonstratethebenefitsofWPsupplementationforimprovingthehealingandclosureofdiabeticwoundsandrestoringtheimmuneresponseindiabeticmice.

Badr,G.,etal.(2011)."EffectsofundenaturedwheyproteinsupplementationonCXCL12-andCCL21-mediatedBandTcellchemotaxisindiabeticmice."LipidsHealthDis10:203.

BACKGROUND:Longandpersistentuncontrolleddiabetestendstodegeneratetheimmunesystemandleadstoanincreasedincidenceofinfection.Wheyproteins(WPs)enhanceimmunityduringearlylifeandhaveaprotectiveroleinsomeimmunedisorders.Inthisstudy,theeffectsofcamelWPonthechemotaxisofBandTcellstoCXCL12andCCL21indiabeticmicewereinvestigated.RESULTS:FlowcytometricanalysisofthesurfaceexpressionsofCXCR4(CXCL12receptor)andCCR7(CCL21receptor)onBandTcellsrevealedthatthesurfaceexpressionsofCXCR4andCCR7werenotsignificantlyalteredindiabeticandWP-supplementeddiabeticmicecomparedwithcontrolmice.Nevertheless,BandTlymphocytesfromdiabeticmicewerefoundtobeinastunnedstate,withamarkedandsignificant(P<0.05)decreaseinCXCL12-andCCL21-mediatedactinpolymerizationandsubsequently,amarkeddecreaseintheirchemotaxis.WPsupplementationinthediabetesmodelwasfoundtosignificantly

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increaseCXCL12-andCCL21-mediatedactinpolymerizationandchemotaxisinbothBandTcells.CONCLUSION:OurdatarevealedthebenefitsofWPsupplementationinenhancingcytoskeletalrearrangementandchemotaxisinBandTcells,andsubsequentlyimprovingtheimmuneresponseindiabeticmice.

Barbour,E.K.,etal.(1985)."MastitisinCamelusdromedariusinSaudiArabia."TropAnimHealthProd17(3):173-179.

Thecorrelationbetweencamels'milksamplescollectedfromabnormalinflameduddersandsamplespositiveintheCaliforniaMastitisTest(CMT)was+0.803(Plessthan0.01).Thebacterialcountrangesofmilksamplesdifferedsignificantly(Plessthan0.05)forthosewithanegativeCMTandthosewithapositiveCMT.InfectionwithmanybutnotallbacterialspecieswasassociatedwithpositiveCMTresults.Thehighestpercentageofcamelmilksampleswasincludedinthebacterialcountrangeof3.0x10(2)to3.0x10(3)cfu/mlratherthaninthegreaterthan3.0x10(3)cfu/mlrangeformostofthebacterialspecies.ThemostpredominantbacterialisolateswereMicrococcusspp.,Staphylococcusaureus,Streptococcusspp.andCorynebacteriumspp.followedbyeightotherflora.Chloramphenicolwasthemosteffectiveantimicrobialagentofsixtestedagainst118bacterialisolates.Preliminaryobservationsaremadeonchemotherapyofmastitiscasesincamels.

Bekele,T.andB.Molla(2001)."Mastitisinlactatingcamels(Camelusdromedarius)inAfarRegion,north-easternEthiopia."BerlMunchTierarztlWochenschr114(5-6):169-172.

Quartermilksamples(n=543)from152traditionallymanagedlactatingcamels(Camelusdromedarius)inAfarRegion,north-easternEthiopiawereexaminedtodeterminetheprevalenceofcamelmastitisandidentifyitsbacterialcauses.Outof152camelsexamined,19(12.5%)werediagnosedasclinicalmastitiscasesbasedonclinicalsignsandbacteriologicalexaminations.Ofthe257CaliforniaMastitisTest(CMT)positivequartermilksamples162(63.0%)yieldedpathogenicbacteria.ApositivecorrelationwasobservedbetweenCMTpositiveresultsandpresenceofmajorpathogensincamelmilksamples.ThemainmastitispathogensisolatedwereStaphylococcusaureus,coagulase-negativestaphylococci,Streptococcusagalactiae,S.dysgalactiae,andotherspeciesofstreptococci,PasteurellahaemolyticaandE.coli.ResultsofthepresentstudysuggestthatmastitisinAfarcamelsisprevalent,Gram-positivecocciarethemajorisolatesfromcamelmilksamplesandtheCMTcanbeusedasascreeningtestforthedetectionofmastitisincamels.

Ben-Arye,E.,etal.(2016)."Potentialrisksassociatedwithtraditionalherbalmedicineuseincancercare:AstudyofMiddleEasternoncologyhealthcareprofessionals."Cancer122(4):598-610.

BACKGROUND:TheauthorsassessedtheuseofherbalmedicinebyMiddleEasternpatientswithcancer,asreportedbytheironcologyhealthcareprofessionals(HCPs).HerbalproductsidentifiedbythestudyHCPswereevaluatedforpotentialnegativeeffects.METHODS:OncologyHCPsfrom16MiddleEasterncountriesreceiveda17-itemquestionnaireaskingthemtolist5herbalproductsinusebytheirpatientswithcancer.Aliteraturesearch(PubMed,Micromedex,AltMedDex,andtheNaturalMedicineComprehensiveDatabase)wasconductedtoidentifysafety-relatedconcernsassociatedwiththeproductslisted.RESULTS:Atotalof339HCPscompletedthestudyquestionnaire(responserateof80.3%),identifying44herbaland3nonherbalnutritionalsupplements.Safety-relatedconcernswereassociatedwith29products,includingherb-druginteractionswithalteredpharmacodynamics(15herbs),directtoxiceffects(18herbs),andincreasedinvitroresponseofcancercellstochemotherapy(7

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herbs).CONCLUSIONS:Herbalmedicineuse,whichisprevalentinMiddleEasterncountries,hasseveralpotentiallynegativeeffectsthatincludedirecttoxiceffects,negativeinteractionswithanticancerdrugs,andincreasedchemosensitivityofcancercells,requiringareductionindose-density.OncologyHCPsworkingincountriesinwhichherbalmedicineuseisprevalentneedtobetterunderstandtheimplicationsofthispractice.ThepresenceofintegrativephysicianswithtrainingincomplementaryandtraditionalmedicinecanhelppatientsandtheirHCPsreachaninformeddecisionregardingthesafetyandeffectiveuseoftheseproducts.

Bennoune,O.,etal.(2013)."Trypanosomiasisofcamels(Camelusdromedarius)inAlgeria:Firstreport."VetResForum4(4):273-275.

Cameltrypanosomosisisalife-threateningdiseaseinthecamelspeciesandresponsibleforsevereeconomiclosseseitherinmilkormeatproductions.Thisstudywascarriedoutonthesouth-eastareaofAlgeriaon100camelsofvariousagesandeithersexfromtwoherds.MicroscopicexaminationofbloodsmearsrevealedhigherlevelsoftrypanosomosiscausedbyTrypanosomaevansi,anelongatedparasitewithakinetoplastandasinglenucleuslocatedinitshalf-lengthandoneflagellumwithgreatheterogeneity.Thisfirstinvestigationrevealshigherinfectionratethanthoseobservedinothercountriesusingbloodsmears,thetrypanosomosisattackhasreachedanalarminglevelandtheoccurrenceoftrypanosomosisatthishighlevelonbloodsmearsislike"thetreethathidestheforest"andmakeupaseriousandpotentialdangerbothonanimalandpublichealth.Therefore,radicalpreventiveandoffensivedrasticmeasuresmustbetakenagainstthismenacingdiseaseatthecriticalpointstopreventtheeconomiclossesandtoavoidpossiblehumantransmission.

Bhanuprakash,V.,etal.(2010)."Camelpox:epidemiology,diagnosisandcontrolmeasures."ExpertRevAntiInfectTher8(10):1187-1201.

Camelpoxisaneconomicallyimportantcontagiousskindiseaseofcamelidscausedbycamelpoxvirus(CMLV)andischaracterizedbymildlocalskininfectionandlesscommonseveresystemicinfections.Thediseaseisconfinedtocamel-rearingbeltsparticularlyindevelopingcountriesandcauseseconomicimpactduetoconsiderablelossintermsofmorbidity,mortality,lossofweightandreductioninmilkyield.Thevirushasgainedattentionfromresearchersduetoitsrecentemergencewithclosegeneticrelatednesstovariolavirus,thecausativeagentofsmallpox,andcarryinggenesresponsibleforhostimmuneevasionmechanisms.CMLVwasearlierthoughttobeazoonoticagentbutsofarlittleevidencehasbeendocumentedfromSomalia.Althoughthediseasecanbediagnosedbasedonclinicalsigns,thesimilarconfoundingskinlesionsnecessitateidentificationofinfectionbymolecularbiologybaseddiagnostictechniques,namelyrestrictionenzymeanalysisofthevirusgenomeandspecificgenes,genus-andspecies-specificdiagnosticPCRsincludingreal-timequantitativePCR,andsequenceandphylogeneticanalysisfordiagnosisanddifferentiationofCMLV.TheentiregenomesequenceofCMLVisknownanditcontainsmorethan211putativegenes,whichcodefordifferentproteinswithhostrange,immunomodulation,virulenceandotherfunctions.Bothinactivatedandlive-attenuatedvaccinesareavailableinsomecountries.However,livevaccinesarepreferredastheyprovidelong-lastingimmunity.Consideringthevirusspreadsthroughcontaminatedenvironments,animproveddiagnosticandcontrolmethodwouldbeofimmensevaluetocurtailtheinfectioninthefield.Alternativetherapeuticssuchasantiviralagentsisanareathatneedstobeexplored.Thisarticlediscussestheepidemiologyandbiologyofthedisease,noveldiagnosticapproachesandcontrolmeasures.

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Bhat,D.K.,etal.(2014)."TheRaikas-auniquecombinationofhighprevalenceoftype1diabetessusceptibilitygenesandnearzeroincidenceofthedisease."HumImmunol75(12):1252-1258.

TheRaikas,acamelrearingtribalgrouplivingintheThardesertofRajasthanhasbeenreportedwithaverylowincidenceofdiabetes.WeanalysedthefrequencydistributionofHLAallelesinthiscommunityandcomparedthesamewiththenon-RaikagrouplivinginthesamegeographiclocationandalsothatofthehealthyNorthIndian(NI)population.ThedatarevealedanexceptionallyhighphenotypefrequencyofHLA-DRB1*03inthiscommunity(53%)ascomparedtothenon-Raikagroup(27.73%,p=7.9E-05)andtheNIpopulation(14.6%,p=7.65E06).FurtheranalysisrevealedtheoccurrenceoffourmajorDRB1*03haplotypesintheRaikas:(i)A*26-B*08-DRB1*03(AH8.2,11.76%);(ii)A*24-B*08-DRB1*03(AH8.3,8.82%);(iii)A*02-B*08-DRB1*03(3.78%);(iv)A*01-B*08-DRB1*03(AH8.1v,0.84%);allofwhichoccurredwithaseveralfoldhigherfrequencyintheRaikasthantheothertwogroups.ThesehaplotypeshavebeenreportedtobepositivelyassociatedwithT1DintheNIpopulation.TheapparentlackofT1Dand/orotherautoimmunediseasesintheRaikasdespitethehigheroccurrenceofknowndiseaseassociatedHLAalleles/haplotypesisintriguingandhighlightsthequintessentialroleoftheenvironmentalfactors,foodhabitsandlevelofphysicalactivityinthemanifestationofT1D.Possibleinfluenceofotherprotectionconferringgeneslocatedon,asyetundefinedchromosomallocationscannotberuledout.

Boughattas,S.(2015)."Commentaryon:"DetectionofToxoplasmagondiiinrawcaprine,ovine,buffalo,bovine,andcamelmilkusingcellcultivation,catbioassay,captureELISA,andPCRmethodsinIran"."FrontMicrobiol6:215.

Brussow,H.(2009)."Europe,thebullandtheMinotaur:thebiologicallegacyofaNeolithiclovestory."EnvironMicrobiol11(11):2778-2788.

TheEuropeancattlewasdomesticated10000yearsagoineasternTurkey,1000yearslaterpottery-associatedmilkfatsidentifycattle-baseddairyactivityinwesternTurkey.Subsequently,theIndo-Europeanlanguage,domesticatedanimalsandplantstravelasaNeolithicpackagealongtwomajorroutesacrossEurope.Astrikingsouth-easttonorth-westgradientofamutationinthecurrentEuropeanpopulation(lactasepersistenceintoadulthood)documentstheexpansionofaNeolithicdairycultureintoaMesolithichuntersociety.Usingoraltradition(myths),archaeologicalandwrittenhistoricalevidenceandbiologicaldata,itisaskedwhetherhighlytransmissibleviraldiseaseslikemeaslesandsmallpoxenteredduringtheNeolithicfromdomesticatedanimalsintothehumanpopulation.Thebovineoriginofparamyxovirusinfectionsislikely;smallpoxcomesfromcamelsorfromrodentsviacattlewhilemycobacteriaandHelicobacterinfectedhumansalreadybeforetheNeolithic.Microbesadaptconstantlyandquicklytochangingecologicalsituations.Thecurrentglobalenvironmentalchangeswillleadtoanotherhighlydynamicphaseofviraltransmissionsintothehumanpopulation.

Cardoso,R.R.,etal.(2013)."ProtectiveactionofcamelmilkinmiceinoculatedwithSalmonellaenterica."IsrMedAssocJ15(1):5-8.

BACKGROUND:Insomecountriespeoplebelievethatcamelmilkcanprotectagainstvariousaggressors,whetherduetoinfections,diabetes,orevenautism.Littlehasbeenscientificallydemonstratedregardingtheveracityofthesebeliefs.OBJECTIVES:Tostudytheanti-infectiousactionofcamelmilk.METHODS:Fiftymiceweredividedinto5groupsof10animalseach:3controlgroupsand2testgroups.Exceptforoneofthecontrolgroups,allgroupswereintraperitoneallyinoculatedwitha

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strainofSalmonellaenterica.Therationsinthetestgroupsweresupplementedwithcamelmilkorcowmilk.RESULTS:Astatisticallysignificantsurvivalwasobservedinthemicesupplementedwithcamelmilk.ThedeathrateafterSalmonellainoculationwasonly40%inthestudygroup,ascomparedto100%inthecontrolgroupswherethemicewerenotprotected,and80%inthegroupsupplementedwithcowmilkandinjectedwithSalmonella.CONCLUSIONS:Camelmilkisanexcellentnutrientandbecauseofitsspecificproperties,particularlyitsanti-infectiousaction,shouldbeusedtoreplaceothermilks.

Cetra,A.(2014)."MERS-CoVupdate:whatyouneedtoknow."LancetInfectDis14(10):924-925.

Ebaid,H.(2014)."Promotionofimmuneandglycaemicfunctionsinstreptozotocin-induceddiabeticratstreatedwithun-denaturedcamelmilkwheyproteins."NutrMetab(Lond)11:31.

Tcellmediatedautoimmunediabetesischaracterizedbyimmunecellinfiltrationofpancreaticisletsanddestructionofinsulin-producingbeta-cells.Thisstudywasdesignedtoassesstheeffectofwheyproteins(WP)ontheresponsivenessoflymphocytesinratsafterfourmonthsofStreptozotocin(STZ)-inducedType1diabetes(T1D).AdiabeticgroupwassupplementedwithWPdailyforfiveweeksatadoseof100mg/kg.Ribonucleicacid(RNA)wasextractedfromstimulatedlymphocytesinordertoanalysegeneexpressionsusingrealtimePCRandRT-PCR.PCRresultswereconfirmedwithELISA.Theproliferationcapacityoflymphocytesandtheirhomingtothespleenwerestudied.Antigen-activatedlymphocytesshowedthatdiabetesimpairedthemRNAexpressionoftheproteinkinaseB(Akt1),Cdc42,andtheco-stimulatorymolecule,CD28,whichareimportantforcellsurvival,actinpolymerizationandTcellactivation,respectively.Accordingly,proliferationoflymphocyteswasfoundtobesuppressedindiabeticrats,bothinvivoandinvitro.WPwasfoundtorestoreAkt1,Cdc42andCD28mRNAexpressionduringdiabetestonormallevels.WP,therefore,servedtoactivatetheproliferationofBlymphocytesindiabeticratsbothinvivoandinvitro.AlthoughWPwasfoundtoup-regulatemRNAexpressionofbothinterleukin(IL)-2andinterferongamma(IFN-gamma),itsuppressedtheproliferationactivityofalmostallTcellsubsets.ThiswasconfirmedbyWPnormalizingthestructureandfunctionofsscells.Meanwhile,WPwasfoundtodownregulatethemRNAexpressionofTumornecrosisfactor-alpha(TNF-alpha)anditsprogrammedcelldeath-receptor(Fas).Takentogether,theresultsofthisstudyprovideevidenceforthepotentialimpactofWPinthetreatmentofimmuneimpairmentinT1D,suggestingthatitservestoreverseautoimmunitybysuppressingautoreactiveTcellsanddownregulatingTNF-alphaandFas,resultinginimprovedpancreaticsscellstructureandfunction.

Ebaid,H.,etal.(2015)."Camelmilkpeptideimproveswoundhealingindiabeticratsbyorchestratingtheredoxstatusandimmuneresponse."LipidsHealthDis14:132.

BACKGROUND:Diabetesmellitusaltersoxidativestabilityandimmuneresponse.Here,weinvestigatedtheimpactofapeptideextractedfromcamelmilk(CMP)ontheoxidativestatus,transcriptionfactorkappa-B(NF-kB)andinflammatorycytokineindiabeticwounds.METHODS:Ratswereassignedintothreegroups:control,diabeticinduced(DM)anddiabeticinducedwithmultipledosesofCMPforaweek(DM-CMP).RESULTS:DMshowedasharpdeclineintheactivityofmajorantioxidantenzymessuchassuperoxidedismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)andglutathione(GSH)comparedtothecontrol.TheDM-CMPgroup,however,showedanoticeablereplenishmentintheactivityoftheseenzymescomparedtotheDMgroup.TheCMP-treatedgroupalsoshowedanormalleveloflipidperoxidationmarker(MDA)comparedtotheDMrats.Furthermore,ELISAanalysisofserumTNF-alphaproteinshowedanelevatedlevelindiabeticratsincomparisontocontrolserum.However,

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RT-PCRanalysisoflocallywoundedskintissuesrevealedthatdiabetesdown-regulatestheRNAexpressionofbothTNF-alphaandMIFgenesincomparisontothecontrolsamplesbutthatCMPwasfoundtorestoreRNAexpressionsignificantly.AlthoughitwaselevatedinCMP-treatedratsafteronedayofwoundincision,theNF-kBproteinlevelwassignificantlydecreasedsevendaysaftertheincisionincomparisontotheanimalsinthediabeticgroup.CONCLUSION:CMP,therefore,canbeseenaneffectiveantioxidantandimmunestimulantthatinducesoxidativestabilityandspeedsupwoundhealingindiabeticmodelanimals,makingitapotentialadjuvantinimprovingwoundhealinginthosewithdiabeticconditions.

Ebaid,H.,etal.(2013)."Limitingprolongedinflammationduringproliferationandremodelingphasesofwoundhealinginstreptozotocin-induceddiabeticratssupplementedwithcamelundenaturedwheyprotein."BMCImmunol14:31.

BACKGROUND:Impaireddiabeticwoundhealingoccursasaconsequenceofexcessivereactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)andinflammatorycytokineproduction.Wepreviouslyfoundthatwheyprotein(WP)wasabletonormallyregulatetheROSandinflammatorycytokinesduringtheinflammatoryphase(firstday)instreptozotocin(STZ)-diabeticwoundhealing.ThisstudywasdesignedtoassesstheeffectofWPonmetabolicstatus,theinflammationandanti-inflammationresponse,oxidativestressandtheantioxidantdefensesystemduringdifferentphasesofthewoundhealingprocessindiabeticrats.WPatadosageof100mg/kgofbodyweight,dissolvedin1%CMC,wasorallyadministereddailytowoundednormal(non-diabetic)andSTZ-induceddiabeticratsfor8daysstartingfromthe1stdayafterwounding.RESULTS:ThedatarevealedthatWPenhancedwoundclosureandwasassociatedwithanincreaseinseruminsulinlevelsindiabeticratsandanalleviationofhyperglycemicandhyperlipidemicstatesindiabeticanimals.TheincreaseininsulinlevelsasaresultofWPadministrationisassociatedwithamarkedmultiplicationofbeta-cellsinthecoreofisletsofLangerhans.WPinducedareductioninserumTNF-alpha,IL-1betaandIL-6levelsandanincreaseinIL-10levels,especiallyonthe4thdayafterwoundingandtreatment.WPalsosuppressedhepaticlipidperoxidationandstimulatedtheantioxidantdefensesystembyincreasingthelevelofglutathioneandtheactivityofglutathione-S-transferase,glutathioneperoxidaseandsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)inwoundeddiabeticrats.CONCLUSIONS:WPwasobservedtoenhancewoundclosurebyimprovingthediabeticcondition,limitingprolongedinflammation,suppressingoxidativestressandelevatingtheantioxidantdefensesystemindiabeticrats.

Ehlayel,M.,etal.(2011)."Camelmilkisasaferchoicethangoatmilkforfeedingchildrenwithcowmilkallergy."ISRNAllergy2011:391641.

Background.VarioussourcesofmammalianmilkhavebeentriedinCMA.Objectives.TodeterminewhethercamelmilkissaferthangoatmilkinCMA.Methods.ProspectivestudyconductedatHamadMedicalCorporationbetweenApril2007andApril2010,onchildrenwithCMA.Eachchildhadmedicalexamination,CBC,totalIgE,cowmilk-specificIgEandSPT.CMAchildrenweretestedagainstfreshcamelandgoatmilks.Results.Of38children(medianage21.5months),21(55.3%)presentedwithurticaria,17(39.5%)atopicdermatitis,10(26.3%)anaphylaxis.WBCwas10,039+/-4,735cells/muL,eosinophil1,143+/-2,213cells/muL,IgE694+/-921IU/mL,cow'smilk-specific-IgE23.5+/-35.6KU/L.Only7children(18.4%)testedpositivetocamelmilkand24(63.2%)togoatmilk.6(15.8%)werepositivetocamel,goat,andcowmilks.PatientswithnegativeSPTtoleratedwellcamelandgoatmilks.Conclusions.InCMA,SPTindicateslowcross-reactivitybetweencamelmilkandcowmilk,andcamelmilkisasaferalternativethangoatmilk.

