CalciumHypercalcemiaHypocalcemiaCalcium99% of the bodies calcium is in the bone in calcium phosphate compoundsCalciumCalcium ions serve many important roles in the body.Components of bone and teethResponsible for the excitation and contraction of muscle cellsImportant is regulating cardiac functionRequired for nerve functionctivates metabolic en!ymes"erves as a cofactor for several blood#clotting proteinsCalcium RegulationCalcium homeostasis$otal blood calcium is usually %& mg'dlIoni!ed CalciumIoni!ed calcium is considered the biologically active form of calcium and is the component that regulates the secretion of ($H.$otal calcium is made up of three components )protein bound calcium* ioni!ed calcium and calcium that is complexed +ith other anions such as phosphate* citrate* bicarbonate and lactate$hyroid (arathyroid(arathyroid Hormone($H(arathyroid glands are found in all air#breathing vertebrates$he parathyroid glands act to increase serum calcium via production of parathyroid hormone ,($H-.(arathyroid gland cells have receptors for ioni!ed Calcium that regulate secretion of ($H in a tight negative#feedbac. relation."mall increases in ioni!ed calcium inhibit secretion of ($H and small decreases of ioni!ed calcium prompt the release of ($H($H(arathyroid Hormone$he primary function of ($H is to elevate the serum ioni!ed Ca// concentration.$his is accomplished by%."timulating bone resorption ,dissolution-0.Increase the Reabsorption of Ca// in the .idneys1.2ecrease renal (hosphate reabsorbtion3."timulate activation of 4it 2