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Ehlayel,M.S.,etal.(2011)."Camelmilk:analternativeforcow'smilkallergyinchildren."AllergyAsthmaProc32(3):255-258.

Treatmentofcow'smilkallergy(CMA)inchildrenincludesavoidanceofcow'smilkandprovidingamilksubstitute.ThisstudywasdesignedtodeterminewhetherCMAchildrencouldsafelyconsumecamel'smilkasanalternative,andskin-pricktest(SPT)tocamel'smilkcouldbeareliabletoolinselectingthem.BetweenApril2007andFebruary2010,childrenwithconfirmedCMAseenattheAllergy-ImmunologyClinic,HamadMedicalCorp.,wereenrolledintothisprospectivecohortstudy.Subjectshadadetailedhistoryandmedicalexamination,completebloodcountwithdifferentialcount,totalserumIgE,andspecificIgEtestandSPTtocow'smilk.PatientswithpositiveSPTandanelevatedcow'smilk-specificIgEhadnegativeSPTtocamel'smilk.Of35children(23maleand12femalechildren)aged4-126months(median,21months),23patients(65.7%)presentedwithacuteurticaria,17(48.6%)withatopicdermatitis,9(25.7%)withanaphylaxis,8(22.9%)withfailuretothrive,and5(14.3%)withchronicvomiting.Twenty-eightpatients(80%)hadfamilyhistoryofallergy.Twenty-sixpatients(74.3%)werebreast-fedfor</=18months.Meanwhitebloodcellcountwas9860.5cells/muL,absoluteeosinophilcountwas1219cells/muL,IgEwas682IU/mL,andcow'smilk-specificIgEwas22.01kU/L.Only7patients(20%)hadpositiveSPTtocamel'smilkand28(80%)werenegativetocamel'smilk.AllpatientswithnegativeSPTtookcamel'smilkwithoutanyreactions.InchildrenwithCMA,SPTisareliableclinicaltestinrulingoutreactivitytocamel'smilksothesechildrencouldsafelytakecamel'smilkasanalternativenutrient.

Ejtahed,H.S.,etal.(2015)."Effectofcamelmilkonbloodsugarandlipidprofileofpatientswithtype2diabetes:apilotclinicaltrial."IntJEndocrinolMetab13(1):e21160.

BACKGROUND:Ithasbeenshownthatcamelmilkconsumptionhasadefinitedecreasingeffectontheprevalenceofdiabetes.However,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonpatientswithtype1diabetes,whereasstudiesonpatientswithtype2diabetesmellitus(T2DM)arelimited.Invitroexperimentshaveshownthatcamelmilkwasabletodecreasebloodglucoseconcentration.OBJECTIVES:Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigateeffectsofcamelandcowmilkonbloodsugar,lipidprofile,andbloodpressureofpatientswithT2DM.PATIENTSANDMETHODS:Inarandomizedsingle-blindedcontrolledclinicaltrial,20patientswithT2DMwererandomlyallocatedintotwogroups.Participantsconsumed500mLofeithercamelmilk(interventiongroup)orcowmilk(controlgroup)dailyfortwomonths.RESULTS:Meanofinsulinconcentrationwassignificantlyincreasedfrom64.59to84.03pmol/Linthecamelmilkgroupduringthestudy(P<0.05).Nosignificantdifferenceswereshowninfastingbloodsugar,lipidprofile,andbloodpressurebetweenthetwogroupsattheendofstudy.Therewassignificantincreaseinhomeostasismodelassessmentofinsulinresistance(HOMA-IR)duringthestudyinbothgroups,butnosignificantdifferencewasseenbetweenthetwogroups.CONCLUSIONS:CamelmilkincreasedinsulinlevelinpatientswithT2DMandmightcontributetoglycemiccontrolinT2DM.

El-Fakharany,E.M.,etal.(2012)."Anti-infectivityofcamelpolyclonalantibodiesagainsthepatitisCvirusinHuh7.5hepatoma."VirolJ9:201.

PURPOSE:ToextendthestudyofthecamelmilkproteinswhichhaveantiviralactivityagainstHCV,camelnaivepolyclonalIgGs,alpha-lactalbuminwerepurifiedfromcamelmilkandtheiranti-HCVeffectwasexaminedusingPBMCsandHuh7.5cell-lines.TheywerecomparedwiththeactivityofhumanpolyclonalIgGsandcamellactoferrinandcasein.MATERIALANDMETHODS:ThreetypesofexperimentswereperformedonPBMCsandHuH7.5cell.HCVwasdirectlyincubatedwiththepurifiedproteinsand

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thenmixedwithbothcelltypes,ortheproteinswereincubatedwiththecellsandthenexposedtoHCV,ortheHCVpre-infectedcellsweretreatedwiththeproteinstoinhibitintracellularreplication.Theproteinswereaddedtocellsorvirusatdifferentconcentrationsandtimeintervals.RESULTS:PretreatedPBMCsandHuh7.5cellswithmilkproteinswerenotprotectedwhenexposedtoHCVinfection.ThedirectinteractionbetweenHCVandcamelIgGsandcamellactoferrin(cLf)ledtoacompleteinhibitionofHCVentryintocells,whilecasein,alpha-lactalbuminandhumanIgGsfailedtoinhibitHCVentryatanytestedconcentration.CamelIgGsshowedabilitytorecognizeHCVpeptideswithasignificanttiter(12x10(3))incomparisonwithhumanIgGswhichfailedtodoit.CamellactoferrinwascapableofinhibitingtheintracellularHCVreplicationatconcentrationsof0.25-1.25mg/ml.CONCLUSION:CamelmilknaivepolyclonalIgGsisolatedfromcamelmilkcouldinhibittheHCVinfectivityanddemonstratedstrongsignalagainstitssyntheticpeptides.LactoferrininhibittheHCVinfectivitystartedfrom0.25mg/ml.However,alpha-lactalbumin,humanIgGsandcaseinfailedtodemonstrateanyactivityagainstHCVinfectivity.

Elamin,E.A.,etal.(1992)."PrevalenceofToxoplasmagondiiantibodiesinpastoralcamels(Camelusdromedarius)intheButanaplains,mid-EasternSudan."VetParasitol43(3-4):171-175.

Atotalof482serumsamplesfrompastoralcamelsintheButanaplains,mid-EasternSudan,weretestedforToxoplasmaantibodiesbythelatexagglutinationtest(LAT).Sixty-sevenpercentofthecamelswereseroreactive.Theprevalencerateofseroreactivityincreasedsignificantlywithage(Plessthan0.01)andwashighestamongcamelsagedover7years(74.2%).Theprevalencerateofseropositivitydecreasedproportionallywiththelevelofserumdilution.Atdilutionsof1:32andabove,theprevalenceratewas25.9%.Therewerenosex-linkeddifferencesinseroreactivity.ThisstudysuggestswidespreadinfectionwithToxoplasmagondiiamongpastoralcamels,afindingthatwarrantsacloserlookintothepossiblewaysinfectionisacquiredbycamelsintheiraridenvironment,itseconomicimpact,aswellasitspublichealthsignificance,especiallyamongthenomadswhoconsumecamelinemilkandliverraw.

Fanoy,E.B.,etal.(2014)."Travel-relatedMERS-CoVcases:anassessmentofexposuresandriskfactorsinagroupofDutchtravellersreturningfromtheKingdomofSaudiArabia,May2014."EmergThemesEpidemiol11:16.

BACKGROUND:InMay2014,MiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirus(MERS-CoV)infection,withcloselyrelatedviralgenomes,wasdiagnosedintwoDutchresidents,returningfromapilgrimagetoMedinaandMecca,KingdomofSaudiArabia(KSA).Thesepatientstravelledwithagroupof29otherDutchtravellers.Weconductedanepidemiologicalassessmentofthetravelgrouptoidentifylikelysource(s)ofinfectionandpresenceofpotentialriskfactors.METHODS:Alltravellers,includingthetwocases,completedaquestionnairefocussingonpotentialhuman,animalandfoodexposurestoMERS-CoV.ThequestionnairewasmodifiedfromtheWHOMERS-CoVquestionnaire,takingintoaccountthespecificrouteandactivitiesofthetravelgroup.RESULTS:Twelvenon-casesdrankunpasteurizedcamelmilkandhadcontactwithcamels.Mosttravellers,includingoneofthetwopatients(Case1),visitedlocalmarkets,wheresixofthemconsumedfruits.Twotravellers,includingCase1,wereexposedtocoughingpatientswhenvisitingahospitalinMedina.Fourtravellers,includingCase1,visitedtwohospitalsinMecca.AlltravellershadbeenincontactwithCase1whilehewassick,withinitiallynon-respiratorycomplaints.Thecaseswerefoundtobeolderthantheothertravellersandbothhadco-morbidities.CONCLUSIONS:ThisepidemiologicalstudyrevealedthecomplexityofMERS-CoVoutbreakinvestigationswithmultiplepotentialexposurestoMERS-CoVreportedsuchashealthcare

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visits,camelexposure,andexposuretountreatedfoodproducts.ExposuretoMERS-CoVduringahospitalvisitisconsideredalikelysourceofinfectionforCase1butnotforCase2.ForCase2,themostlikelysourcecouldnotbedetermined.ExposuretoMERS-CoVviadirectcontactwithanimalsordairyproductsseemsunlikelyforthetwoDutchcases.Furthermore,exposuretoacommonbutstillunidentifiedsourcecannotberuledout.MorecomprehensiveresearchintosourcesofinfectionintheArabianPeninsulaisneededtostrengthenandspecifythepreventionofMERS-CoVinfections.

Funk,A.L.,etal.(2016)."MERS-CoVattheAnimal-HumanInterface:InputsonExposurePathwaysfromanExpert-OpinionElicitation."FrontVetSci3:88.

Nearly4yearsafterthefirstreportoftheemergenceofMiddle-EastrespiratorysyndromeCoronavirus(MERS-CoV)andnearly1800humancaseslater,theecologyofMERS-CoV,itsepidemiology,andmorethanriskfactorsofMERS-CoVtransmissionbetweencamelsarepoorlyunderstood.Knowledgeaboutthepathwaysandmechanismsoftransmissionfromanimalstohumansislimited;asofyet,transmissionriskshavenotbeenquantified.MoreoverthedivergentsanitarysituationsandexposurestoanimalsamongpopulationsintheArabianPeninsula,wherehumanprimarycasesappeartodominate,vs.otherregionsintheMiddleEastandAfrica,withnoreportedhumanclinicalcasesandwherethevirushasbeendetectedonlyindromedaries,representshugescientificandhealthchallenges.Here,wehaveusedexpert-opinionelicitationinordertoobtainideasonrelativeimportanceofMERS-CoVriskfactorsandestimatesoftransmissionrisksfromvarioustypesofcontactbetweenhumansanddromedaries.FourteenexpertswithdiverseandextensiveexperienceinMERS-CoVrelevantfieldswereenrolledandcompletedanonlinequestionnairethatexaminedpathwaysbasedonseveralscenarios,e.g.,camels-camels,camels-human,bats/otherspeciestocamels/humans,andtheroleofdiversebiologicalsubstances(milk,urine,etc.)andpotentialfomites.ExpertsbelievedthatdromedarycamelsplaythelargestroleinMERS-CoVinfectionofotherdromedaries;however,theyalsoindicatedasignificantinfluenceoftheseason(i.e.calvingorweaningperiods)ontransmissionrisk.AllexpertsthoughtthatMERS-CoV-infecteddromedariesandasymptomatichumansplaythemostimportantroleininfectionofhumans,withbatsandotherspeciespresentingapossible,butyetundefined,risk.Directandindirectcontactofhumanswithdromedarycamelswereidentifiedasthemostriskytypesofcontact,whencomparedtoconsumptionofvariouscamelproducts,withestimated"mostlikely"incidencerisksofatleast22and13%fordirectandindirectcontact,respectively.Theresultsofourstudyareconsistentwithavailable,yetverylimited,publisheddataregardingthepotentialpathwaysoftransmissionofMERS-CoVattheanimal-humaninterface.Theseresultsidentifykeyknowledgegapsandhighlighttheneedformorecomprehensive,yetfocusedresearchtobeconductedtobetterunderstandtransmissionbetweendromedariesandhumans.

Garbaj,A.M.,etal.(2016)."EnterohemorrhagicEscherichiacoliO157inmilkanddairyproductsfromLibya:Isolationandmolecularidentificationbypartialsequencingof16SrDNA."VetWorld9(11):1184-1189.

AIM:TheaimofthisworkwastoisolateandmolecularlyidentifyenterohemorrhagicEscherichiacoli(EHEC)O157inmilkanddairyproductsinLibya,inaddition;tocleartheaccuracyofculturalandbiochemicalidentificationascomparedwithmolecularidentificationbypartialsequencingof16SrDNAfortheexistingisolates.MATERIALSANDMETHODS:Atotalof108samplesofrawmilk(cow,she-camel,andgoat)andlocallymadedairyproducts(fermentedcow'smilk,Maasora,Ricottaandicecream)werecollectedfromsomeregions(Janzour,Tripoli,Kremiya,TajouraandTobruk)inLibya.SamplesweresubjectedtomicrobiologicalanalysisforisolationofE.colithatwasdetectedbyconventionalcultural

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andmolecularmethodusingpolymerasechainreactionandpartialsequencingof16SrDNA.RESULTS:Outof108samples,only27isolateswerefoundtobeEHECO157basedontheirculturalcharacteristics(Tellurite-Cefixime-SorbitolMacConkey)thatinclude3isolatesfromcow'smilk(11%),3isolatesfromshe-camel'smilk(11%),twoisolatesfromgoat'smilk(7.4%)and7isolatesfromfermentedrawmilksamples(26%),isolatesfromfreshlocallymadesoftcheeses(MaasoraandRicotta)were9(33%)and3(11%),respectively,whilenoneoftheicecreamsamplesrevealedanygrowth.However,outofthese27isolates,only11wereconfirmedtobeE.colibypartialsequencingof16SrDNAandE.coliO157Latexagglutinationtest.PhylogeneticanalysisrevealedthatmajorityoflocalE.coliisolateswererelatedtoE.coliO157:H7FRIK944strain.CONCLUSION:TheseresultscanbeusedforfurtherstudiesonEHECO157asanemergingfoodbornepathogenanditsroleinhumaninfectioninLibya.

Garcell,H.G.,etal.(2016)."Outbreaksofbrucellosisrelatedtotheconsumptionofunpasteurizedcamelmilk."JInfectPublicHealth9(4):523-527.

BrucellosisisthemostfrequentzoonosisreportedinQatar,mainlyrelatedtoexposuretoinfectedcamels.Anoutbreakofhumanbrucellosisin14membersofafamilylivinginaruralareainQatarisreportedherein.Clinical,epidemiologicalandlaboratoryresultsfromall14patientswithBrucellaand12non-confirmedfamilymemberswerecollectedfromfiles.Allpatientsreportedfeverforamaximumof14days,associatedwitharthralgia(6patients),weakness(4patients),headache(4patients),diarrhea(2patients)andabdominalpain(2patients).Themedianageofthepatientswas10yearsandthatofnon-caseswas16years,withapredominanceofmales(92.9%).Elevatedlevelsoftransaminaseswereobservedinpatients.AmixedinfectioncausedbyBrucellaabortusandBrucellamelitensiswasidentifiedbybloodcultureandserology.Thesourceoftheinfectionwasthemilkofaninfectedcamel.Theoutbreakofbrucellosismelitensis/abortusrelatedtotheconsumptionofcamelmilkconstitutesagapinthepreventionandcontrolofthepotentialsourcesofbrucellosisinanimalfarms.Propercontrolandeducationofthepopulationarerequired.

Gautret,P.,etal.(2013)."Camelmilk-associatedinfectionriskperceptionandknowledgeinFrenchHajjpilgrims."VectorBorneZoonoticDis13(6):425-427.

CasesofbrucellosishavebeenrecentlyreportedinHajjpilgrimsfollowingcamelmilkconsumption.WiththeaimofevaluatingFrenchpilgrim'spotentialriskforrawcamelmilk-associateddiseases,weconductedaknowledge,attitude,andpracticestudyamong331pilgrimsdepartingtothe2011Hajj.Aproportionof8.2%havedrunkcamelmilkbefore,mostlyinNorthAfrica(62.9%)andSaudiArabia(18.5%).Aproportionof13.9%declaredtheyknewthatdrinkingrawcamelmilkcouldcausediseasesand40.6%saidthattheywoulddrinkitifofferedduringthepilgrimage.GiventhatcamelmilkconsumptionintheMiddleEastisassociatedwithseveralzoonoticinfectionsinman,werecommendthatHajjpilgrimsbecautionedagainstconsumingunpasteurizeddairyproducts.

Gautret,P.,etal.(2013)."PreventivemeasuresagainstMERS-CoVforHajjpilgrims."LancetInfectDis13(10):829-831.

Gebremedhin,E.Z.,etal.(2016)."Toxoplasmosisincamels(Camelusdromedarius)ofBoranazone,Oromiaregion,Ethiopia:seroprevalenceandriskfactors."TropAnimHealthProd48(8):1599-1606.

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Toxoplasmosisisoneofthemostprevalentparasiticinfectionsofmedicalandveterinaryimportance.Across-sectionalstudywasconductedfromNovember2013toJanuary2014toestimatetheseroprevalenceofToxoplasmagondiiinfectionincamelsfromfourdistrictsofBoranazone,SouthernOromia,Ethiopia.Inaddition,aquestionnairesurveywasadministeredto124pastoraliststoidentifypossibleriskfactorsandtoassesstheawarenesslevelofpastoralcommunitiesabouttoxoplasmosis.Atotalof396serumsampleswereexaminedforanti-ToxoplasmaIgGantibodiesusingthedirectagglutinationtest(DAT).Fisher'sexacttestandlogisticregressionwereusedfordataanalysis.Anoverallseroprevalenceof8.33%(95%confidenceinterval[CI]5.60%,11.07%)atanimal-leveland37.5%(95%CI:20.1%,57.4%)atherd-levelwasfound.TheseroprevalencewassignificantlyhighinMoyaledistrict(23.07%)followedbyYabello(7.20%),Dirre(3.77%),andArero(0.0%)districts(P<0.001).MultivariablelogisticregressionanalysisrevealedthatthelikelihoodofacquiringT.gondiiinfectionwassignificantlyhigherincamelsofMoyaledistrict(adjustedOR=5.89,95%CI2.15,16.12;P=0.001)thanDirredistrict,incamelsof>8yearsold(adjustedoddsratio[OR]=4.95,95%CI1.68,14.55;P=0.004)thancamelsof</=4yearsold.Therewasnosignificantassociationbetweenherd-levelseroprevalenceofT.gondiiinfectionandabortionhistory,herdsize,andpresenceofdomesticcatsandwildfelids(P>0.05).Themajorityofintervieweeswereuneducated(82.25%),andallhadnoknowledgeoftoxoplasmosis.Allcamelherdersdrinkrawcamelmilkbutconsumecookedmeat(90.32%).Oftheinterviewees,93.06%areawareaboutsoil-eatinghabitofcamelsandprovidesaltsupplementfortheircamels.Majorityoftherespondentspracticeimproperdisposalofabortedmaterials(throwalongtheway)(88.70%),and73%ofthestudyparticipantsdonotwashtheirhandsafterhandlingabortedfetus.TheresultsofthepresentstudyconfirmrelativelylowerprevalenceofT.gondiiinfectionincamelsrearedinBoranazone.AgeandstudydistrictaresignificantpredictorsofT.gondiiseropositivity.Thevastmajoritiesofinterviewedpastoralistswereuneducatedandpracticepoorbiosecuritymeasurestopreventdiseases.EducationofpastoralistsaboutbiosecuritymeasurestopreventtoxoplasmosisandfurtherstudiesarewarrantedtounraveltheeconomicandpublichealthconsequencesofT.gondiiinfection.

Gebremedhin,E.Z.,etal.(2014)."FirstreportofToxoplasmagondiiincamels(Camelusdromedarius)inEthiopia:bioassayandseroepidemiologicalinvestigation."BMCVetRes10:222.

BACKGROUND:Toxoplasmosisisamajorpublichealthconcerninmanycountriesoftheworld.Across-sectionalandfollowupexperimentalstudydesignswereusedforseroepidemiologicalandbioassaystudies,respectivelyfromNovember2012toApril2013.TheobjectivesweretoestimatetheseroprevalenceofT.gondiiinfection,toassessriskfactorsandtoisolatetheparasitefromcamelsintheFentaledistrict,Ethiopia.Adirectagglutinationtest(DAT)andindirectenzymelinkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)kitswereusedtotestcamelsera.Heartsandtongues(each25g)from31seropositivecamelswerebioassayedinmice.Associationsbetweenseroprevalenceandpotentialriskfactors(collectedusingaquestionnairesurvey)wereanalyzedusinglogisticregression.RESULTS:AnoverallT.gondiiprevalenceof49.62%(220/455)byDATand40.49%(179/451)byindirectELISAtestweredetected.Herdlevelseroprevalenceof96.77%(30/31)(95%CI:83.30-99.92)byDATwasrecordedanditwassignificantlyhigherinareaswherewildfelidsarepresent(P=0.038).MultivariablelogisticregressionshowedthatthelikelihoodofacquiringT.gondiiinfectionwassignificantlyhigherincamelsintheIlalapastoralassociation[PA](82.26%)(AdjustedOddsratio[aOR]=10.8;P<0.001)thancamelsintheGalchaPA(31.43%),incamelsof>/=8yearsold(56.52%;aOR=1.88;P=0,033)thancamelsof</=4yearsold(34.26%)andinareaswheredomesticcatsarepresent(aOR=4.16;P=0.006).Allcamelownerswereuneducated,handleabortedfetuswithbarehands,anddrinkrawcamelmilk.DATandELISAtestshadmoderateagreement(Kappa=0.41).ViableT.gondiiwereisolatedfrom16.13%(5/31)

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ofDATpositivecamels.OneDATpositivebutELISAnegativecamelsamplegaveacystpositiveresult.CONCLUSIONS:T.gondiiinfectionofcamelsinthestudydistrictiswidespread.Age,presenceofdomesticcatsandstudyPAareindependentpredictorsofT.gondiiseropositivity.Isolationofviableparasitesfromedibletissuesofcamelsandtheverypoorknowledgeofpastoralistsabouttoxoplasmosissuggesttheneedforpreventionoftoxoplasmosisthroughbio-securitymeasures,educationandfurtherinvestigationtounraveltheimpactofcameltoxoplasmosisdeservesconsideration.

Gossner,C.,etal.(2016)."Human-DromedaryCamelInteractionsandtheRiskofAcquiringZoonoticMiddleEastRespiratorySyndromeCoronavirusInfection."ZoonosesPublicHealth63(1):1-9.

MiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirus(MERS-CoV)caseswithoutdocumentedcontactwithanotherhumanMERS-CoVcasemakeup61%(517/853)ofallreportedcases.Theseprimarycasesareofparticularinterestforunderstandingthesource(s)androute(s)oftransmissionandfordesigninglong-termdiseasecontrolmeasures.DromedarycamelsaretheonlyanimalspeciesforwhichthereisconvincingevidencethatitisahostspeciesforMERS-CoVandhenceapotentialsourceofhumaninfections.However,onlyasmallproportionoftheprimarycaseshavereportedcontactwithcamels.Otherpossiblesourcesandvehiclesofinfectionincludefood-bornetransmissionthroughconsumptionofunpasteurizedcamelmilkandrawmeat,medicinaluseofcamelurineandzoonotictransmissionfromotherspecies.Therearecriticalknowledgegapsaroundthisnewdiseasewhichcanonlybeclosedthroughtraditionalfieldepidemiologicalinvestigationsandstudiesdesignedtotesthypothesisregardingsourcesofinfectionandriskfactorsfordisease.Sincethe1960s,therehasbeenaradicalchangeindromedarycamelfarmingpracticesintheArabianPeninsulawithanintensificationoftheproductionandaconcentrationoftheproductionaroundcities.ItispossiblethattherecentintensificationofcamelherdingintheArabianPeninsulahasincreasedthevirus'reproductivenumberandattackrateincamelherdswhilethe'urbanization'ofcamelherdingincreasedthefrequencyofzoonotic'spillover'infectionsfromcamelstohumans.Itisreasonabletoassume,althoughdifficulttomeasure,thatthesensitivityofpublichealthsurveillancetodetectpreviouslyunknowndiseasesislowerinEastAfricathaninSaudiArabiaandthatsporadichumancasesmayhavegoneundetectedthere.

Goudah,A.,etal.(2008)."Concentration-timecoursesofpefloxacininplasmaandmilkoflactatingshe-camels(Camelusdromedarius)."BerlMunchTierarztlWochenschr121(11-12):432-439.

Usingthemicrobialinhibitiontest,thesingle-dosepharmacokineticsofpefloxacinmesylatedehydratewerestudiedinsixclinicallynormallactatingshe-camels(Camelusdromedarius)afterintravenous(IV)andintramuscular(IM)administrationof10mg/kgbodyweight(bwt).Bloodandmilksampleswerecollectedintermittentlyfora48hperiod,andthepharmacokineticvariableswerecalculatedusingcompartmentalandnon-compartmentalanalyticalmethods.Theplasmacourseofpefloxacinwasbestresolvedtoatwo-compartmentopenmodelafterIVadministrationandatwo-compartmentopenmodelwithfirst-orderabsorptionafterIMadministration.Pefloxacinexhibitsalongelimination-phasedispositionhalf-life(t1/2beta)of4.89+/-1.12hafterIVinjectionand5.73+/-1.42hafterIMadministration.Themeanvolumeofdistributionatsteadystate(Vdss)andtotalbodyclearance(Cl(tot))valuesafterIVdosingwere1.18+/-0.45I/kgand0.21+/-0.10I/kg/h,respectively.Theobservedpeakplasmalevel(Cmax)of3.6+/-0.1microg/mlwasrapidlyattainedat0.75h(thetimeofmaximumconcentrationTmax)afterIMadministration.Theareasundertheconcentrationversustimecurves(AUCs)were44.18+/-9.68microgxh/mland29.42+/-6.49microgxh/mlafterIVandIMadministration,respectively.Theabsolutebioavailability(F%)obtainedafterIMadministrationwas

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71.59+/-12.45%.Milkwaspenetratedquickly,withameanpeaklevelof3.24+/-0.17microg/mloccurringat1.0h.Theeliminationhalf-lifewassignificantlyshorterafterIVversusIMadministration(4.21+/-0.84hversus5.32+/-0.67h,respectively).Ultimately,pefloxacincouldbeusefulfortreatmentofudderinfectionsinshe-camelsafterspecificassessmentofsusceptiblemicroorganisms.

Guliye,A.Y.,etal.(2002)."Detectionofsubclinicalmastitisindromedarycamels(Camelusdromedarius)usingsomaticcellcountsandtheN-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidasetest."TropAnimHealthProd34(2):95-104.

Somaticcellcounts,N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAGase)activityandtheinfectionstatusoftheudderweredeterminedinquartermilksamples(n=86)from22multiparous,clinicallyhealthycamels,traditionallymanagedbyBedouinnomadsintheNegevdesert,Israel.Seventy(81.4%)ofthe86samplesexaminedcontainedbacteria,ofwhich35(40.7%)gavemixedisolationsoftwoormorebacteria,suggestingtheexistenceofsubclinicalmastitisinthecamelherdsstudied.Sixteensamples(18.6%)yieldednogrowthofbacteria.Staphylococcusaureus,Micrococcusspp.,Bacillusspp.,StreptococcusdysgalactiaeandEscherichiacoliwerethemainorganismsisolated.Thesomaticcellcount(SCC)rangedfrom1.01x105to11.78x106cells/ml.NAGasevalueswerebetween41.4and372NAGaseunits.Quartermilksamplesthatcontainedbacteriahadsignificantly(p<0.01)highermeanvaluesforSCCbutthemeanNAGaselevelswerenotsignificantlydifferentforthebacteriologicallynegativeandpositivesamples.Therewasalowcorrelationcoefficient(r2=0.097)betweentheSCCandNAGaseinthequartermilksamplesfromwhichbacteriawerenotisolated(n=16)andalownegativecorrelation(r2=-0.038)withthesamplesthatcontainedbacteria(n=70).Thetypeofbacteriahadasignificanteffect(p<0.01)ontheSCCbutnotontheNAGaseactivity.QuartersamplesfromwhichStaphylococcusaureus(coagulasepositive)wasisolatedshowedthehighestmeanSCCandthisorganismisthereforesuspectedtobetheunderlyingcauseofthesubclinicalmastitis.TheSCCgaveabetterindicationofthepresenceofpathogenicmicroorganismsinmilksamplesthandidNAGase.

Gustafsson,A.,etal.(2005)."Carbohydratephenotypingofhumanandanimalmilkglycoproteins."GlycoconjJ22(3):109-118.

Breast-milkhasawell-knownanti-microbialeffect,whichisinpartduetothemanydifferentcarbohydratestructuresexpressed.Thisrendersitapositionasapotentialtherapeuticfortreatmentofinfectionbydifferentpathogens,thusavoidingthedrawbacksofmanyantibiotics.Theplethoraofcarbohydrateepitopesinbreast-milkisknowntodifferbetweenspecies,withhumanmilkexpressingthemostcomplexone.Wehaveinvestigatedtheexpressionofprotein-boundcarbohydrateepitopesinmilkfromman,cow,goat,sheep,pig,horse,dromedaryandrabbit.ProteinswereseparatedbySDS-PAGEandthepresenceofcarbohydrateepitopesonmilkproteinswereanalysedbyWesternblottingusingdifferentlectinsandcarbohydrate-specificantibodies.WeshowthatABH,Lewis(Le)x,sialyl-Lex,Lea,sialyl-LeaandLebcarbohydrateepitopesareexpressedmainlyonman,pigandhorsemilkproteins.ThebloodgroupprecursorstructureHtype1isexpressedinallspeciesinvestigated,whileonlypig,dromedaryandrabbitmilkproteinscarryHtype2epitopes.TheseepitopesarereceptorsforHelicobacterpylori(Lebandsialyl-Lex),enteropathogenic(Htype1,LeaandLex)andenterotoxicEscherichiacoli(heat-stabletoxin;Htype1and2),andCampylobacterjejuni(Htype2).Thus,milkfromtheseanimalsortheirgeneticallymodifieddescendantscouldhaveatherapeuticeffectbyinhibitingpathogencolonizationandinfection.

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Gwida,M.,etal.(2012)."Brucellosisincamels."ResVetSci92(3):351-355.

CamelsarehighlysusceptibletobrucellosiscausedbyBrucellamelitensisandBrucellaabortus.Difficultiescanariseindiagnosisofcamelbrucellosis,especiallyasthisdiseaseprovokesonlyfewclinicalsignsincontrasttoitsclinicalcourseincattle.BecausenoneofthecommonlyusedserologicaltestcanbeperceivedasaperfecttestforBrucelladiagnosisincamelandmostserologicaltestsusedforcamelshavebeendirectlytransposedfromcattlewithoutadequatevalidation,anincorrectdiagnosismayoccurwhendiagnosisisbasedonserologyalone.Ofimminentconcernisthefactthatbrucellosiscanbeeasilytransmittedfromanimalsortheirproductstohumansmainlyviamilk.InmanydevelopingcountriesinthearidareasofAsiaandAfrica,camelsarestillthemostimportantproductivelivestockfornomadicpopulations.Therefore,wereviewedtheliteraturesoncamelbrucellosistohighlighttheepidemiologic,economicandpublichealthimpactofcamelbrucellosisasabasisfordesigningeffectivecontrolstrategies.

Gyuranecz,M.,etal.(2016)."GenotypingofBrucellamelitensisstrainsfromdromedarycamels(Camelusdromedarius)fromtheUnitedArabEmirateswithmultiple-locusvariable-numbertandemrepeatanalysis."VetMicrobiol186:8-12.

Camelbrucellosisisawidespreadzoonoticdiseaseincamel-rearingcountriescausedbyBrucellamelitensisandBrucellaabortus.TheaimofthisstudywasthefirstgeneticanalysisofB.melitensisstrainsisolatedfromdromedarycamels(Camelusdromedarius)usingmultiple-locusvariable-numbertandemrepeatanalysis(MLVA).MLVA16anditsMLVA8andMLVA11subsetswereusedtodeterminethegenotypesof15B.melitensisisolatesfromdromedarycamels(11strains)andotherhostspecies(4strains)fromtheUnitedArabEmiratesandtheresultswerethencomparedtoB.melitensisMLVAgenotypesfromotherpartsoftheworld.Five,includingtwonovelgenotypeswereidentifiedwithMLVA8.MLVA16furtherdiscriminatedthesefivegenotypestotenvariants.TheelevencamelisolatesclusteredintofourmaingeneticgroupswithintheEast-MediterraneanandAfricancladesandthisclusteringcorrelatedwiththegeographicoriginofthehosts(UnitedArabEmirates,KingdomofSaudiArabiaandSudan)andthedateoftheirisolation.Thecamelstrainswerealsogeneticallyrelatedtostrainsisolatedfromwildanddomesticruminantsfromtheirclosehabitatorfromotherpartsoftheworld.Althoughlimitednumberofstrainswereanalysed,basedonourdataimportedanimalsfromforeigncountries,localsmallruminantsandwildlifespeciesarehypothesizedtobethemainsourcesofcamelbrucellosisintheUnitedArabEmirates.MLVAwassuccessfullyappliedtodeterminetheepidemiologicallinksbetweenthedifferentcamelB.melitensisinfectionsintheUnitedArabEmiratesanditcanbeabeneficialtoolinfuturediseasecontrolprograms.

Habib,H.M.,etal.(2013)."CamelmilklactoferrinreducestheproliferationofcolorectalcancercellsandexertsantioxidantandDNAdamageinhibitoryactivities."FoodChem141(1):148-152.

Lactoferrin(Lf),themainiron-bindingproteinofmilk,hasbiologicalactivities.Wehaveevaluatedthepotentialofcamelmilklactoferrinforitsabilitytoinhibittheproliferationofthecoloncancercellline,HCT-116,invitro,DNAdamageanditsantioxidantactivitiesforthefirsttime.TheantioxidantcapacityofLfwasevaluatedbydifferentassays,includingferric-reducing/antioxidantpowerassay(FRAP),freeradical-scavengingactivity(DPPH),nitricoxide(NO)radical-scavengingassay,totalantioxidantactivityandDNAdamage,comparedwithvitaminCandrutin.

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Hasson,S.S.,etal.(2015)."InVitroApoptosisTriggeringintheBT-474HumanBreastCancerCellLinebyLyophilisedCamel'sMilk."AsianPacJCancerPrev16(15):6651-6661.

Breastcancerisaglobalhealthconcernandisamajorcauseofdeathamongwomen.InOman,itisthemostcommoncancerinwomen,withanincidencerateof15.6per100,000Omanifemales.Variousanticancerremedieshavebeendiscoveredfromnaturalproductsinthepastandthesearchiscontinuingforadditionalexamples.Cytotoxicnaturalcompoundsmayhaveamajorroleincancertherapyeitherinpotentiatingtheeffectofchemotherapyorreducingitsharmfuleffects.Recently,afewstudieshavereportedadvantagesofusingcrudecamelmilkintreatingsomeformsofcancer.However,noadequatedataareavailableonthelyophilisedcamel'smilkresponsibilityfortriggeringapoptosisandoxidativestressassociatedwithhumanbreastcancer.Thepresentstudyaimedtoaddresstheroleofthelyophilisedcamel'smilkininducingproliferationrepressionofBT-474andHEp-2cellscomparedwiththenon-cancerHCC1937BLcellline.Lyophilizedcamel'smilkfundamentallyrepressedBT-474cellsgrowthandproliferationthroughtheinitiationofeithertheintrinsicandextrinsicapoptoticpathwaysasindicatedbybothcaspase-3mRNAanditsactionlevel,andinductionofdeathreceptorsinBT-474butnottheHEp-2cellline.Inaddition,lyophilisedcamel'smilkenhancedtheexpressionofoxidativestressmarkers,heme-oxygenase-1andreactiveoxygenspeciesproductioninBT-474cells.Increaseincaspase-3mRNAlevelsbythelyophilisedcamel'smilkwascompletelypreventedbytheactinomycinD,atranscriptionalinhibitor.Thissuggeststhatlyophilizedcamel'smilkincreasednewlysynthesizedRNA.Interestingly,itsignificantly(p<0.003)repressedthegrowthofHEp-2cellsandBT-474cellsaftertreatmentfor72hourswhile24hourstreatmentrepressedBT-474cellsalone.Thisfindingsuggeststhatthelyophilisedcamel'smilkmightinstigateapoptosisthroughinitiationofanalternativeapoptoticpathway.

Hiepe,T.(1988)."Advancesincontrolofectoparasitesinlargeanimals."AngewParasitol29(4):201-210.

Incontinuationofapublicationon"Large-scalemanagementsystemsandparasitepopulations:ectoparasites"inVet.Parasitol.11(1982):61-68,advancesandpresentstateofthecontrolofectoparasitesinherdsofcattle,sheepandcamelsarediscussed.Anintensifiedanimalproductionnecessitatespermanentveterinarycontrolofthestatusofectoparasites.Strategically,controlisbasicallydirectedtowardsachievingthreeaims:eradication,reductionoflossesbymeansofdilutionofectoparasitesregulations,andtherapeuticmeasures.Inthelastfewyears,importantprogresshasbeenmadeineffectiveectoparasitescontrol,mainlyresultingfromthediscoveryofnewinsecticidesandacaricides,theimprovementoftheapplicationtechniquesandtherecentresultsinthebiologicalcontrolofarthropods;finally,animmunologicalapproachwillopennewalternativewaysofcontrol.Thecontrolofmangeanddemodicosisincattle;sarcopticmangeandsuckingliceinfestationsinpigs;mange,bitingliceinfestationsandnasalbotsinsheep;ectoparasiteinfestationsincamelsandtickinfestationsarethemaintopicsofthepaper.ThediscoveryofIvermectin,aderivateofStreptomycesavermitiliswhichisnowalreadyfullyintegratedintothespectrumofantiparasiticdrugs,createdanewgenerationofbroadspectruminsecticides/acaricides.Currentproblemsofthechemicalcontrolofarthropods,liketheriskofresiduesinmeat,milkandtheirproducts,theinsecticideresistanceandthepossibleenvironmentpollutionarecriticallyoutlined.Butontheotherhand,itcanbepredictedhypotheticallythattheamountofpestcontrolmeasuresinfarmanimalswillincreaseinthenearfuturetoeliminatearthropodsascausesofskindiseasesandofdamagestohidesentailingnegativeeffectsonleatherprocessingandasvectorsofimportantinfectionagents.Finally,theproposalissubmittedtoelaborateinternationalcontrolprogrammesagainstectoparasitespeciesofglobalimportance.

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Jans,C.,etal.(2013)."ComparativegenomeanalysisofStreptococcusinfantariussubsp.infantariusCJ18,anAfricanfermentedcamelmilkisolatewithadaptationstodairyenvironment."BMCGenomics14:200.

BACKGROUND:Streptococcusinfantariussubsp.infantarius(Sii)belongstotheStreptococcusbovis/Streptococcusequinuscomplexassociatedwithseveralhumanandanimalinfections.SiiisapredominantbacteriuminspontaneouslyfermentedmilkproductsinAfrica.ThegenomesequenceofSiistrainCJ18wascomparedwiththatofotherStreptococcusspeciestoidentifydairyadaptationsincludinggenomedecaysuchasinStreptococcusthermophilus,traitsforitscompetitivenessinspontaneousmilkfermentationandtoassesspotentialhealthrisksforconsumers.RESULTS:ThegenomeofSiiCJ18harborsseveraluniqueregionsincomparisontoSiiATCCBAA-102T,amongothersanenlargedexo-andcapsularpolysaccharideoperon;Streptococcusthermophilus-associatedgenes;aregioncontainingmetabolicandhypotheticalgenesmostlyuniquetoCJ18andthedairyisolateStreptococcusgallolyticussubsp.macedonicus;andasecondoligopeptidetransportoperon.DairyadaptationsinCJ18arereflectedbyahighpercentageofpseudogenes(4.9%)representinggenomedecaywhichincludestheinactivationofthelactosephosphotransferasesystem(lacIIABC)bymultipletransposasesintegration.ThepresenceoflacSandlacZgenesisthemajordairyadaptationaffectinglactosemetabolismpathwaysalsoduetothedisruptionoflacIIABC.WeconstructedmutantstrainsoflacS,lacZandlacIIABCandanalyzedtheresultingstrainsofCJ18toconfirmtheredirectionoflactosemetabolismviaLacSandLacZ.NaturalcompetencegenesareconservedinbothSiistrains,butCJ18containsalowernumberofCRISPRspacerswhichindicatesareduceddefensecapabilityagainstalienDNA.NoclassicalstreptococcalvirulencefactorsweredetectedinbothSiistrainsapartfromthoseinvolvedinadhesionwhichshouldbeconsiderednichefactors.Sii-specificvirulencefactorsarenotdescribed.SeveralSii-specificregionsencodinguncharacterizedproteinsprovidenewleadsforvirulenceanalysesandinvestigationoftheunclearassociationofdairyandclinicalSiiwithhumandiseases.CONCLUSIONS:ThegenomeoftheAfricandairyisolateSiiCJ18clearlydiffersfromthehumanisolateATCCBAA-102T.CJ18possessesahighnaturalcompetencepredispositionlikelyexplainingtheenlargedgenome.MetabolicadaptationstothedairyenvironmentareevidentandespeciallylactoseuptakecorrespondstoS.thermophilus.GenomedecayisnotasadvancedasinS.thermophilus(10-19%)possiblyduetoashorterhistoryindairyfermentations.

Jans,C.,etal.(2012)."NovelStreptococcusinfantariussubsp.infantariusvariantsharboringlactosemetabolismgeneshomologoustoStreptococcusthermophilus."FoodMicrobiol31(1):33-42.

Streptococcusinfantariussubsp.infantariusbelongstotheStreptococcusbovis/Streptococcusequinuscomplex(SBSEC)commonlyassociatedwithhumanandanimalinfections.WeelucidatedthelactosemetabolismofS.infantariussubsp.infantariuspredominantinAfricanfermentedmilkproducts.S.infantariussubsp.infantariusisolates(n=192)wereidentifiedin88%ofspontaneouslyfermentedcamelmilksuusacsamples(n=24)fromKenyaandSomaliaatlog(1)(0)8.2-8.5CFUmL(-)(1).AfricanS.infantariusisolatesexcretedstoichiometricamountsofgalactosewhengrownonlactose,exhibitingametabolismsimilartoStreptococcusthermophilusanddistinctfromtheirtypestrain.AfricanS.infantariussubsp.infantariusCJ18harborsaregulargaloperonwith99.7-100%sequenceidentitytoS.infantariussubsp.infantariusATCCBAA-102(T)andagal-lacoperonwith91.7-97.6%sequenceidentitytoS.thermophilus,absentinallsequencedSBSECstrainsanalyzed.TheexpressionandfunctionalityoflacZwasdemonstratedinabeta-galactosidaseassay.Thegal-lacoperonwasidentifiedin100%ofinvestigatedS.infantariusisolates(n=46)fromsuusacsamplesandconfirmedinMalianfermentedcowmilkisolates.TheAfricanS.infantariusvariantpotentiallyevolvedthroughhorizontalgenetransferofan

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S.thermophilus-homologouslactosepathway.SafetyassessmentsareneededtoidentifyanyputativehealthrisksofthisnovelS.infantariusvariant.

Jans,C.,etal.(2013)."PrevalenceandcomparisonofStreptococcusinfantariussubsp.infantariusandStreptococcusgallolyticussubsp.macedonicusinrawandfermenteddairyproductsfromEastandWestAfrica."IntJFoodMicrobiol167(2):186-195.

Streptococcusinfantariussubsp.infantarius(Sii)andStreptococcusgallolyticussubsp.macedonicusaremembersoftheStreptococcusbovis/Streptococcusequinuscomplex(SBSEC)associatedwithhumaninfections.SBSEC-relatedendocarditiswasfurthermoreassociatedwithruralresidencyinSouthernEurope.SBSECmembersareincreasinglyisolatedaspredominantspeciesfromfermenteddairyproductsinEurope,AsiaandAfrica.AfricanvariantsofSiidisplayeddairyadaptationstolactosemetabolismparallelingthoseofStreptococcusthermophilusincludinggenomedecay.Inthisstudy,theaimwastoassesstheprevalenceofSiiandpossiblyotherSBSECmembersindairyproductsofEastandWestAfricainordertoidentifytheirhabitat,estimatetheirimportanceindairyfermentationprocessesanddeterminegeographicareasaffectedbythispotentialhealthrisk.PresumptiveSBSECmemberswereisolatedonsemi-selectiveM17andSMagarmedia.Subsequentgenotypicidentificationofisolateswasbasedonrep-PCRfingerprintingandSBSEC-specific16SrRNAgenePCRassay.DetailedidentificationwasachievedthroughapplicationofnovelprimersenhancingthebindingstringencyinpartialgroES/groELgeneamplificationandsubsequentDNAsequencing.ThepresenceofS.thermophilus-likelacSandlacZgenesintheSBSECisolateswasdeterminedtoelucidatetheprevalenceofthisdairyadaptation.Isolates(n=754)wereobtainedfrom72rawand95fermentedmilksamplesfromCoted'IvoireandKenyaonsemi-selectiveagarmedia.ColoniesofSiiwerenotdetectedfromrawmilkdespitehighmicrobialtitersofapproximately10(6)CFU/mLonM17agarmedium.However,afterspontaneousmilkfermentationSiiwasgenotypicallyidentifiedin94.1%ofKenyansamplesand60.8%ofKenyanisolates.SiiprevalenceinCoted'Ivoiredisplayedseasonalvariationsinsamplesfrom32.3%(June)to40.0%(Dec/Jan)andisolatesfrom20.5%(June)to27.7%(Dec/Jan)presentattitersof10(6)-10(8)CFU/mL.lacSandlacZgenesweredetectedinallKenyanand25.8%(June)to65.4%(Dec/Jan)ofIvorianSiiisolates.RegionaldifferencesinprevalenceofSiianddairyadaptationswereobserved,butnocleareffectofdairyanimal,fermentationprocedureandclimatewasrevealed.Conclusively,thehighprevalenceofSiiinKenya,Coted'IvoireinadditiontoSomalia,SudanandMalistronglyindicatesapivotalroleofSiiintraditionalAfricandairyfermentationspotentiallyparallelingthatoftypicalwesterndairyspeciesS.thermophilus.PutativehealthrisksassociatedwiththeconsumptionofhighamountsofliveSiiandpotentialdifferentdegreesofevolutionaryadaptationorecologicalcolonizationrequirefurtherepidemiologicandgenomicinvestigations,particularlyinAfrica.

Jezek,Z.,etal.(1983)."Camelpoxanditsrisktothehumanpopulation."JHygEpidemiolMicrobiolImmunol27(1):29-42.

Camelpoxismainlyofeconomicimportanceduetoitsrelativelyhighmortality,lossofconditionandfallinmilkproductionandweightofaffectedcamels.Clinically,twodistincttypescanbedistinguished:thesevere,generalizedform,whichappearedmorefrequentlyamongyounganimalsandthemilder,localizedformencounteredmoreofteninoldercamels.Ahigherincidenceofillnessandatwicehighercasefatalityratewereobservedamongmalecamels.Deathsoccurredin30%oftheobservedoutbreakswiththehighestcasefatalityinasingleoutbreakbeing28%.Electronmicroscopywasfoundtobethemostreliabletestfordetectionofpoxvirusesinskinspecimenstakenfromdiseasedanimals.Fromthe465camelherdsmenhandlingaffectedcamels,themajorityofwhomwere

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unvaccinatedagainstsmallpox,onlyafewdevelopedskineruptions.Allskinspecimenstakenfromthemremainednegativeforpoxviruses.From335specimenstakenfromskinlesionsofpersonswhomightcomeintodirectorindirectcontactwithdiseasedanimals,nonewasfoundtobepositiveforpoxviruses.Fromanestimated20000personsatrisk,onlyonereportofapossiblecaseofhumancamelpox,whichremainedlaboratoryunconfirmed,wasreceived.Afewthousandcamelherdsmenandtheirfamilymembers,interviewedinobservedenzooticareas,stronglybelievedthatcamelpoxisnottransmissibletoman.Althoughtherehavebeenreportsinpreviousliteraturethatmancanbeinfectedthroughhandlingaffectedcamels,experienceduringthesmallpoxeradicationcampaigninSomaliain1978-1979suggeststhathumancamelpoxveryrarely,ifever,occurs.

Kanwar,J.R.,etal.(2015)."Multifunctionalironboundlactoferrinandnanomedicinalapproachestoenhanceitsbioactivefunctions."Molecules20(6):9703-9731.

Lactoferrin(Lf),aniron-bindingproteinfromthetransferrinfamilyhasbeenreportedtohavenumerousfunctions.EventhoughLfwasfirstisolatedfrommilk,itisalsofoundinmostexocrinesecretionsandinthesecondarygranulesofneutrophils.Antimicrobialandanti-inflammatoryactivityreportsonlactoferrinidentifieditssignificanceinhostdefenseagainstinfectionandextremeinflammation.Anticarcinogenicreportsonlactoferrinmakethisproteinevenmorevaluable.Thisreviewisfocusedonthestructuralconfigurationofiron-containingandiron-freeformsoflactoferrinobtainedfromdifferentsourcessuchasgoat,camelandbovine.Apartforemphasizingonthespecificbeneficialpropertiesoflactoferrinfromeachofthesesources,thegeneralantimicrobial,immunomodulatoryandanticanceractivitiesoflactoferrinarediscussedhere.Implementationofnanomedicinialstrategiesthatenhancethebioactivefunctionoflactoferrinarealsodiscussed,alongwithinformationonlactoferrininclinicaltrials.

Katz,Y.,etal.(2008)."Cross-sensitizationbetweenmilkproteins:reactivitytoa"kosher"epitope?"IsrMedAssocJ10(1):85-88.

BACKGROUND:ImmunoglobulinE-mediatedallergytocow'smilkproteinrepresentsamajorproblemforinfantswhoarenotbreastfed.Asearchforsubstitutemilksrevealedacross-allergenicitytomilkderivedfromgoatandsheepbutnottomilkfromamare.Wenotedthatthecow,goatandsheepspeciesarebothartiodactylsandruminants,definingthemaskosheranimals,incontrasttothemare.OBJECTIVES:TodeterminewhetherpatientswithIgE-mediatedcow'smilkallergyarecross-sensitizedtomilkfromotherspeciessuchasthedeer,ibex,buffalo,pigandcamel.METHODS:PatientswithaclinicalhistoryconsistentwithIgE-mediatedcow'smilkproteinallergyweretestedbyskin-pricktesttovalidatethediagnosis.Theywerethenevaluatedbyskin-pricktestforcross-sensitizationtomilk-derivedproteinsfromotherspecies.RESULTS:Allpatientsallergictocow'smilktestedpositivebyskin-pricktestforcross-reactivitytodeer,Ibexandbuffalo(n=24,P=0).Incontrast,only5ofthe24patients(20.83%)testedpositivetopigmilkandonly2of8(25%)tocamel'smilk.Cross-sensitizationtosoymilkwasnotedin4of23patients(17.39%),althoughtheyalltoleratedoralingestionofsoy-containingfoods.CONCLUSIONS:Asignificantcross-sensitizationtomilkproteinsderivedfromkosheranimalsexistsinpatientsallergictocow'smilkprotein,butfarlesssocomparedtothemilkproteinsfromnon-kosheranimalstested.PatientswithprovenIgE-mediatedallergytocow'smilkcanutilizetheabovefindingstopredictsuitablealternativesourcesofmilk.

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Khujneri,R.andM.M.Qureshi(1998)."RoleofMRIinthediagnosisofcervicalbrucellarspondylitis:casereport."EastAfrMedJ75(11):671-672.

Magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)isthemostsuitablemodalityforevaluationofinfectiousspondylitis.Itismoresensitivethanotherimagingmodalitiesfordetectingpresenceandextentofsuchinfections.Thoughitisnotalwayspossibletodifferentiatevariousinfectionsonthebasisofimagingfindingsalone,therearecertainfeatureswhichalongwithagoodclinicalbackground,candifferentiatebrucellarspondylitisfromotherspinalinfections.Itisusefultofollowupsuchpatientsafterspecificchemotherapytofurtherconfirmthediagnosis.

Koning,N.,etal.(2015)."HumanMilkBlocksDC-SIGN-PathogenInteractionviaMUC1."FrontImmunol6:112.

Beneficialeffectsofbreastfeedingarewell-recognizedandincludebothimmediateneonatalprotectionagainstpathogensandlong-termprotectionagainstallergiesandautoimmunediseases.Althoughseveralproteinshavebeenidentifiedtohaveanti-viraloranti-bacterialeffectslikesecretoryIgAorlactoferrin,themechanismsofimmunemodulationarenotfullyunderstood.Recentstudiesidentifiedimportantbeneficialeffectsofglycansinhumanmilk,suchasthoseexpressedinoligosaccharidesoronglycoproteins.GlycansarerecognizedbythecarbohydratereceptorsC-typelectinsondendriticcell(DC)andspecifictissuemacrophages,whichexertimportantfunctionsinimmunemodulationandimmunehomeostasis.Awell-characterizedC-typelectinisdendriticcell-specificintercellularadhesionmolecule-3-grabbingnon-integrin(DC-SIGN),whichbindsterminalfucose.Thepresentstudyshowsthatinhumanmilk,MUC1isthemajormilkglycoproteinthatbindstothelectindomainofDC-SIGNandpreventspathogeninteractionthroughthepresenceofLewisx-typeoligosaccharides.Surprisingly,thiswasspecificforhumanmilk,asformula,bovineorcamelmilkdidnotshowanypresenceofproteinsthatinteractedwithDC-SIGN.TheexpressionofDC-SIGNisfoundinyounginfantsalongtheentiregastrointestinaltract.OurdatathussuggesttheimportanceofhumanmilkglycoproteinsforblockingpathogeninteractiontoDCinyoungchildren.Moreover,apotentialbenefitofhumanmilklaterinlifeinshapingtheinfantsimmunesystemthroughDC-SIGNcannotberuledout.

Korashy,H.M.,etal.(2012)."Camelmilkmodulatestheexpressionofarylhydrocarbonreceptor-regulatedgenes,Cyp1a1,Nqo1,andGsta1,inmurinehepatomaHepa1c1c7cells."JBiomedBiotechnol2012:782642.

ThereisatraditionalbeliefintheMiddleEastthatcamelmilkmayaidinpreventionandtreatmentofnumerouscasesofcanceryet,theexactmechanismwasnotinvestigated.Therefore,weexaminedtheabilityofcamelmilktomodulatetheexpressionofawell-knowncancer-activatinggene,CytochromeP4501a1(Cyp1a1),andcancer-protectivegenes,NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase1(Nqo1)andglutathioneS-transferasea1(Gsta1),inmurinehepatomaHepa1c1c7cellline.OurresultsshowedthatcamelmilksignificantlyinhibitedtheinductionofCyp1a1geneexpressionby2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD),themostpotentCyp1a1inducerandknowncarcinogenicchemical,atmRNA,protein,andactivitylevelsinaconcentration-dependentmanner.Inaddition,camelmilksignificantlydecreasedthexenobioticresponsiveelement(XRE)-dependentluciferaseactivity,suggestingatranscriptionalmechanismisinvolved.Furthermore,thisinhibitoryeffectofcamelmilkwasassociatedwithaproportionalincreaseinhemeoxygenase1.Ontheotherhand,camelmilksignificantlyinducedNqo1andGsta1mRNAexpressionlevelinaconcentration-dependentfashion.TheRNAsynthesisinhibitor,actinomycinD,completelyblockedtheinductionofNqo1mRNAbycamelmilk

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suggestingtherequirementofdenovoRNAsynthesisthroughatranscriptionalmechanism.Inconclusion,camelmilkmodulatestheexpressionofCyp1a1,Nqo1,andGsta1atthetranscriptionalandposttranscriptionallevels.

Korashy,H.M.,etal.(2012)."CamelmilktriggersapoptoticsignalingpathwaysinhumanhepatomaHepG2andbreastcancerMCF7celllinesthroughtranscriptionalmechanism."JBiomedBiotechnol2012:593195.

Fewpublishedstudieshavereportedtheuseofcrudecamelmilkinthetreatmentofstomachinfections,tuberculosisandcancer.Yet,littleresearchwasconductedontheeffectofcamelmilkontheapoptosisandoxidativestressassociatedwithhumancancer.Thepresentstudyinvestigatedtheeffectandtheunderlyingmechanismsofcamelmilkontheproliferationofhumancancercellsusinganinvitromodelofhumanhepatoma(HepG2)andhumanbreast(MCF7)cancercells.Ourresultsshowedthatcamelmilk,butnotbovinemilk,significantlyinhibitedHepG2andMCF7cellsproliferationthroughtheactivationofcaspase-3mRNAandactivitylevels,andtheinductionofdeathreceptorsinbothcelllines.Inaddition,Camelmilkenhancedtheexpressionofoxidativestressmarkers,hemeoxygenase-1andreactiveoxygenspeciesproductioninbothcells.Mechanistically,theincreaseincaspase-3mRNAlevelsbycamelmilkwascompletelyblockedbythetranscriptionalinhibitor,actinomycinD;implyingthatcamelmilkincreaseddenovoRNAsynthesis.Furthermore,Inhibitionofthemitogenactivatedproteinkinasesdifferentiallymodulatedthecamelmilk-inducedcaspase-3mRNAlevels.Takentogether,camelmilkinhibitedHepG2andMCF7cellssurvivalandproliferationthroughtheactivationofboththeextrinsicandintrinsicapoptoticpathways.

Korish,A.A.(2014)."Theantidiabeticactionofcamelmilkinexperimentaltype2diabetesmellitus:anoverviewonthechangesinincretinhormones,insulinresistance,andinflammatorycytokines."HormMetabRes46(6):404-411.

Folkmedicinestoriesaccreditedtheaptitudeofcamelmilk(CMK)asahypoglycemicagentandrecentstudieshaveconfirmedthisinthediabeticpatientsandexperimentalanimals.However,themechanism(s)bywhichCMKinfluencesglucosehomeostasisisyetunclear.Thecurrentstudyinvestigatedthechangesintheglucosehomeostaticparameters,theincretinhormones,andtheinflammatorycytokinesintheCMK-treateddiabeticanimals.Amodeloftype2diabetesmellituswasinducedinratsbyintraperitonealinjectionofstreptozotocin40mg/kg/dayfor4repeateddoses.Camelmilktreatmentwasadministeredfor8weeks.Thechangesinglucagonlikepeptide-1(GLP-1),glucosedependentinsulinotropicpeptide(GIP),glucosetolerance,fastingandglucose-stimulatedinsulinsecretion,insulinresistance(IR),TNF-alpha,TGF-beta1,lipidprofile,atherogenicindex(AI),andbodyweightwereinvestigated.Theuntreateddiabeticanimalsshowedhyperglycemia,increasedHOMA-IR,hyperlipidemia,elevatedAI,highserumincretins[GLP-1andGIP],TNF-alpha,andTGF-beta1levelsandweightlossascomparedwiththecontrolgroup.Camelmilktreatmenttothediabeticanimalsresultedinsignificantloweredfastingglucoselevel,hypolipidemia,decreasedHOMA-IR,recoveryofinsulinsecretion,weightgain,andnomortalityduringthestudy.Additionally,CMKinhibitsthediabetes-inducedelevationinincretinhormones,TNF-alphaandTGF-beta1levels.Theincreaseinglucose-stimulatedinsulinsecretion,decreasedHOMA-IR,modulationofthesecretionand/ortheactionofincretins,andtheanti-inflammatoryeffectareanticipatedmechanismstotheantidiabeticeffectofCMKandsuggestitasavaluableadjuvantantidiabetictherapy.

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Korish,A.A.,etal.(2015)."Camelmilkattenuatesthebiochemicalandmorphologicalfeaturesofdiabeticnephropathy:inhibitionofSmad1andcollagentypeIVsynthesis."ChemBiolInteract229:100-108.

Diabeticnephropathy(DN)isacommonmicrovascularcomplicationofdiabetesmellitus(DM)thatworsensitsmorbidityandmortality.Thereisevidencethatcamelmilk(CM)improvestheglycemiccontrolinDMbutitseffectontherenalcomplicationsespeciallytheDNremainsunclear.ThusthecurrentstudyaimedtocharacterizetheeffectsofCMtreatmentonstreptozotocin(STZ)-inducedDN.UsingSTZ-induceddiabetes,weinvestigatedtheeffectofCMtreatmentonkidneyfunction,proteinuria,renalSmad1,collagentypeIV(Col4),bloodglucose,insulinresistance(IR),lipidperoxidation,theantioxidantsuperoxidedismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)andglutathione(GSH).Inadditionrenalmorphologywasalsoexamined.Thecurrentresultsshowedthatratswithuntreateddiabetesexhibitedmarkedhyperglycemia,IR,highserumureaandcreatininelevels,excessiveproteinuria,increasedrenalSmad1andCol4,glomerularexpansion,andextracellularmatrixdeposition.Therewasalsoincreasedlipidperoxidationproducts,decreasedantioxidantenzymeactivityandGSHlevels.Camelmilktreatmentdecreasedbloodglucose,IR,andlipidperoxidation.SuperoxidedismutaseandCATexpression,CATactivity,andGSHlevelswereincreased.TherenoprotectiveeffectsofCMweredemonstratedbythedecreasedserumureaandcreatinine,proteinuria,Smad1,Col4,andpreservednormaltubulo-glomerularmorphology.Inconclusion,besideitshypoglycemicaction,CMattenuatestheearlychangesofDN,decreasedrenalSmad1andCol4.Thiscouldbeattributedtoaprimaryactionontheglomerularmesangialcells,orsecondarilytothehypoglycemicandantioxidanteffectsofCM.TheprotectiveeffectsofCMagainstDNsupportitsuseasanadjuvantanti-diabetestherapy.

Krupenko,S.S.,etal.(1973)."[Lactotherapyforpoxincamels]."Veterinariia7:51-52.

Lee,G.H.,etal.(2016)."ChronicInfectionWithCamelidHepatitisEVirusinaLiverTransplantRecipientWhoRegularlyConsumesCamelMeatandMilk."Gastroenterology150(2):355-357e353.

Therehavebeenincreasingreportsoffood-bornezoonotictransmissionofhepatitisEvirus(HEV)genotype3,whichcauseschronicinfectionsinimmunosuppressedpatients.WeperformedphylogeneticanalysesoftheHEVsequence(partialandfull-length)from1patientfromtheMiddleEastwhounderwentlivertransplantation,andcompareditwithotherorthohepevirusAsequences.WefoundthepatienttobeinfectedbycamelidHEV.Thispatientregularlyconsumedcamelmeatandmilk,thereforecamelidHEV,whichisgenotype7,mightinfecthumanbeings.Ourfindinglinksconsumptionofcamel-derivedfoodproductstopost-transplantationhepatitisE,which,ifdetectedatearlystages,canbecuredwithantiviraltherapyandreducedadministrationofimmunosuppressiveagents.

Liao,Y.,etal.(2010)."miR-214regulateslactoferrinexpressionandpro-apoptoticfunctioninmammaryepithelialcells."JNutr140(9):1552-1556.

Lactoferrin(Lf)isanabundantlyexpressedproteininhumanmilk.Lactoferrinexhibitsseveralimportantbiologicalfunctions,anditsexpressionisregulatedbymultipleenvironmentalfactors.Cellularendogenousfactors,however,havenotbeenextensivelystudiedwithregardtolactoferringeneexpression.Inthisstudy,weshowedthatlactoferringeneexpressionandfunctionaredirectlytargetedbymiR-214inHC11andMCF7cells.InthelactoferrinmRNA3primeuntranslatedregion(UTR)ofhuman,mouse,rat,pig,bovine,camel,andgoatspecies,thereisaconservedregionthatperfectlymatchestheseedregionofmiR-214.TransfectionofmiR-214mimicinHEK293cellsdose-dependently

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inhibitedtheactivityofpGL3-controlvectorcontaininglactoferrinmRNA3primeUTRdownstreamoftheluciferasegene.InHC11cells,miR-214overexpressioninhibitedtheinductionoflactoferrinexpressionbybeta-estradiol(E2)anddexamethasone-prolactin-insulin(DPI).Furthermore,inMCF7cells,overexpressionofmiR-214markedlydecreasedlactoferrinexpression(Plt0.05),andinhibitionofendogenousmiR-214expressionincreasedlactoferrinexpressionandcellularapoptoticactivities(Plt0.05).Insummary,ourdatashowedthatmiR-214isdirectlyinvolvedinlactoferrinexpressionandlactoferrinmediatedcancersusceptibility(proapoptoticactivities)inmammaryepithelialcells.

Liao,Y.,etal.(2012)."Inhibitoryeffectsofnativeandrecombinantfull-lengthcamellactoferrinanditsNandClobesonhepatitisCvirusinfectionofHuh7.5cells."JMedMicrobiol61(Pt3):375-383.

LactoferrinhasbeensuggestedtohaveantiviralactivityagainsthepatitisCvirus(HCV).Theobjectiveofthisstudywastocomparetheeffectsofrecombinantcamellactoferrin(rcLf),nativecamellactoferrin(ncLf)andtheirNandCfragmentsonHCVinfectioninHuh7.5cells.ncLfwaspurifiedfromcamelmilkandNandClobesweregeneratedproteolytically.rcLfanditsfragmentsweresynthesizedusingaBac-to-Bacbaculovirusexpressionsystem.AllproteinsexcepttheClobeofrcLfweresoluble.TheinhibitoryeffectsonHCVentryintoHuh7.5cellswereevaluatedbyincubationofHCVwithLfpriortoinfectionorpre-treatmentofthecellswithLfpriortoinfection.TheinhibitoryeffectonHCVamplificationinHuh7.5cellswasdeterminedbyLftreatmentofHCV-infectedcells.NestedRT-PCRwasperformedtoamplifyintracellularHCV5'non-codingRNAsequences.rcLfandncLfandtheirfragmentscouldpreventHCVentryintoHuh7.5cellsbydirectinteractionwiththevirusandinhibitedvirusamplificationinHuh7.5cells.Therefore,theNandClobesofncLfaresufficienttoelicitanti-HCVeffectsinHuh7.5cells.rcLfanditsNlobedisplayedsimilarHCVinhibitoryeffectstotheirnativecounterpartsandmayconstituteanefficientandcost-effectiveapproachforpotentialclinicalapplications.

Liu,Y.,etal.(2016)."RabiesOutbreaksandVaccinationinDomesticCamelsandCattleinNorthwestChina."PLoSNeglTropDis10(9):e0004890.

Incontrasttomanycountrieswhererabieshasbeenwellcontrolledinhumansandlivestock,eveninwildlife,rabiesisstillendemicinalmostregionsofChina.InNorthwestChina,rabiestransmittedbystraydogsandwildfoxeshascausedheavyeconomiclossestolocalherdsmen,aswellascausingnumbersofhumancases.Inthisstudy,aspartofaninvestigationofwaystopreventrabiesepidemicsinlivestock,wereportananalysisofdomesticcattleandcamelrabiescasesinNingxiaHui(NHAR)andInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion(IMAR)andtheimmuneefficacyofcanineinactivatedrabiesvaccinesintheseanimals.Wefoundthatrabiesvirusesfromtheseanimalsarecloselyrelatedtodog-hostedChinaIandfox-associatedChinaIIIlineages,respectively,indicatingthattheinfectionsoriginatedfromtwodifferentsources(dogsandwildfoxes).AswellasthepreviouslyreportedArcticandArctic-relatedChinaIVlineageinIMAR,atleastthreeseparatephylogeneticgroupsofrabiesvirusconsistentlyexistandspreadthroughoutNorthwestChina.Sincethereisnolicensedoralvaccineforwildfoxesandnoinactivatedvaccineforlargelivestock,localcanineinactivatedvaccineproductswereusedforemergencyimmunizationofbeefandmilkcattleandbactrian(two-humped)camelsinlocalfarms.Comparedwithasingleinjectionwithone(low-efficacy)orthreedoses(high-cost),asingleinjectionofadoubledoseofcaninevaccineprovidedlow-priceandconvenienceforlocalveterinarianswhileinducinglevelsofvirusneutralizingantibodiesindicativeofprotectionagainstrabiesforatleast1yearinthecattleandcamels.However,licensedvaccinesforwildlifeandlargedomesticanimalsarestillneededinChina.

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Maghraby,A.S.,etal.(2005)."Anti-schistosomalactivityofcolostralandmaturecamelmilkonSchistosomamansoniinfectedmice."AsiaPacJClinNutr14(4):432-438.

Theaimofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatetheanti-schistosomalactivityofcolostralandmaturecamelmilkonSchistosomamansoniinfectedmice.Sixweekspostinfection,meanpercentageofprotectionwasdetectedthroughthehepaticportalvein.Glutathione-s-transferase(GST),alanine,aspartatetransaminase(ALTandAST)andimmunoglobulinG(IgG)levelsweredetectedinseraoftreatedmicebeforeandafterinfection.AntischistosomalactivityofcolostralandmaturecamelmilkonSchistosomamansoniinfectedmicewere12.81%and31.60%respectively.TheresultsshowedthatGSTlevelsinseraofmicefedoncolostralandmaturecamelmilkwereincreasedwithmeanvaluesof0.070,0.108,0.128and0.120incolostralmilkgroupsand0.072,0.085,0.166and0.20inmaturecamelmilkgroupscomparedwiththemicefedonbasaldietwithmeansvaluesof0.070,0.085,0.078and0.069beforeinfectionandaftertwo,fourandsixweeksofinfection,respectively.Ontheotherhand,therewereslightdifferencesonALTandASTactivities.Micetreatedwithcolostralandmaturemilk(200microl/day)showedanimmunostimulatoryeffectbyinducingIgGtitersagainstsolublewormantigenpreparation(SWAP)comparedwithcontrol.Nevertheless,thedifferencewasnotconsideredsignificant(0.31+/-0.1)forcolostrum(0.34+/-0.1)andformaturemilk,ascomparedtonormalcontrol(0.2+/-0.04).Two,fourandsixweekspostinfection,IgGlevelshowednosignificantchangeinserafrommicetreatedwithcolostralandmaturemilkascomparedtocontrol.Inconclusion,colostralandmaturecamelmilkshowedanimmuno-modualatoryeffectinnormalhealthymicebyinducingIgGandGSTlevelsbeforeandafterinfectionwithSchistosomamansoni.Colostralandmaturecamelmilkhaveaprotectiveresponseagainstschistosomiasis.

Malik,A.,etal.(2012)."Astudyoftheanti-diabeticagentsofcamelmilk."IntJMolMed30(3):585-592.

Thenumberofpeoplediagnosedwithtype2diabeteshasrisensteeplyrecentlyexhaustingtheabilityofhealthcaresystemstodealwiththeepidemic.Seventy-fivepercentofpeoplewithdiabetesliveinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.ThelargestpopulationsofdiabeticsareinChinaandIndia,withmanyofthosepeoplelivinginextremepoverty.Combinedforcesofgovernmentalhealthcare,charitiesanddonationofpharmaceuticalcompanieswouldnotbeabletocopewiththefinancialdemandsneededformedicamentsandtreatmentsforthesepeople.Therefore,itisworthlookingintotraditionalfolkremediestofindifthereisanyscientificmerittojustifytheirclaimsforalleviatingsymptomsofdiabetes.ThereisatraditionalbeliefintheMiddleEastthatregularconsumptionofcamelmilkhelpsinthepreventionandcontrolofdiabetes.Recently,ithasbeenreportedthatcamelmilkcanhavesuchproperties.Literaturereviewsuggeststhefollowingpossibilities:i)insulinincamelmilkpossessesspecialpropertiesthatmakesabsorptionintocirculationeasierthaninsulinfromothersourcesorcauseresistancetoproteolysis;ii)camelinsulinisencapsulatedinnanoparticles(lipidvesicles)thatmakepossibleitspassagethroughthestomachandentryintothecirculation;iii)someotherelementsofcamelmilkmakeitanti-diabetic.Sequenceofcamelinsulinanditspredicteddigestionpatterndonotsuggestdifferentiabilitytoovercomethemucosalbarriersbeforebeendegradedandreachingthebloodstream.However,wecannotexcludethepossibilitythatinsulinincamelmilkispresentinnanoparticlescapableoftransportingthishormoneintothebloodstream.Although,muchmoreprobableisthatcamelmilkcontains'insulin-like'smallmoleculesubstancesthatmimicinsulininteractionwithitsreceptor.

Manaer,T.,etal.(2015)."Anti-diabeticeffectsofshubatintype2diabeticratsinducedbycombinationofhigh-glucose-fatdietandlow-dosestreptozotocin."JEthnopharmacol169:269-274.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICALRELEVANCE:Shubat,probioticfermentedcamelmilk,hasbeenusedbothasadrinkwithethnicflavorandamedicineamongKazakhpopulationfordiabeticpatients.Kazakhpeoplehavelowerdiabeticprevalenceandimpairedfastingglucose(IFG)thandootherethnicgroupslivinginXinjiangChina,whichmightberelatedtothebeneficialpropertiesofshubat.Wethereforepreparedshubatinlaboratoryandtestedanti-diabeticactivityandevaluateditspossiblehypolipidemicandrenoprotectiveeffectsintype2diabeticrats.MATERIALSANDMETHODS:Type2diabeticratswereinducedbyanadministrationofhigh-glucose-fatdietfor6weeksandanintraperitonealinjectionofstreptozotocin(STZ,30mg/kg).Diabeticratsweredividedrandomlyintofourgroupsandtreatedfor28dayswithsitagliptin(30mg/kg)orshubat(6.97x10(6)lacticacidbacteria+2.20x10(4)yeasts)CFU/mL,(6.97x10(7)lacticacidbacteria+2.20x10(5)yeasts)CFU/mLand(6.97x10(8)lacticacidbacteria+2.20x10(6)yeasts)CFU/mL.Inaddition,anormalcontrolgroupandadiabeticcontrolgroupwereusedforcomparison.Alldrugsweregivenorallyoncedaily10mL/kgfor4weeks.Fastingbloodglucose(FBG)andbodyweight(BW)weremeasuredbeforetreatmentandeveryweekthereafter.Totalcholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),low-densitylipoproteincholesterol(LDL-c),highdensitylipoproteincholesterol(HDL-c),serumcreatinine(SCr),bloodureanitrogen(BUN),C-peptide,glycatedhemoglobin(HbAlc),glucagon-likepeptide-1(GLP-1)levelsandpancreastissuesectionsweretestedafter4weeks.RESULTS:ShubatdemonstratedpositivehypoglycemicactivityonFBG,HbAlc,C-peptideandGLP-1levels,highdoseshubatdecreasedFBG(P<0.01)andHbAlc(P<0.05),increasedC-peptide(P<0.05)andGLP-1(P<0.01),decreasedserumTC,TG,LDL-c(P<0.05),increasedHDL-c(P<0.01),andimprovedthereductionofbodyweightaswellasdecreasedSCrandBUNlevels(P<0.01)comparedtodiabeticcontrols.Histologicalanalysisshowedshubatprotectedthefunctionofisletsoftype2diabeticrats.CONCLUSION:TheresultsofthisstudyindicatethatshubathassignificanthypoglycemicpotentialinT2Dratsandmaymodulatelipidmetabolismandprotectrenalfunctioninthetype2diabeticcondition,whichmightberelatedtovariousprobioticsactingthroughpromotingthereleaseofGLP-1andimprovingthefunctionofbeta-cells.

Maswadeh,H.M.,etal.(2015)."Etoposideincorporatedintocamelmilkphospholipidsliposomesshowsincreasedactivityagainstfibrosarcomainamousemodel."BiomedResInt2015:743051.

Phospholipidswereisolatedfromcamelmilkandidentifiedbyusinghighperformanceliquidchromatographyandgaschromatography-massspectrometry(GC/MS).Anticancerdrugetoposide(ETP)wasentrappedinliposomes,preparedfromcamelmilkphospholipids,todetermineitsactivityagainstfibrosarcomainamurinemodel.Fibrosarcomawasinducedinmicebyinjectingbenzopyrene(BAP)andtumor-bearingmiceweretreatedwithvariousformulationsofetoposide,includingetoposideentrappedcamelmilkphospholipidsliposomes(ETP-Cam-liposomes)andetoposide-loadedDPPC-liposomes(ETP-DPPC-liposomes).Thetumor-bearingmicetreatedwithETP-Cam-liposomesshowedslowprogressionoftumorsandincreasedsurvivalcomparedtofreeETPorETP-DPPC-liposomes.TheseresultssuggestthatETP-Cam-liposomesmayprovetobeabetterdrugdeliverysystemforanticancerdrugs.

Maswadeh,H.M.,etal.(2015)."Coadministrationofdoxorubicinandetoposideloadedincamelmilkphospholipidsliposomesshowedincreasedantitumoractivityinamurinemodel."IntJNanomedicine10:2847-2855.

Smallunilamellarvesiclesfromcamelmilkphospholipids(CML)mixtureorfrom1,2dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine(DPPC)wereprepared,andanticancerdrugsdoxorubicin(Dox)oretoposide(ETP)wereloaded.Liposomalformulationswereusedagainstfibrosarcomainamurine

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model.ResultsshowedaveryhighpercentageofDoxencapsulation(~98%)inliposomes(Lip)preparedfromCML-LiporDPPC-Lip,whereasthepercentageofencapsulationsofETPwasonthelowerside,22%ofCML-Lipand18%forDPPC-Lip.DifferentialscanningcalorimetrycurvesshowthatDoxenhancesthelamellarformationinCML-Lip,whereasETPenhancesthenonlamellarformation.DifferentialscanningcalorimetrycurvesalsoshowedthatthepresenceofDoxandETPtogetherintoDPPC-Lipproducedtheinterdigitationeffect.TheinvivoanticanceractivityofliposomalformulationsofDoxorETPoracombinationofbothwasassessedagainstbenzopyrene(BAP)-inducedfibrosarcomainamurinemodel.Tumor-bearingmicetreatedwithacombinationofDoxandETPloadedintoCML-Lipshowedincreasedsurvivalandreducedtumorgrowthcomparedtoothergroups,includingthecombinationofDoxandETPinDPPC-Lip.Fibrosarcoma-bearingmicetreatedwithacombinationoffree(Dox+ETP)showedmuchhighertumorgrowthcomparedtothosegroupstreatedwithCML-Lip-(Dox+ETP)orDPPC-Lip-(Dox+ETP).Immunohistochemicalstudywasalsoperformedtoshowtheexpressionoftumor-suppressorPTEN,anditwasfoundthatthetumortissuesfromthegroupofmicetreatedwithacombinationoffree(Dox+ETP)showedgreaterlossofcytoplasmicPTENthantumortissuesobtainedfromthegroupsofmicetreatedwithCML-Lip-(Dox+ETP)orDPPC-Lip-(Dox+ETP).

McKnight,R.A.,etal.(1992)."Thewheyacidicprotein."CancerTreatRes61:399-412.

Meena,S.,etal.(2016)."Camelmilkameliorateshyperglycaemiaandoxidativedamageintype-1diabeticexperimentalrats."JDairyRes83(3):412-419.

Thisstudywasdesignedtoassessanti-diabeticpotentialofgoat,camel,cowandbuffalomilkinstreptozotocin(STZ)inducedtype1diabeticalbinowistarrats.Atotalof48ratsweretakenforthestudywhereonegroupwaskeptasnon-diabeticcontrolgroup(8rats)whileothers(40rats)weremadediabeticbySTZ(50mg/kgofbodyweight)injection.Amongdiabeticrats,acontrolgroup(8rats)waskeptandreferredasdiabeticcontrolwhereasotherfourgroups(8ratseach)ofdiabeticratswerefedon50mlofgoatorcamelorcoworbuffalomilkfor4weeks.Alltherats(non-diabeticanddiabetic)weremaintainedonstandarddietforfourweeks.STZadministrationresultedinenhancementofglucose,totalcholesterol,triglyceride,lowdensitylipoprotein,HbA1candreductioninhighdensitylipoproteininplasmaandloweringofantioxidativeenzymes(catalase,glutathioneperoxidaseandsuperoxidedismutase)activitiesinpancreas,kidney,liverandRBCs,coupledwithenhancedlevelsofTBARSandproteincarbonylsinpancreas,kidney,liverandplasma.OGTTcarriedoutattheendof4weekmilkfeedingindicatedthatallmilkshelpedinearlymaintenanceofglucoselevel.Allmilksreducedatherogenicindex.Incamelmilkfeddiabeticgroup,insulinconcentrationenhancedtolevelnotedfornon-diabeticcontrolwhilegoat,cowandbuffalomilkfailedtorestoreinsulinlevel.HbA1clevelwasalsorestoredonlyincamelmilkfeddiabeticgroup.Thelevelofantioxidativeenzymes(catalase,GPxandSOD)inpancreasenhancedinallmilkfedgroups.CamelmilkandtoareasonableextentgoatmilkreducedformationofTBARSandPCsintissuesandblood.Itcanbeconcludedthatcamelmilkameliorateshyperglycaemiaandoxidativedamageintype-1diabeticexperimentalrats.Further,onlycamelmilkcompletelyamelioratedoxidativedamageinpancreasandnormalisedinsulinlevel.

Mihic,T.,etal.(2016)."TheTherapeuticEffectsofCamelMilk:ASystematicReviewofAnimalandHumanTrials."JEvidBasedComplementaryAlternMed21(4):NP110-126.

Theclinicaleffectivenessandvalueofcamelmilkasatherapeuticagentiscurrentlyunclear.MEDLINE(1946toMarch2016),EMBASE(1974toMarch2016),andGoogleScholarweresearched

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usingthefollowingterms:milk,bodilysecretions,camels,camelus,camelini,camelidae,dromedary,bactriancamel,bodyfluid,andbodilysecretions.Articlesidentifiedwerereviewedifthestudywasinvestigatingtheuseofcamelmilkforthepotentialtreatmentofdiseasesaffectinghumans.Of430studies,24wereincludedafterassessment.Identifiedstudieshighlightedtreatmentwithcamelmilkofdiseases,includingdiabetes,autism,cancer,variousinfections,heavymetaltoxicity,colitis,andalcohol-inducedtoxicity.Althoughmoststudiesusingboththehumanandanimalmodeldoshowaclinicalbenefitwithaninterventionandcamelmilk,limitationsofthesestudiesmustbetakenintoconsiderationbeforewidespreaduse.Basedontheevidence,camelmilkshouldnotreplacestandardtherapiesforanyindicationinhumans.

Mohamad,R.H.,etal.(2009)."Camelmilkasanadjuvanttherapyforthetreatmentoftype1diabetes:verificationofatraditionalethnomedicalpractice."JMedFood12(2):461-465.

ThereisatraditionalbeliefintheMiddleEastthatregularconsumptionofcamelmilkmayaidinpreventionandcontrolofdiabetes.Theaimofthisworkwastoevaluatetheefficacyofcamelmilkasanadjuvanttherapyinyoungtype1diabetics.This16-weekrandomizedstudyenrolled54type1diabeticpatients(averageage20years)selectedfromthoseattendingtheoutpatientdiabetesclinicoftheMenofiaUniversityHospital,affiliatedwithEgypt'sNationalCancerInstitute.Subjectswererandomlydividedintotwogroupsof27patients:onereceivedusualmanagement(diet,exercise,andinsulin),whereastheotherreceived500mLofcamelmilkdailyinadditiontostandardmanagement.Acontrolgroupof10healthysubjectswasalsoassessed.Thefollowingparameterswereevaluatedatbaselineandat4and16weeks:hemoglobinA1c(HbA1c),humanC-peptide,lipidprofile,seruminsulin,anti-insulinantibodies,creatinineclearance,albuminin24-hoururine,bodymassindex,andDiabetesQualityofLifescore.Thefollowingparametersweresignificantlydifferentbetweentheusual-managementgroupversusthecamelmilkgroupafter16weeks:fastingbloodsugar(227.2+/-17.7vs.98.9+/-16.2mg/dL),HbA1c(9.59+/-2.05[%]vs.7.16+/-1.84[%]),serumanti-insulinantibodies(26.20+/-7.69vs.20.92+/-5.45microU/mL),urinaryalbuminexcretion(25.17+/-5.43vs.14.54+/-5.62mg/dL/24hours),dailyinsulindose(48.1+/-6.95vs.23+/-4.05units),andbodymassindex(18.43+/-3.59vs.24.3+/-2.95kg/m(2)).Mostnotably,C-peptidelevelsweremarkedlyhigherinthecamelmilkgroup(0.28+/-0.6vs.2.30+/-0.51pmol/mL).Theseresultssuggestthat,asanadjuncttostandardmanagement,dailyingestionofcamelmilkcanaidmetaboliccontrolinyoungtype1diabetics,atleastinpartbyboostingendogenousinsulinsecretion.

Mohamed,W.A.,etal.(2015)."CamelMilk:PotentialUtilityasanAdjunctiveTherapytoPeg-IFN/RBVinHCV-4InfectedPatientsinEgypt."NutrCancer67(8):1305-1313.

Thepresentprospectivestudyaimstoinvestigatethepotentialtherapeuticeffectandtheunderlyingmechanismsofdrinkingcamelmilkfor60daysasanadjunctivetherapytothestandardtreatmentPEG/RBV.Twenty-fivehepatitisCvirus(HCV)-infectedEgyptianpatients,withmildtomoderateparenchymalaffectiontomildcirrhosiswereenrolledinthisstudyafterproperhistorytakingandclinicalexamination.Theirbiomarkerswereevaluatedbeforeandaftertheadditionofcamelmilk.Theimprovingeffectofcamelmilkwasreflectedonthemarkedinhibitionoftheserumlevelsoftheproinflammatorymarkers,viz.,tumornecrosisfactor-alpha,monocytechemotacticprotein-1,hyaluronicacid,andTGF-beta1,besidesPCR,AST,ALT,GGT,bilirubin,prothrombintime,INR,andalpha-fetoprotein.Inaddition,camelmilkelevatedsignificantly(P<0.001)theserumlevelsofalbumin,theantiapoptoticproteinBCL-2,thetotalantioxidantcapacity,interleukin-10,andvitaminD.Inconclusion,ourstudyrevealedaregulatoryfunctionofcamelmilkonmultipleparametersofinflammatory

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mediators,immunomodulators,antiapoptosis,andantioxidants,givinginsightintothepotentialtherapeuticbenefitunderlyingtheanti-HCVactionsofcamelmilk.Thelimitationsofthecurrentstudyincludethesmallsamplesizerecruitedandthefailuretotestitoncohortswithseverestagesofhepatitis;likeChild-PughstageC,andhepatocellularcarcinoma.

Mohammed,H.O.,etal.(2015)."RiskofEscherichiacoliO157:H7,Non-O157ShigaToxin-ProducingEscherichiacoli,andCampylobacterspp.inFoodAnimalsandTheirProductsinQatar."JFoodProt78(10):1812-1818.

EscherichiacoliO157:H7,non-O157E.coli,andCampylobacterspp.areamongthetop-rankedpathogensthatthreatenthesafetyoffoodsupplysystemsaroundtheworld.Theassociatedrisksandpredisposingfactorswereinvestigatedinadynamicanimalpopulationusingarepeat-cross-sectionalstudydesign.Animalandenvironmentalsampleswerecollectedfromdairyandcamelfarms,chickenprocessingplants,andabattoirsandanalyzedforthepresenceofthesepathogensusingacombinationofbacterialenrichmentandreal-timePCRtestswithoutcultureconfirmation.Dataonputativeriskfactorswerealsocollectedandanalyzed.E.coliO157:H7wasdetectedbyPCRathigherlevelsinsheepandcamelfecesthanincattlefeces(oddsratios[OR],6.8and21.1,respectively).AlthoughthegenesindicatingE.coliO157:H7weredetectedatarelativelyhigherrate(4.3%)infecalsamplesfromdairycattle,theywerelesscommoninmilkandudderswabsfromthesameanimals(1and2%,respectively).Amongthefoodadulterants,E.coliO103wasmorecommonincattlefecalsamples,whereasO26wasmorecommoninsheepfecesandO45incamelfecescomparedwithcattle(OR,2.6and3.1,respectively).TheoccurrenceofE.coliinthetargetedpopulationsdifferedbythetypeofsampleandseasonoftheyear.CampylobacterjejuniandCampylobactercoliweremorecommoninsheepandcamelfecesthanincattlefeces.MostofthesurveyandsurveillanceofE.colifocusedonserogroupO157asapotentialfoodbornehazard;however,basedonthePCRresults,non-O157Shigatoxin-producingE.coliserotypesappearedtobemorecommon,andeffortsshouldbemadetoincludetheminfoodsafetyprograms.

Mohanty,D.P.,etal.(2016)."Milkderivedbioactivepeptidesandtheirimpactonhumanhealth-Areview."SaudiJBiolSci23(5):577-583.

Milk-derivedbioactivepeptideshavebeenidentifiedaspotentialingredientsofhealth-promotingfunctionalfoods.Thesebioactivepeptidesaretargetedatdiet-relatedchronicdiseasesespeciallythenon-communicablediseasesviz.,obesity,cardiovasculardiseasesanddiabetes.Peptidesderivedfromthemilkofcow,goat,sheep,buffaloandcamelexertmultifunctionalproperties,includinganti-microbial,immunemodulatory,anti-oxidant,inhibitoryeffectonenzymes,anti-thrombotic,andantagonisticactivitiesagainstvarioustoxicagents.Majorityofthoseregulateimmunological,gastrointestinal,hormonalandneurologicalresponses,therebyplayingavitalroleinthepreventionofcancer,osteoporosis,hypertensionandotherdisordersasdiscussedinthisreview.Forthecommercialproductionofsuchnovelbioactivepeptideslargescaletechnologiesbasedonmembraneseparationandionexchangechromatographymethodshavebeendeveloped.Separationandidentificationofthosepeptidesandtheirpharmacodynamicparametersarenecessarytotransfertheirpotentfunctionalpropertiesintofoodapplications.Thepresentreviewsummarizesthepreliminaryclassesofbioactivemilk-derivedpeptidesalongwiththeirphysiologicalfunctions,generalcharacteristicsandpotentialapplicationsinhealth-care.

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Monecke,S.,etal.(2011)."Microarray-basedgenotypingofStaphylococcusaureusisolatesfromcamels."VetMicrobiol150(3-4):309-314.

Staphylococcusaureusisacommoncauseofmastitisandotherdiseasesincamels.Inordertoobtaindataonpopulationstructureaswellasonthecarriageoftoxingenesandresistancemarkers,acollectionof45isolatesfromdromedariesofDubai,UnitedArabEmirates,weregenotyped.TheseisolatesbelongedtoclonalcomplexesCC6(twentyisolates;44.44%),CC30(sixteenisolates;35.56%),CC188(fiveisolates;11.11%),CC152(1isolate,2.2%)andtoapreviouslyun-describedsequencetype(ST1755:arcc-18,aroe-115,glpf-6,gmk-2pta-109,tpi-50andyqil-2;threeisolates;6.67%).Resistancegenesprovedtoberare.Onlythreeoutof45isolates(6.67%)carriedthebeta-lactamaseoperon.ThetetracyclineresistancegenetetKwasalsodetectedinthreeisolates(6.67%).NeitherthemecAgene,definingMRSA,norotherresistancegeneswerefound.CommonvirulencemarkersincludedleukocidingeneslukD+lukE(intwenty-fiveisolates;55.56%),thestaphylokinasegenesak(twenty-twoisolates;48.89%),theenterotoxingeneclusteregc(fifteenisolates;33.33%),andadistinctvariantoftheenterotoxinAgene(sea-320E,GenBankAY196686.1;thirteenisolates;28.89%).OneCC152isolatewaspositiveforgenesencodingthePanton-Valentineleukocidin(lukF-PV+lukS-PV).ThisstudyprovidesfirstgenotypingdataonthepopulationstructureandthepresenceoftoxingenesandresistancemarkersofS.aureusstrainsinMiddleEasterncamels.

Murray,M.J.,etal.(1980)."Anecologicalinterdependenceofdietanddisease?Astudyofinfectioninonetribeconsumingtwodifferentdiets."AmJClinNutr33(3):697-701.

ThenatureandincidenceofinfectionswerestudiedintwogroupsofTurkanalivinginthesameareabuteatingdifferentdiets;oneconsumedmilkonlyandtheotheracombinationoffishandmilk.Theonlyapparentandsignificantnutritionaldifferencebetweenthetwogroupswasmildirondeficiencyinthemilkdrinkers.Episodesoffever,symptomaticinfectionwithmalariaandbrucellosis,molluscumcontagiosumandcommonwarts,episodesofdiarrhea,andserologicalevidenceofinfectionwithEntamoebahistolyticaweresignificantlyincreasedinTurkanaeatingfish.Wesuggestthatthisphenomenonmayresultfromadisruptionofalong-standingecologicalcompromisebetweentheall-milkdietoftheTurkanaandthepathogenicorganisms.

Musa,M.T.,etal.(2008)."Brucellosisincamels(Camelusdromedarius)inDarfur,WesternSudan."JCompPathol138(2-3):151-155.

Inafieldoutbreakofbrucellosisin21camelsmixedwithcattle,sheepandgoats,fivecamels,threeofwhichshowedclinicalsigns,wereserologicallypositive.Inasubsequentabattoirsurveyofapparentlyhealthycamels,sixanimalswereseropositive,albeitwithtitresthattendedtobelowerthanthosefoundinthefieldoutbreak.Ofthesixseropositiveslaughteredcamels,fivewereshowntohavelymphnodes(prescapularandsupramammary)infectedwithbrucellae(Brucellamelitensisbiovar3,twocamels;Brucellaabortusbiovar6,threecamels).InfectionofcamelswithB.abortusbiovar6hadnotpreviouslybeenreported.Infectionofthesupramammarylymphnodespresentsapotentialhazardtothosewhoconsumerawcamels'milk,acommonpracticeinnomadiccamelowners.

Omrani,A.S.,etal.(2015)."MiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirus(MERS-CoV):animaltohumaninteraction."PathogGlobHealth109(8):354-362.

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TheMiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirus(MERS-CoV)isanovelenzooticbetacoronavirusthatwasfirstdescribedinSeptember2012.TheclinicalspectrumofMERS-CoVinfectioninhumansrangesfromanasymptomaticormildrespiratoryillnesstoseverepneumoniaandmulti-organfailure;overallmortalityisaround35.7%.BatsharbourseveralbetacoronavirusesthatarecloselyrelatedtoMERS-CoVbutmoreresearchisneededtoestablishtherelationshipbetweenbatsandMERS-CoV.TheseroprevalenceofMERS-CoVantibodiesisveryhighindromedarycamelsinEasternAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula.MERS-CoVRNAandviablevirushavebeenisolatedfromdromedarycamels,includingsomewithrespiratorysymptoms.Furthermore,near-identicalstrainsofMERS-CoVhavebeenisolatedfromepidemiologicallylinkedhumansandcamels,confirminginter-transmission,mostprobablyfromcamelstohumans.Thoughinter-humanspreadwithinhealthcaresettingsisresponsibleforthemajorityofreportedMERS-CoVcases,thevirusisincapableatpresentofcausingsustainedhuman-to-humantransmission.Clusterscanbereadilycontrolledwithimplementationofappropriateinfectioncontrolprocedures.PhylogeneticandsequencingdatastronglysuggestthatMERS-CoVoriginatedfrombatancestorsafterundergoingarecombinationeventinthespikeprotein,possiblyindromedarycamelsinAfrica,beforeitsexportationtotheArabianPeninsulaalongthecameltradingroutes.MERS-CoVserosurveysareneededtoinvestigatepossibleunrecognizedhumaninfectionsinAfrica.AmongsttheimportantmeasurestocontrolMERS-CoVspreadarestrictregulationofcamelmovement,regularherdscreeningandisolationofinfectedcamels,useofpersonalprotectiveequipmentbycamelhandlersandenforcingrulesbanningallconsumptionofunpasteurizedcamelmilkandurine.

Osman,K.M.,etal.(2014)."ConfirmedlowprevalenceofListeriamastitisinshe-camelmilkdeliversasafe,alternativemilkforhumanconsumption."ActaTrop130:1-6.

She-camelmilkisanalternativesolutionforpeopleallergictomilk;unfortunately,potentialharmfulbacteriahavenotbeentestedinshe-camelmilk.Listeriamonocytogenesisoneharmfulbacteriumthatcausesadversehealtheffectsifchronicallyoracutelyingestedbyhumans.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoestimatetheprevalence,characterizethephenotypic,geneticcharacterization,virulencefactors,andantibiopotentialharmfulbacteriaresistanceprofileofListeriaisolatedfromthemilkofshe-camel.Uddermilksampleswerecollectedfrom100she-camelsandscreenedformastitisusingtheCaliforniamastitistest(46healthyfemalecamels,24subclinicalmastiticanimalsand30clinicalmastiticanimals).SampleswerethenexaminedforthepresenceofpathogenicListeriaspp;iflocated,theisolationofListeriawascompletedusingtheInternationalOrganizationforStandardstechniquetotestforpathogenicity.TheisolatesweresubjectedtoPCRassayforvirulence-associatedgenes.Listeriaspp.wereisolatedfrom4%ofsamplesandonly1.0%wasconfirmedasL.monocytogenes.TheresultsofthisstudyprovideevidenceforthelowprevalenceofintramammaryListeriainfection;additionally,thisstudyconcludesshe-camelmilkinhealthycamelsmilkedandharvestedinproperhygienicconditionsmaybeusedasalternativemilkforhumanconsumption.

Osoro,E.M.,etal.(2015)."StrongAssociationBetweenHumanandAnimalBrucellaSeropositivityinaLinkedStudyinKenya,2012-2013."AmJTropMedHyg93(2):224-231.

BrucellosisisacommonbacterialzoonoticinfectionbutdataontheprevalenceamonghumansandanimalsislimitedinKenya.Across-sectionalsurveywasconductedinthreecountiespracticingdifferentlivestockproductionsystemstosimultaneouslyassesstheseroprevalenceof,andriskfactorsforbrucellosisamonghumansandtheirlivestock(cattle,sheep,camels,andgoats).Atwo-stageclustersamplingmethodwithrandomselectionofsublocationsandhouseholdswasconducted.Bloodsamples

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werecollectedfromhumansandanimalsandtestedforBrucellaimmunoglobulinG(IgG)antibodies.Humanandanimalindividualseroprevalencewas16%and8%,respectively.Householdandherdseroprevalencerangedfrom5%to73%and6%to68%,respectively.Therewasa6-foldoddsofhumanseropositivityinhouseholdswithaseropositiveanimalcomparedwiththosewithout.Riskfactorsforhumanseropositivityincludedregularingestionofrawmilk(adjustedoddsratio[aOR]=3.5,95%confidenceinterval[CI]=2.8-4.4),exposuretogoats(herding,milking,andfeeding)(aOR=3.1,95%CI=2.5-3.8),andhandlingofanimalhides(aOR=1.8,95%CI=1.5-2.2).Attainingatleasthighschooleducationandabovewasaprotectivefactorforhumanseropositivity(aOR=0.3,95%CI=0.3-0.4).Thislinkedstudyprovidesevidenceofastrongassociationbetweenhumanandanimalseropositivityatthehouseholdlevel.

Radwan,A.I.,etal.(1995)."ControlofBrucellamelitensisinfectioninalargecamelherdinSaudiArabiausingantibiotherapyandvaccinationwithRev.1vaccine."RevSciTech14(3):719-732.

TheauthorsdescribeanattempttocontrolBrucellamelitensisinfectioninalargecamelherdinSaudiArabia.Serafromtheentireherd(2,536)wereexaminedbytheRoseBengalandstandardUnitedStatesofAmericabufferedplateagglutinationtests.TheoverallBrucellaseroprevalencewas8%.Milksamplesfromthe120seropositivemilkingcamelswereculturedonBrucella-selectivemedia.B.melitensisbiovars1,2and3wereisolatedfrom41camels(34%).Seropositivecamels(202)weretreatedforthefirsttimewithacombinationoflong-actingoxytetracycline(OTC)atadoseof25mg/kgadministeredintramuscularly(i.m.)every2daysfor30daysandstreptomycinat25mg/kgi.m.every2daysfor16days.Inaddition,milkingcamelsweregivenOTC-intramammaryinfusionatarateof10ml/teatevery2daysfor8days.ThisregimenwasfoundtobeeffectiveineliminatingthesheddingofBrucellaorganismsbycamels,withnorelapse.Moreover,alltreatedcamelsbecameseronegativewithin16monthsaftertreatment.Seronegativecamels(2,331)werevaccinatedforthefirsttimewiththeB.melitensisRev.1strainvaccine,asfollows:a)175youngcamels(agedthreemonthstooneyear)wereeachinoculatedsubcutaneouslywithafulldose(1-2x10(9)viableorganismsin1ml).Brucellaantibodytitresbetween1:50and1:200weredetected2-4weekspost-vaccination.Brucellaantibodiesdecreasedgraduallyuntiltheanimalsbecameseronegative8monthsaftervaccination.b)2,156camelsagedmorethanoneyearwereeachinoculatedsubcutaneouslywithareduceddose(1-2x10(6)viableorganismsin1ml).Antibodytitresmeasured2-4weekspost-vaccinationvariedfrom1:25to1:200.Thetitresdecreasedgradually,untiltheanimalsbecameseronegative3monthspost-vaccination.NoBrucellaorganismswererecoveredfromrepeateduddersecretionsamplesfromallvaccinatedmilkingcamels,andnoabortionswererecordedamongpregnantvaccinatedcamels.

Radwan,A.I.,etal.(1992)."SerologicalandbacteriologicalstudyofbrucellosisincamelsincentralSaudiArabia."RevSciTech11(3):837-844.

Serafrom2,630apparentlynormaladultcamels(Camelusdromedarius)raisedincentralSaudiArabia(RiyadhandAl-Kharjcities)wereexaminedserologicallybytheRoseBengalandstandardUnitedStatesofAmericaBrucellaplateagglutinationtests.Theoverallseroprevalenceofbrucellosisintherestrictedpopulationsoftestedcamelswas8%.Theseroprevalenceofbrucellosisamongcamelsraisedinsmallnumbersinthebackyardsof24housesinRiyadhandthoseintensivelyraisedononelargecamelfarmnearAl-Kharjwere4.3%and8.6%respectively.Freshmilksamplesfrom100brucellosisseropositivecamelsfromRiyadhandAl-KharjwereculturedonBrucella-selectivemedia.Brucellamelitensisbiovars1and2wereisolatedandidentifiedfrom26camels.Epidemiologically,brucellosisin

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camelsincentralSaudiArabiaappearedtobeconnectedwithB.melitensisinfectionofsheepandgoats,andalsorepresentsaseriouspublichealthrisk.

Rahbarizadeh,F.,etal.(2005)."Theproductionandcharacterizationofnovelheavy-chainantibodiesagainstthetandemrepeatregionofMUC1mucin."ImmunolInvest34(4):431-452.

Camelidaeareknowntoproduceimmunoglobulins(Igs)devoidoflightchainsandconstantheavy-chaindomains(CH1).Antigen-specificfragmentsoftheseheavy-chainIgGs(VHH)areofgreatinterestinbiotechnologyapplications.Thispaperdescribesthefirstexampleofsuccessfullyraisedheavy-chainantibodiesinCamelusdromedarius(single-humpedcamel)andCamelusbactrianus(two-humpedcamel)againstaMUC1relatedpeptidethatisfoundtobeanimportantepitopeexpressedincanceroustissue.CamelswereimmunizedagainstasyntheticpeptidecorrespondingtothetandemrepeatregionofMUC1mucinandcanceroustissuepreparationobtainedfrompatientssufferingfrombreastcarcinoma.ThreeIgGsubclasseswithdifferentbindingpropertiestoproteinAandGwerepurifiedbyaffinitychromatography.Bothconventionalandheavy-chainIgGantibodieswereproducedinresponsetoMUC1-relatedpeptide.TheelicitedantibodiescouldreactspecificallywiththetandemrepeatregionofMUC1mucininanenzymelinkedimmunosorbantassay(ELISA).Anti-peptideantibodieswerepurifiedafterpassingantiserumovertwoaffinitychromatographycolumns.UsingELISA,immunocytochemistryandWesternblotting,theinteractionofpurifiedantibodieswithdifferentantigenswasevaluated.Theantibodieswereobservedtobeselectivelyboundtoantigensnamely:MUC1peptide(tandemrepeatregion),humanmilkfatglobulemembrane(HMFG),deglycosylatedhumanmilkfatglobulemembrane(D-HMFG),homogenizedcancerousbreasttissueandanativeMUC1purifiedfromasciticfluid.KavaluesofspecificpolyclonalantipeptideantibodieswereestimatedinC.dromedariusandC.bactrianus,as7x10(10)M(-1)and1.4x10(10)M(-1)respectively.

Rahbarizadeh,F.,etal.(2004)."Productionofnovelrecombinantsingle-domainantibodiesagainsttandemrepeatregionofMUC1mucin."HybridHybridomics23(3):151-159.

Recently,theexistenceof"heavy-chain"antibodyinCamelidaehasbeendescribed.However,asyetthereisnodataonthebindingofthistypeofantibodytopeptides.Inaddition,therewasnotanyreportofproductionofsingle-domainantibodiesintwo-humpedcamels(Camelusbactrianus).Inthepresentstudy,thesequestionsareaddressed.Weshowedthefeasibilityofimmunizingoldworldcamels,cloningtherepertoireofthevariabledomainoftheirheavy-chainantibodies,panningandselection,leadingtothesuccessfulidentificationofminimum-sizedantigenbinders.Antigen-specificfragmentsoftheheavy-chainIgGs(V(HH))areofgreatinterestinbiotechnologybecausetheyareverystable,highlysoluble,andreactspecificallyandwithhighaffinitytotheantigens.Inthisstudy,weimmunizedtwocamels(CamelusdromedariusandCamelusbactrianus)withhomogenizedcanceroustissues,syntheticpeptide,andhumanmilkfatglobulemembrane(HMFG),andgeneratedtwoV(HH)librariesdisplayedonphageparticles.Somesingle-domainantibodyfragmentshavebeenisolatedthatspecificallyrecognizethetandemrepeatregionofMUC1.Thecamels'single-domainV(HH)harbortheoriginal,intactantigenbindingsiteandreactedspecificallyandwithhighaffinitytothetandemrepeatregionofMUC1.Indeedsoluble,specificantigenbindersandgoodaffinities(intherangeof0.2x10(9)M(-1)to0.6x10(9)M(-1))wereidentifiedfromtheselibraries.Thisisthefirstexampleoftheisolationofcamelanti-peptideV(HH)domains.

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Rahimi,E.,etal.(2011)."PrevalenceofCoxiellaburnetiiinbulkmilksamplesfromdairybovine,ovine,caprine,andcamelherdsinIranasdeterminedbypolymerasechainreaction."FoodbornePathogDis8(2):307-310.

Qfeverisawidespreadzoonosiscausedbytheobligateintracellularmicro-organismCoxiellaburnetii.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastodeterminetheprevalencerateofC.burnetiiinbulkmilksamplesfromdairybovine,ovine,caprine,andcamelherdsinIsfahanprovince,Iran.Inthepresentstudy,567bulkmilksamplesfrom186dairybovine,ovine,caprine,andcamelherdsweretestedforC.burnetiiusinganestedpolymerasechainreactionassay.Theanimalswhosemilksamplescollectedforthisstudywereclinicallyhealthy.Intotal,8of247(3.2%)bovinemilksampleswerepositive;thepositivesamplesoriginatedfrom6of90(6.7%)dairyherds.Eightof140(5.7%)ovinebulkmilksamplesfrom42sheepbreedingfarmsand5of110(4.5%)caprinebulkmilksamplesfrom32goatbreedingfarmswerepositiveforC.burnetii.Oneof70(1.4%)camelbulkmilksamplesfrom22camelbreedingfarmswasalsopositiveforC.burnetii.Althoughnoextensiveprevalencestudywasundertaken,theresultsofthisstudyindicatethatclinicallyhealthydairyanimalsareimportantsourcesofC.burnetiiinfectioninIran.Totheauthors'knowledge,thisstudyisthefirstreportofdirectidentificationofC.burnetiiusingpolymerasechainreactioninbulkmilksamplesfromdairyovineherdsinIranandthefirstreportofdirectidentificationofC.burnetiiinbulkmilksamplesfromdairycamelherds.FurtherintensiveprevalencestudiesonCoxiellainfectionandonpossiblerisksofdairyproductswillbeneededtoelucidatetheepidemiologyofQfeverinIran.

Rahimi,E.andE.K.Kheirabadi(2012)."DetectionofHelicobacterpyloriinbovine,buffalo,camel,ovine,andcaprinemilkinIran."FoodbornePathogDis9(5):453-456.

Helicobacterpyloriinfectioninhumansisoneofthemostcommoninfectionsworldwide.However,theoriginandtransmissionofthisbacteriumhasnotbeenclearlyexplained.Oneofthesuggestedtheoriesistransmissionviarawmilkfromanimalstohumanbeings.ThisstudywasconductedtodeterminetheprevalencerateofH.pyloriinbulkmilksamplesfromdairybovine,buffalo,camel,ovine,andcaprineherdsinIran.Inthepresentstudy,447bulkmilksamplesfrom230dairybovine,buffalo,camel,ovine,andcaprineherdswerecollectedinfourprovincesandtestedforH.pyloribyculturalmethodandpolymerasechainreaction(PCR)forthedetectionoftheureC(glmM)gene.Theanimalswhosemilksamplescollectedforthisstudywereclinicallyhealthy.Usingtheculturalmethod,threeof447milksamples(0.67%),includingtwosheep(2.2%)andonebuffalo(1.6%)milksamples,werefoundtobecontaminatedwithH.pylori.H.pyloriureCgenewasdetectedin56(12.5%)ofmilksamples,including19cow(14.1%),11sheep(12.2%),ninegoat(8.7%),twocamel(3.6%),and15buffalo(23.4%)milksamples.UsingPCRmethod,thereweresignificantdifferences(p<0.05)inthelevelofcontaminationwithH.pyloribetweenmilksamplescollectedfromdifferentspecies.ThepresentstudyisthefirstreportoftheisolationofH.pylorifromrawsheepandbuffalomilkinIranandthefirstdemonstrationofH.pyloriDNAincamelandbuffalomilk.

Ramadan,R.O.,etal.(1987)."Chronicobstructivemastitisinthecamel.Aclinicopathologicalstudy."CornellVet77(2):132-150.

Unilateralchronicmastitisinthreeshecamelswasduetoobstructionoftheteatcanalbykeratin.Thisleadtodilatationoftheducts,retentionofmilkandsecondarybacterialinfection.Theteatcanalsanddilatedductswerelinedbystratifiedsquamousepithelium.Therewasexcessiveperiductalfibrosis.PasteurellahemolyticawasisolatedfromoneanimalandStaphylococcusaureusfromanother.

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Thefluidfromthethirdanimalwassterile.Theconditionwastreatedsuccessfullybysurgicalamputationoftheaffectedhalvesoftheudder.

Redwanel,R.M.andA.Tabll(2007)."CamellactoferrinmarkedlyinhibitshepatitisCvirusgenotype4infectionofhumanperipheralbloodleukocytes."JImmunoassayImmunochem28(3):267-277.

HepatitisCvirus(HCV)isaseriousworldwidehealthriskand,todate,noeffectivetreatmentstopreventprogressiontochronicinfectionhavebeendiscovered.Tocombatthedisease,Egyptianpatientsoftenusetraditionalmedicines,forinstance,camelmilk,whichcontainslactoferrin.Currently,lactoferrinisoneoftheprimarybiopharmaceuticaldrugcandidatesagainstHCVinfection.Camellactoferrin(cLf)purificationandbiochemicalandimmunologicalcharacterizationhaveshownitssimilaritytohumanandbovinelactoferrin,andcrossreactswiththeanti-humanlactoferrinantibody.IncubationofhumanleukocyteswithcLftheninfectedwithHCVdidnotpreventtheHCVentryintothecells,whilethedirectinteractionbetweentheHCVandcLfleadstoacompletevirusentryinhibitionaftersevendaysincubation.OurresultssuggestthatthecLfmaybeoneofthecamelmilkcomponentshavingantiviralactivity.Inconclusion,wehavedemonstratedthepotentialforcLftoinhibitHCVentryintohumanleukocyteswithmoreefficiencythanhumanorbovinelactoferrin.

Redwan,E.M.,etal.(2014)."ScreeningtheantiinfectivitypotentialsofnativeN-andC-lobesderivedfromthecamellactoferrinagainsthepatitisCvirus."BMCComplementAlternMed14:219.

BACKGROUND:HepatitisCvirus(HCV)infectionrepresentsaworldwidehealththreatthatstillneedsefficientprotectivevaccineand/oreffectivedrug.Thetraditionalmedicine,suchascamelmilk,isheavilyusedbythelargesectorofHCVpatientstocontroltheinfectionduetothehighcostoftheavailablestandardtherapy.Camelmilkcontainslactoferrin,whichplaysanimportantandmultifunctionalroleininnateimmunityandspecifichostdefenseagainstmicrobialinfection.ContinuingtheanalysisoftheeffectivenessofcamellactoferrinagainstHCV,thecurrentstudyaimedtoseparateandpurifythenativeN-andC-lobesfromtheproteolyticallycleavedcamellactoferrin(cLF)andtocomparetheirinvitroactivitiesagainsttheHCVinfectioninHuh7.5cellsinordertodeterminethemostactivedomain.METHODS:LactoferrinanditsdigestedN-andC-lobeswerepurifiedbyMonoS5/50GLcolumnandSuperdex2005/150column.Thepurifiedproteinswereassessedthroughthreevenues:1.Toinhibitintracellularreplication,HCVinfectedcellsweretreatedwiththeproteinsatdifferentconcentrationsandtimeintervals;2.Theproteinsweredirectlyincubatedwiththeviralparticles(neutralization)andthensuchneutralizedviruseswereusedtoinfectcells;3.Thecellswereprotectedwithproteinsbeforeexposuretothevirus.TheantiviralpotentialsofthecLfanditslobesweredeterminedusingthreetechniques:1.RT-nestedPCR,2.Real-timePCR,and3.Flowcytometry.RESULTS:N-andC-lobeswerepurifiedintwoconsecutivesteps;usingMono-SandSuperdex200columns.ThemolecularmassofN-andC-lobeswasabout40kDa.cLFanditslobescouldpreventHCVentryintoHuh7.5cellswithactivityreached100%throughdirectinteractionwiththevirus.TheinhibitionofintracellularviralreplicationbyN-lobeis2-foldand3-foldmoreeffectivethanthatofthecLFandC-lobe,respectively.CONCLUSION:GeneratednativeN-andC-lobesfromcamellactoferrindemonstratedarangeofnoticeablydifferentpotentialsagainstHCVcellularinfectivity.Theanti-HCVactivitiesweresortedasN-lobe>cLf>C-lobe.

Regassa,A.,etal.(2013)."Prevalence,riskfactors,andmajorbacterialcausesofcamelmastitisinBoranaZone,OromiaRegionalState,Ethiopia."TropAnimHealthProd45(7):1589-1595.

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Across-sectionalstudywascarriedoutfromNovember2010uptoApril2011toestimatemastitisprevalenceandassociatedriskfactorsandtoassessitsbacterialcausesintraditionallymanagedcamelsinBoranaZone,SouthernEthiopia.Thus,348lactatingcamelswereexaminedclinically,andsubclinicalcaseswerecheckedwithCaliforniamastitistest(CMT).Theoverallprevalenceofmastitiswas44.8%(156/348),comprisingclinical(19,5.4%)andsubclinical(137,39.4%)cases.Thequarterlevelprevalenceofmastitiswas24.0%(334/1,392).Ofthetotal1,392examinedteats,30wereblind,andhence,fromthe1,362non-blindCMT-examinedteats,22.3%(304/1,362)wereCMTpositive.Ofthe304CMT-positivesamples,264wereculturepositive(197Gram-positive,41Gram-negative,and26mixedisolates),and40wereculturenegative.TheprevalenceofStaphylococcusaureuswasfoundtobethehighestatboththeanimal(12.8%,39/304)andquarterlevel(2.9%,39/1,362).RegressionanalysisrevealedhigherlikelihoodofmastitisoccurrenceamongcamelsfromDharito(OR=3.4,95%confidenceinterval(CI)=1.8,6.4),Gagna(OR=3.4,95%CI=1.8,6.5),andHaroBake(OR=2.6,95%CI=1.3,5.1)thancamelsfromSurupha.Likewise,therewashigherchanceofmastitisoccurrenceamongcamelsattheearlylactationstage(OR=2.3,95%CI=1.1,4.6)andcamelswithudder/teatlesions(OR=13.7,95%CI=1.7,109.4)thanamongcamelsatlatelactationstageandcamelswithhealthyudder/teats,respectively.Inconclusion,thisstudyrevealsthecurrentstatusofcamelmastitisinSouthernEthiopia.

Restani,P.,etal.(2002)."Cross-reactivitybetweenmammalianproteins."AnnAllergyAsthmaImmunol89(6Suppl1):11-15.

BACKGROUND:Cross-reactivitybetweenfoodallergensoccurswhentheysharepartoftheiraminoacidsequence,orwhentheirthree-dimensionalmolecularstructurecausesthemtohaveasimilarcapacitytobindspecificantibodies.OBJECTIVES:Toreviewdatafromourlaboratoryoncross-reactivitybetweenmammalianproteins(milkandmeatallergens).METHODS:Studiesusedimmunoelectrophoresis(sodiumdodecylsulfate-polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis/polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisandimmunoblotting),andanimalmonoclonalantibodies.RESULTS:Thefindingssuggestthatanimalmonoclonalantibodiesspecificforcow'smilkproteinsareabletorecognizethemajorpartofmilkproteinsfrommammalsbredinMediterraneancountries(sheep,goat,andbuffalo);weakcross-reactivitywasobservedwithmilkproteinsfrommaresanddonkeys.Noneoftheantibodiesusedinourstudiesreactedwithproteinsfromanexoticmammalianspecies:thecamel.Similarcross-reactionswerefoundwithhumancirculatingimmunoglobulinEfromchildrenallergictomilk.Withregardtobeefallergy,monoclonalantibodiesspecificforbovineserumalbumincross-reactedonlywithovineserumalbumin,whereasthenumberofserafromallergicchildrenabletorecognizeothermammalianserumalbuminsdependeddirectlyontheclosenessofphylogeneticrelationshipbetweenanimalspeciesandinverselyonthepercentidentitywithhumanserumalbumininthemainepitopicsequence.CONCLUSION:Anareaofheterogeneitybetweenanimalandhumanspeciesinacriticalaminoacidsequence(epitope)ofanallergencandeterminethedegreeofimmunogenicactivity.

Restani,P.,etal.(1999)."Cross-reactivitybetweenmilkproteinsfromdifferentanimalspecies."ClinExpAllergy29(7):997-1004.

BACKGROUND:Cow'smilkallergyisquitefrequentinthefirstyearsofhumanlife.Whenbreast-feedingisnotpossible,acow'smilksubstitutemustbeprovidedforallergicsubjects.Differentalternativestocow'smilkhavebeensuggestedasproteinsources(soy,hydrolysedproteins,goat'smilk,etc.),butallthesedieteticsolutionsarenotwithoutrisksforpolyallergicormoresensitivesubjects.OBJECTIVE:Toobtainnewinformationonthesuitabilityofothermammalianmilksforallergicchildren,weevaluatedthecross-reactivitybetweenmilkproteinsfromdifferentanimalspecies.METHODS:Milk

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sampleswereanalysedbysodiumdodecylsulphatepolyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis(SDS-PAGE).Todetectantibody-antigencomplexes,immunoblottingwasperformedbyusingserafromchildrenallergictocow'sandewe'smilk(RASTclass>/=4)andmonoclonalantibodies(MoAb)specificforbovineproteins(caseinsandbeta-lactoglobulin).RESULTS:IgEsfromchildrenallergictocow'smilkarecapableofrecognizingmostpartofmilkproteinsfrommammalsbredinEuropeancountries(ewe,goat,buffalo),whilenoserumusedinthisstudycontainsIgEsreactingwithcamel'smilkproteins.Camel'smilkwasalsonotrecognizedfromcirculatingIgEsfromachildspecificallyallergictoewe'smilk.Specificantibovinemonoclonalantibodiescross-reactedwithproteinsfromothermammalianspecies,apartfromthoseofcamel.CONCLUSIONS:Homologiesinaminoacidiccompositioncouldjustifythecross-reactivityobservedbetweenproteinsfromdifferentanimalspecies.Ontheotherhand,thephylogeneticdifferencecouldberesponsibleforthefailedrecognitionofcamel'sproteinsbycirculatingIgEsandmonoclonalantibodies.

Rhodes,H.M.,etal.(2016)."InvasivehumanbrucellosisinfectionintravelerstoandimmigrantsfromtheHornofAfricarelatedtotheconsumptionofrawcamelmilk."TravelMedInfectDis14(3):255-260.

BACKGROUND:Brucellosisisthecommonestzoonosisworldwideandtypicallyresultsfromingestionofunpasteurizedgoatandsheepmilkandcheese.ConsumptionofcamelmilkiscommonintheMiddleEastandtheHornofAfrica,butisaninfrequentlyreportedsourceofbrucellosis.METHODS:Wereportthreeimmigrantpatientsseeninonehospitalsystembetween2007and2013withbrucellosisduetotheconsumptionofcamelmilk.RESULTS:Thecasepatientspresentedafter3-14daysofsymptomsfollowingtraveltocountrieswhereBrucellaisendemic.Allthreepatientswerebacteremic.Onepatienthaddefiniteinfectiveendocarditis,onehadpossibleendocarditisandonepatientpresentedwithacutebrucellosis.Thediagnosesweremadeexpeditiouslyandappropriatetreatmentinitiated.CONCLUSIONS:Knowledgeoftravel,localcustomsandimmigrationpatternsarekeystoearlyBrucelladiagnosisandoptimaltreatment.PreviousreportsimplicatingcamelmilkasthesourceofBrucellainfectionhavebeenlimitedtopatientslivinginortravelingtoandfromtheMiddleEast.ThisreporthighlightstheacquisitionofBrucellainfectionintravelerstoandimmigrantsfromtheHornofAfricarelatedtotheconsumptionofcamelmilk.

Romli,F.,etal.(2016)."TheGrowthInhibitoryPotentialandAntimetastaticEffectofCamelUrineonBreastCancerCellsInVitroandInVivo."IntegrCancerTher.

Althoughitmaysoundunpleasant,camelurinehasbeenconsumedextensivelyforyearsintheMiddleEastasitisbelievedtobeabletotreatawiderangeofdiseasessuchasfever,cold,orevencancer.Peopleusuallytakeitbymixingsmalldropswithcamelmilkortakeitdirectly.Theprojectaimstostudytheeffectsofcamelurineininhibitingthegrowthpotentialandmetastaticabilityof4T1cancercelllineinvitroandinvivo.BasedontheMTTresult,thecytotoxicityofcamelurineagainst4T1cellwasestablished,anditwasdose-dependent.Additionally,theantimetastaticpotentialofcamelurinewastestedbyrunningseveralassayssuchasscratchassay,migrationandinvasionassay,andmouseaorticringassaywithpromisingresultsintheabilityofcamelurinetoinhibitmetastaticprocessofthe4T1cells.Inordertofullyestablishcamelurine'spotential,aninvivostudywascarriedoutbytreatingmiceinoculatedwith4T1cellswith2differentdosesofcamelurine.Bytheendofthetreatmentperiod,thetumorinbothtreatedgroupshadreducedinsizeascomparedtothecontrolgroup.AdditionalassayssuchastheTUNELassay,immunophenotyping,cytokineleveldetectionassay,clonogenicassay,andproteomeprofilerdemonstratedthecapabilityofcamelurinetoreduceandinhibitthemetastaticpotentialof4T1cellsinvivo.Tosumup,furtherstudyofanticancerpropertiesofcamelurineisjustified,

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asevidencedthroughtheinvitroandinvivostudiescarriedout.Betterresultswereobtainedathigherconcentrationofcamelurineusedinvivo.Apartfromthat,thisprojecthaslaidoutthemechanismsemployedbythesubstancetoinhibitthegrowthandthemetastaticprocessofthe4T1cell.

Saeidi,E.andA.Sheikhshahrokh(2016)."vacAGenotypeStatusofHelicobacterpyloriIsolatedfromFoodswithAnimalOrigin."BiomedResInt2016:8701067.

Accordingtocontroversialtheoriesandresultsofstudies,foodswithanimaloriginsplayanimportantroleinthetransmissionofH.pyloritohuman.TheaimofthisstudywastodeterminethedistributionofvacAgenotypesofH.pylori,isolatedfrommilkandmeatsamplesofcow,sheep,goat,camel,andbuffalo.EighthundredandtwentyrawmilkandmeatsampleswerecollectedfromvariouspartsofIran.SampleswereculturedandthosefoundpositiveforH.pyloriwereanalyzedforthepresenceofvariousgenotypesofvacAgene.Outof420milkand400meatsamples,92(21.90%)and105(26.25%)werepositiveforH.pylori,respectively.ThemostcommonlydetectedgenotypesinthevacAgeneweres1a(86.80%),m1a(79.18%),s1b(69.54%),andm1b(63.45%)anddetectedcombinedgenotypesweremostlym1as1a(68.52%),m1as1b(60.40%),m1bs1b(55.83%),andm1bs1a(53.29%).HighpresenceofbacteriainthemilkandmeatsamplesofsheeprepresentsthatsheepmaybethenaturalhostofH.pylori.HighpresenceofH.pyloristrainsinmilkandmeatsamplessimilartovacAgenotypesinhumanbeingsuggeststhatmilkandmeatsamplescouldbethesourcesofbacteriaforhuman.

Sahoo,B.R.,etal.(2014)."ExplorationofthebindingmodesofbuffaloPGRP1receptorcomplexedwithmeso-diaminopimelicacidandlysine-typepeptidoglycansbymoleculardynamicssimulationandfreeenergycalculation."ChemBiolInteract220:255-268.

Thepeptidoglycanrecognitionproteins(PGRPs)arethekeycomponentsofinnate-immunity,andarehighlyspecificfortherecognitionofbacterialpeptidoglycans(PGN).AmongdifferentmammalianPGRPs,thePGRP1bindstomureinPGNofGram-positivebacteria(lysine-type)andalsohavebactericidalactivitytowardsGram-negativebacteria(diaminopimelicacidorDap-type).BuffaloesarethemajorsourcesofmilkandmeatinAsiansub-continentsandarehighlyexposedtobacterialinfections.ThePGRPactivatestheinnate-immunesignaling,buttheirstudieshasbeenconfinedtolimitedspeciesduetolackofstructuralandfunctionalinformation.So,tounderstandthestructuralconstituents,3DmodelofbuffaloPGRP1(bfPGRP1)wasconstructedandconformationalanddynamicspropertiesofbfPGRP1wasstudied.ThebfPGRP1modelhighlyresembledhumanandcamelPGRPstructure,andsharedahighlyflexibleN-terminusandcentrallyplacedL-shapedcleft.Dockingsimulationofmuramyl-tripeptide,tetrapeptide,pentapeptide-Dap-(MTP-Dap,MTrP-DapandMPP-Dap)andlysine-type(MTP-Lys,MTrP-LysandMPP-Lys)inAutoDock4.2andArgusLab4.0.1anticipatedbeta1,alpha2,alpha4,beta4,andloopsconnectingbeta1-alpha2,alpha2-beta2,beta3-beta4andalpha4-alpha5asthekeyinteractingdomains.ThebfPGRP1-ligandcomplexmoleculardynamicssimulationfollowedbyfreebindingenergy(BE)computationconcededBEvaluesof-18.30,-35.53,-41.80,-25.03,-24.62and-22.30kJmol(-1)forMTP-Dap,MTrP-Dap,MPP-Dap,MTP-Lys,MTrP-LysandMPP-Lys,respectively.Thegroove-surfaceandkeybindingresiduesinvolvedinPGN-DapandLys-typeinteractionintendedbythemoleculardocking,andwerealsoaccompaniedbysignificantBEvaluesdirectedtheirimportanceinpharmacogenomics,andwarrantsfurtherinvivostudiesfordrugtargetingandimmunesignalingpathwaysexploration.

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Salah,A.A.,etal.(2015)."EstimatingtheeconomicimpactofTrypanosomaevansiinfectiononproductionofcamelherdsinSomaliland."TropAnimHealthProd47(4):707-714.

ThetraditionallivestocksectorinSomaliaisbasedonnomadicpastoralismwheresheep,goatsandcamelsareherdedinlargenumbers.Datafrom1609females(27%lactating)and550males(26%exported)belongingto40pastoralistswereanalysedinthisstudy.TheexpectedamountofrevenuetheherderscouldloseperyearinthestudiedareawasestimatedatUS$404,630beingmadeupofUS$314,630fromdecreasedmilkyieldandUS$90,000fromreducedmarketvalueofexportedanimals.However,allthecamelsinSomalilandareatriskofacquiringsurrainfection,andthereforeextrapolatingthecurrentfindingstothetotalpopulationcouldpotentiallyloseUS$223,164,000.ThishighlightsthelossinthemagnitudeofUS$164,253,600fromdecreasedmilkyieldandUS$58,910,400frombodyconditionloss.Overall,thebenefitincontrollingTrypanosomaevansiinfectioninthestudyareawasUS$398,880(n=2159).Onaverage,US$720wassavedperheadperyearfromimprovedmilkproductionintreatedanimalsandUS$615fromtheincreasedvalueofexportedcamels.Itisconcludedthatallthree-treatmentoptionsevaluatedwereeconomicallybeneficialstrategies;however,thebiannualtreatmentofseropositivecamelsintheherdswasthebestfinancialoption.

Salwa,M.Q.andA.F.Lina(2010)."Antigenotoxicandanticytotoxiceffectofcamelmilkinmicetreatedwithcisplatin."SaudiJBiolSci17(2):159-166.

Camelmilk(CM)hasgoodnutritivevalue,inadditiontoitsantigenotoxicandanticytotoxiceffects.ThereforetheaimofthisinvestigationwastoevaluatethecapacityofCMtoinhibitthemicronucleatedpolychromaticerythrocytes(MnPCEs)inthebonemarrowandimprovethemitoticactivityproducedbycisplatin.Cisplatinisoneofthemostwidelyusedantineoplasticdrugsinthetreatmentofcancer.The70adultmaleSwissalbinomiceweredividedintosevengroups:Gr.I:treatedwithdistilledwaterandconsideredasacontrolgroup.Gr.II:treatedwithcamelmilk(33ml/kg,b.w).Gr.III:treatedpreviouslywithcisplatin(0.5mg/kg,b.w).Gr.IV:treatedwithcamelmilkandfollowedafter2h.withcisplatin(33ml/kg-->0.5mg/kg,b.w).Gr.V:treatedwithcamelmilkandcisplatinatthesametime(33ml/kg+0.5mg/kg,b.w).Gr.VI:treatedwithanacutesingledoseofcisplatin(2.5mg/kg,b.w).Gr.VII:treatedwithcamelmilkpriorandfollowedwithanacutesingledoseofcisplatin(33ml/kg-->2.5mg/kg,b.w).Theanimalsweresacrificed24haftercisplatininjection.ThepretreatmentwithCMdosecausedasignificantdecrease(P<0.001)inthefrequencyofMnPCEsandincrease(P<0.001)inthemitoticindex(MI)inducedbycisplatinwhencomparedwiththegroupstreatedwithcisplatinalone.ThepossibleexplanationfortheantigenotoxicandanticytotoxiceffectsobservedinthepretreatmentwithCMisascribedtoitscontents.Inconclusion,fromthefindingswesuggestthatthismilkhassomeantioxidanteffect,andtheantigenotoxicmechanismofthismilkneedstobeexploredfurtherbeforetheiruseduringcisplatinchemotherapy.

Sboui,A.,etal.(2010)."Anti-diabeticeffectofcamelmilkinalloxan-induceddiabeticdogs:adose-responseexperiment."JAnimPhysiolAnimNutr(Berl)94(4):540-546.

Thisstudywasconductedtoevaluatetheeffectofcamelmilkinalloxan-induceddiabeticdogsandtofollowthiseffectatthreedosesofmilk.Firstly,threegroupsofdogswereused:twogroupscomposedeachoffourdiabeticdogsandreceivingrawcamelmilk(treatment1)orcowmilk(treatment2),andfourhealthydogsgettingrawcamelmilk(treatment3)wereusedascontrol.Eachanimalwastreatedwith500mlofmilkdaily.Secondly,wecomparedtheeffectsofthreeamountsofcamelmilk:100ml,250mland500mltotreatthediabeticdogs.Afterweek3,thedogstreatedwithcamelmilkshowedastatisticallysignificantdecreaseinbloodglucose(from10.88+/-0.55to6.22+/-0.5mmol/l)

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andtotalproteinconcentrations(from78.16+/-2.61g/lto63.63+/-4.43g/l).Forcholesterollevels,therewasadecreasefromweek2(from6.17+/-0.5mmol/lto4.79+/-0.5mmol/l).Therewerenosignificantdifferenceinbloodglucose,cholesterolortotalproteinconcentrationsindogsdrinking250and500mlofcamelmilk.Thedogstreatedwith100mlofcamelmilkdidnotshowanysignificantdecreaseinbloodglucoselevels,andcholesterolandtotalproteinconcentrations.Theinvestigationwasnotlimitedtotheimprovementinglycemicbalance,lipidsandproteinscontrolindiabeticdogsgettingcamelmilk,butwealsonotedastabilityofthisstateafterthedogsstoppedtodrinkmilk.Thiseffectdependedonthequantityofcamelmilkusedtotreatdiabeticdogs.

Schelling,E.,etal.(2005)."MorbidityandnutritionpatternsofthreenomadicpastoralistcommunitiesofChad."ActaTrop95(1):16-25.

Asapartofaninterdisciplinaryresearchandactionprogramme,morbidityandnutritionalpatternswereassessedinthreenomadiccommunities:FulaniandArabcattlebreedersandArabcamelbreeders,oftwoprefecturesinChad.ThepredominantmorbiditypatternofChadiannomadicpastoralists(representingapproximately10%ofthetotalpopulationofthecountry)hadnotbeendocumentedsofar.Atotalof1092women,menandchildrenwasexaminedbyaphysicianandinterviewedduringtwosurveysinthedryseasonandoneinthewetseason(1999--2000).Participantswithnocomplaintwererare.Pulmonarydisorders(e.g.bronchitis)weremostoftendiagnosedforchildrenunder5yearsofage.Oftheadultparticipants,4.6%weresuspectedoftuberculosis.Febrilediarrhoeaoccurredmoreoftenduringthewetseasonwhenaccesstocleandrinkingwaterwasprecarious.MalariawasonlyrarelyclinicallydiagnosedamongArabsduringthedryseason,whereasFulani,whostayedinthevicinityofLakeChad,werealsoaffectedduringthisperiod.A24-hdietaryrecallshowedthatlessArabwomenthanmenconsumedmilkduringthedryseason(66%versus92%).Malnutritionwasonlydocumentedfor3outof328children(0--14years).ArabwomeninchildbearingagehadahigherproportionofchildrennotsurvivingwhencomparedtoFulaniwomen(0.2versus0.07).Thisstudyidentifiedseveralimplicationsforreseachandinterventionsinnomadicsettings.Innovativeandintegratedhealthservicesfornomadscanpossiblybeextendedtomanysettingsasnomadicpastoralistshaveincommonasimilarwayoflifedrivenbytheneedsoftheiranimals.

SchulzezurWiesch,J.,etal.(2010)."Genomictandemrepeatanalysisproveslaboratory-acquiredbrucellosisinveterinary(camel)diagnosticlaboratoryintheUnitedArabEmirates."ZoonosesPublicHealth57(5):315-317.

Wereportacaseofa64-year-oldveterinarianworkinginastatecamelveterinarylaboratorywhowasdiagnosedwithandtreatedforacutebrucellosiswithcomplicatingepididymo-orchitis.Genomictandemrepeatanalysis(MLVA-16)revealedidenticalBrucellastrainsinpatientculturesandfromdifferentdromedarymilksamplespositiveforBrucellamelitensis,therebyconfirmingthediagnosisofalaboratoryacquiredinfection.Thecaseillustratesthehigh(airborne)infectivityofbrucellosisinlaboratorysettingsandtheneedtoimplementvigorousbio-safetymeasuresinveterinarylaboratorieshandlingcamelspecimendiagnosticveterinarylaboratory.

Schuster,R.K.,etal.(2016)."Scarabaeuscristatus(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)asintermediatehostofPhysocephalusdromedarii(Nematoda:Spirocercidae)--acontributiontotheepidemiologyofcamelphysocephalidosis."ParasitolRes115(3):1161-1166.

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InUAE,camelPhysocephalusdromedariiwasdiagnosedforthefirsttimein2011indromedariesfromafarmthatpreviouslyhadimportedanimalsfromforeigncountries.Thelargescarabbeetle,Scarabaeuscristatus,wasfoundtobethemajorintermediatehostforthisparasiteinDubai.Atotalof638specimensofS.cristatuswerecollectedandexaminedforthepresenceofthird-stagelarvaeofnematodelarvaeattwositesintheDubaiEmirate(EmiratesIndustryforCamelMilkandProductsandhorseendurancetrainingtrack)withinadistanceof15km.Third-stagelarvaeofP.dromedariiweredetectedin94and97%ofbeetlescollectedfromtheterritoryofthecamelmilkfarmandtheendurancetrainingtrack,respectively.Inadditiontothird-stagelarvae,264beetlescontainedsecond-stagelarvae.OnlyfourbeetleswereinfectedwithotherthanP.dromedariilarvae.Theaveragelarvalburdeninbeetlesfromcamelmilkfarmwassignificantlyhighercomparedtothoseinbeetlescollectedfromtheothersite(1538vs.697).Comparisonoflarvalburdensinjuvenileandadultbeetlescollectedatthecamelmilkfarmshowedasignificantlyhigherintensityinadultspecimens(501vs.1734)whileinbeetlesfoundonthehorseendurancetrack,larvalburdenswerecomparable(548vs.858).TheresultssuggestthatS.cristatusbecomeinfectedatthecamelmilkfarm,andinsearchforothersourcesoffood,theyflytoplaceswheretheywerefoundfeedingonfecesofotheranimals.

Shaalan,M.A.,etal.(2002)."Brucellosisinchildren:clinicalobservationsin115cases."IntJInfectDis6(3):182-186.

OBJECTIVE:BrucellosisisendemicinSaudiArabia.Thisreportsummarizestheepidemiologyofbrucellosisinchildren.METHOD:AretrospectivereviewwasmadeofmedicalrecordsofallpatientsadmittedtoKingFahadNationalGuardHospitalwithbrucellosisduringtheperiodfrom1984to1995.RESULTS:Children<or=12yearsconstituted115/545(21%)ofthetotalbrucellosisadmissions.Themeanagewas5.8yearsand64%ofthepatientsweremales.Consumptionofunpasteurizedmilk(oftenfromcamel)wasthemainsourceofinfection.In70%theclinicalpicturewasdominatedbyarthritis,20%ofpatientspresentedwithanon-specificfebrileillnesswithoutlocalizingsigns,and10%hadafebrileillnesswithuncommonpresentations.Brucellaserologywasmosthelpfulinmakinganearlydiagnosis.Initialtitersof>1:640werefoundin90%ofthecases.Bacteremiawasobservedin45%andoftheisolatesspeciated,96%wereBrucellamelitensis.Noincreaseinresistancetocommonlyusedantimicrobialswasnotedduringthe12-yearstudyperiod.Acombinationofrifampinplusco-trimoxazolewithorwithoutstreptomycinwasusedintwothirdsofthepatients.Theoverallrateofrelapsewas9%andonepatientdiedfromneurobrucellosis.CONCLUSION:Brucellosispresentsinvariouswaysandshouldbeincludedinthedifferentialdiagnosisofarthritisinendemiccountries.Preventionshouldrelyoneducationincludingonboilingrawmilk.

Shimol,S.B.,etal.(2012)."HumanbrucellosisoutbreakacquiredthroughcamelmilkingestioninsouthernIsrael."IsrMedAssocJ14(8):475-478.

BACKGROUND:HumanbrucellosisiscommoninsouthernIsraelamongthesemi-nomadicBedouin,apopulationthatconsumesunpasteurizeddairyproducts.Thoughcamelmilkingestionisaknownmechanismforbrucellosisacquisition,onlyafewreportsofsporadiccaseshavebeenpublishedinthemedicalliterature.OBJECTIVES:Todescribealocalbrucellosisoutbreakin15extendedBedouinfamilymembers,followingingestionofinfectedcamelmilk.METHODS:Dataregardingpatient'sclinicalmanifestations,laboratoryfindings,treatmentandoutcomewerecollectedfromthehospitalandthehealthfundclinics'computerizeddatabase.Camel'sbloodandmilkweretestedforBrucellaserologyandculture.CasesweredefinedbypositiveRoseBengaltest,symptomscorrelatingwithbrucellosis,andconsumptionofinfectedcamelmilk.RESULTS:Fifteenpatientswerediagnosedwithacutebrucellosis

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fromMarchtoJune2011.Sixtypercentofcaseshadserumagglutinationtesttitersof1:160orhigherand4/8(50%)hadpositivebloodcultureforBrucellamelitensis.Arthralgiaandfeverwerethemostconsistentclinicalmanifestations.BloodandmilkserologyandmilkculturetakenfromthefemalecamelwerepositiveforBrucellamelitensis.CONCLUSIONS:Thetreatingphysiciansmustconsiderthepossibilityofinfectedcamelmilkingestionasthemodeofinfection,bothinsporadiccasesandinoutbreaksofbrucellosis.

Shuiep,E.S.,etal.(2009)."PhenotypicandgenotypiccharacterizationofStaphylococcusaureusisolatedfromrawcamelmilksamples."ResVetSci86(2):211-215.

Inthepresentstudy320milksamplescollectedfrom160apparentlyhealthycamelsofthreedifferentlocationsinSudanwereinvestigatedforthepresenceofStaphylococcusaureusresultingintheisolationofthisbacterialpathogenfrom28milksamplesfrom24camels.Twenty-fiveS.aureuswereidentifiedphenotypicallyandbyPCRmediatedamplificationofspecies-specificgenesorgenesegments.InvestigationoftheS.aureusfortoxinogenicpotentialrevealedthatthreeS.aureusstrainswerepositivefortheenterotoxinencodinggenesecandthegenesseg,sei,sem,senandseo,representingtheegcgenecluster.Inadditionall25S.aureuswerepositiveforthesuperantigen-likeencodinggenessl7(set1).PartialsequencingofgenesecofthethreeS.aureusstrainsyieldedanalmostcompletesequenceidentitytothesequenceofthesecvariantsec2.However,allthreesec2genesofthepresentstudyshowedadeletionofonebasecausingaframeshiftandacorrespondingearlierstopcodon.Accordingtothepresentresults,therawcamelmilkcollectedfromthreelocationsinSudanseemstobe,atleastatthisstage,ofminorimportanceasvectorcausingstaphylococcalfoodpoisoning.

Soliman,M.M.,etal.(2015)."ProtectiveeffectsofcamelmilkagainstpathogenicityinducedbyEscherichiacoliandStaphylococcusaureusinWistarrats."MolMedRep12(6):8306-8312.

TheaimofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatetheprotectiveeffectsofcamelmilkonhepaticpathogenicityinducedbyexperimentalinfectionwithEscherichia(E.coli)andStaphylococcusaureus(S.aureus)inWistarrats.Theratsweredividedintosixgroups:Thecontrolandcamelmilkgroupsreceivedwaterandcamelmilk,respectively;twogroupsreceivedcamelmilkfor2weekspriortointraperitonealinjectionofeitherE.coliorS.aureus;andtwogroupswereinjectedintraperitoneallywithE.coliandS.aureus,respectively.Allanimalsweremaintainedunderobservationfor7dayspriortobiochemicalandgeneexpressionanalyses.Theratstreatedwithcamelmilkaloneexhibitednochangesinexpressionlevelsofglutamicpyruvatetransaminase(GPT)orglutamicoxaloacetictransaminase(GOT),comparedwiththewatertreatedgroup.TheE.coliandS.aureusinjectedratsexhibitedasignificantincreaseinoxidativestress,andpriortreatmentwithcamelmilknormalizedtheobservedchangesintheexpressionlevelsofGPT,GOTandmalondialdehyde(MDA).TreatmentwithcamelmilkdecreasedthetotalbacterialcountinlivertissuesamplesobtainedfromtheratsinjectedwithE.coliandS.aureus.CamelmilkadministrationincreasedtheexpressionlevelsofglutathioneStransferaseandsuperoxidedismutase,whichweredownregulatedfollowingE.coliandS.aureusinjection.Inaddition,camelmilkdownregulatedtheincreasedexpressionofinterleukin6andapoptosisassociatedgenes.Ofnote,administrationofcamelmilkaloneincreasedtheexpressionlevelsoftheBcelllymphoma2associatedXproteinandsurvivinantiapoptoticgenes,andsupplementationpriortotheinjectionofE.coliandS.aureusinducedfurtherupregulation,Inconclusion,camelmilkexertedprotectiveeffectsagainstE.coliandS.aureuspathogenicity,bymodulatingtheextentoflipidperoxidation,togetherwiththeantioxidantdefensesystem,immunecytokines,apoptosisandtheexpressionofanti-apoptoticgenesintheliverofWistarrats.

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Sprague,L.D.,etal.(2012)."Areviewoncamelbrucellosis:azoonosissustainedbyignoranceandindifference."PathogGlobHealth106(3):144-149.

InmanydevelopingcountriesofAsiaandAfrica,camelsareoneofthemostimportantsourcesofincomeforthenomadicpopulation.Withincreasingurbanization,camelmilkandmeathavegainedawidermarketandcommercializationandconsumptionofcamelproductsareontherise.CamelbrucellosiscanbeencounteredinallcamelrearingcountrieswithexceptionofAustralia.Highanimalandherdprevalenceshavebeenreportedfromnumerouscountries,whichnotonlyposeacontinuousriskforhumaninfection,butalsoincreasethespreadofinfectionthroughuncontrolledtradeofclinicallyinconspicuousanimals.Thisshortreviewaimsatprovidinganoverviewondiagnosticinvestigations,aswellasthepublichealthandeconomicimpactofbrucellosisinoldworldcamels.

vanDoremalen,N.,etal.(2014)."StabilityofMiddleEastrespiratorysyndromecoronavirusinmilk."EmergInfectDis20(7):1263-1264.

Wang,M.,etal.(2013)."ToxoplasmagondiiinfectioninBactriancamel(Camelusbactrianus)inChina."VetParasitol192(1-3):288-289.

Camelisimportanttotheeconomyofmanycountries.WereportToxoplasmagondiiinfectioninBactriancamels(Camelusbactrianus),firstforthishost.AntibodiestoT.gondiiwerefoundinseraof7of234C.bactrianusfromQinghaiProvince,northwesternChina.Seraweretestedbyacommercialindirecthemagglutinationtestatacut-offof1:64.Ageorthegenderofthecameldidnotsignificantlyaffecttheseroprevalence.Resultsareofpublichealthandeconomicimportancebecausecamelmilkandmeatareusedforhumanconsumptioninmanycountries,includingChina.

Yagil,R.(2013)."Camelmilkanditsuniqueanti-diarrhealproperties."IsrMedAssocJ15(1):35-36.

Younan,M.,etal.(2001)."ApplicationoftheCaliforniamastitistestinintramammaryStreptococcusagalactiaeandStaphylococcusaureusinfectionsofcamels(Camelusdromedarius)inKenya."PrevVetMed51(3-4):307-316.

Astudywasconductedon207lactatingcamelsinsixherdsinKenyatoevaluatetheCaliforniamastitistest(CMT)forthedetectionofintramammaryinfections(IMIs)causedbyStreptococcusagalactiaeandStaphylococcusaureusandtoinvestigatetheprevalenceofboththepathogensinthecameludder.IMIwithS.agalactiaewasfoundin12%ofallcamelssampled.IMIwithS.aureuswaspresentin11%ofallcamelssampled.Theherd-levelprevalenceofIMIvariedbetween0and50%forS.agalactiaeandbetween0and13%forS.aureus.Longitudinalobservationsover10-12monthsconfirmedpersistentinfectionsforbothpathogens.ObservationsinoneherdsuggestedthatcamelpoxwasacontributingfactorinspreadingandexacerbatingS.agalactiaeudderinfections.TheCMThadquarter-levelsensitivitiesof77and68%forS.agalactiaeandS.aureusincamels,respectively.TheCMTspecificitieswere91%forboththepathogens.

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Younan,M.,etal.(2005)."IdentificationandmolecularcharacterizationofStreptococcusequisubsp.zooepidemicusisolatedfromcamels(Camelusdromedarius)andcamelmilkinKenyaandSomalia."JVetMedBInfectDisVetPublicHealth52(3):142-146.

SeventeenStreptococcusequisubsp.zooepidemicusstrainsisolatedfromcamelsandcamelmilkinKenyaandSomaliawereidentifiedbytheirculturalcharacteristics,bybiochemicalandserologicalreactionswiththehelpofcommercialidentificationsystemsandbymolecularstudiesusingamultiplexPCR.TheisolateswerefurthercharacterizedbyaPCR-mediateddetectionofsizepolymorphismsinthe16S-23SrDNAintergenicspacerregionandthevirulencegeneszpandbyamplificationofthevirulencegenecne.ThesemolecularanalysisarepotentiallyusefulinidentifyingandcharacterizingS.equisubsp.zooepidemicusstrainsofthisoriginandcouldpossiblybevaluableinepidemiologicalinvestigations.

Yousefi,M.,etal.(2016)."EpidemiologicalandclinicalcharacteristicsofpatientswithMiddleEastRespiratorysyndromeCoronavirusinIranin2014."JpnJInfectDis.

TheMiddleEastRespiratorySyndromeCoronavirus(MERS-CoV)wasagreatglobalconcernin2014.Ithasawiderangeofmanifestationsthatmaydifferineachareaandalsohighmortality.Inthisstudy,wereportedepidemiologicalcharacteristics,history,clinicalandParaclinicalinformationofallfivepatientswithlaboratory-confirmedMERS-CoVfromIran.AllthesepatientswerefromKermanprovince.Noneofthemhadahistoryoftravel,contactwithanimalsorconsumptionofcamelmilkproductsbutallofthemhadsomesortofcontactwithapersonwhohadbeeninSaudi-Arabiaandexperiencedrespiratoryinfection.Oneofthefivepatientswasmaleandtwoofthempassedawayfromthedisease.Feverandrespiratorysymptomswerethemostcommonsymptomsandtwopatientshadwaterydiarrhea.TherewerealveolarpatterninallavailableCXR'sandelevatedliveraminotransferasesinthreepatients.Twoofthemhadleucopeniaandnoneofthemhadrenalfailure.Inconclusion,weinsistthatallpatientswithacuterespiratorysymptoms,whohadcontactwithapersonthathadrecentlytraveledtoSaudi-Arabiaandexperiencedrespiratoryinfection,shouldbeinvestigatedforMERS-CoV.

Zibaee,S.,etal.(2015)."NutritionalandTherapeuticCharacteristicsofCamelMilkinChildren:ASystematicReview."ElectronPhysician7(7):1523-1528.

INTRODUCTION:Camelmilkistheclosesttoahumanmother'smilk.Camelmilkisdifferentfromothermilks,however,havinglowsugarandcholesterol,highminerals(sodium,potassium,iron,copper,zincandmagnesium,andvitaminC).Themilkisconsideredhavemedicinalcharacteristicsaswell.Thissystematicreviewisaimedatdeterminingandreportingnutritionalvaluesandmedicinalcharacteristicsofcamelmilkinchildren.METHODS:Thesearchstrategyofthecurrentreviewis"(camelANDmilk)AND(autismORfoodallergyORmilkallergyORchildrenORdiarrhea."ThesearchwasconductedviaPubMed,Scopus,andGooglescholar.AlsotwoPersianscientificdatabases(SIDandIranmedex)andinternationalcongresseswereinvestigated.Full-textpapersandabstractsonthetopicofcamelmilk,evaluatingnutritionalvalueandmedicinalproperties,wereincludedinthissystematicreview.RESULTS:Outofthe472recordsfoundintheresources,35relatedstudieswereincludedinthefinalanalysis.Theresultshowedthatcamelmilkishighlynutritiousandissafeforconsumptionbychildren.CONCLUSION:Itseemsthatmanyresearchersdidnotfollowaspecificguidelineforreportingandconfirmingthetherapeuticpropertiesofcamelmilkinchildren,butthereisevidencedenotingtheimportance,trials,andinvestigationsofitsusabilityandbenefits.Camelmilkasasupplementaltreatmentseemslessinvasiveandcostlythanspecialistcare,medications,alternativetreatments,and

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behavioralinterventions.Basedonourfindings,camelmilkissaferforchildren,effectiveinthetreatmentofautism,improvesgeneralwell-being,promotesbodynaturaldefenses,isagoodnutritionalsource,andcanhelpsthedailynutritionalneedsofhumans.

Zinger-Yosovich,K.D.,etal.(2010)."BlockingofPseudomonasaeruginosaandChromobacteriumviolaceumlectinsbydiversemammalianmilks."JDairySci93(2):473-482.

PseudomonasaeruginosaandChromobacteriumviolaceummorbidandmortalinfectionsareinitiatedbybacterialadherencetohost-cellreceptorsviatheiradhesins,includinglectins(whichalsocontributetobacterialbiofilmformation).Pseudomonasaeruginosaproducesagalactophiliclectin,PA-IL(LecA),andafucophilic(Lewis-specific)lectin,PA-IIL(LecB),andC.violaceumproducesafucophilic(H-specific)lectin,CV-IIL.Theantibioticresistanceofthesebacteriapromptedthesearchforglycosylatedreceptor-mimickingcompoundsthatwouldfunctionasglycodecoysforblockinglectinattachmenttohumancellreceptors.LectinsPA-ILandPA-IILhavebeenshowntobeusefulforsuchglycodecoyprobing,clearlydifferentiatingbetweenhumanandcowmilks.Thisarticledescribestheirusage,togetherwithCV-IILandtheplantlectinconcanavalinA,forcomparingtheanti-lectin-dependentadhesionpotentialofdiversemammalianmilks.Theresultsshowthatthediversemilksdifferinblocking(hemagglutinationinhibition)anddifferentialbinding(Westernblots)oftheselectins.Humanmilkmoststronglyinhibitedthe3bacteriallectins(withPA-IILsuperiority),followedbyalpaca,giraffe,andmonkeymilks,whereascowmilkwasaweakinhibitor.LectinPA-ILwasinhibitedstronglybyhuman,followedbyalpaca,mare,giraffe,buffalo,andmonkeymilks,weaklybycamelmilk,andnotatallbyrabbitmilk.LectinsPA-IILandCV-IILwerealsomostsensitivetohumanmilk,followedbyalpaca,monkey,giraffe,rabbit,andcamelmilksbutnegligiblysensitivetobuffaloandmaremilks.PlantlectinconcanavalinA,whichwasusedasthereference,differedfromtheminthatitwasmuchlesssensitivetohumanmilkandwasequallyassensitivetocowmilk.Theseresultshaveprovidedimportantinformationontheanti-lectin-dependentadhesionpotentialofthediversemilksexamined.Theyshowedthathumanfollowedbyalpaca,giraffe,andRhesusmonkeymilksefficientlyblockedthebindingofboththegalactophilicandfucophilic(>mannophilic)pathogenlectins.Theresultsalsoprovedtheadvantageofisolatedpathogenicbacteriallectinsassuperbprobesforunveilingbacterialadhesion-blockingglycodecoys.Thechosenmilksortheirpolymericglycansmightbeimplicatedinblockinglectin-dependentadhesionofantibiotic-resistantpathogensleadingtoskin,eye,ear,andgastrointestinalinfections.

Wentz,I.BenefitsofCamelMilkinHashimoto’sHypothyroidism,January2,2017


snv camel milk vca

snv camel milk vca

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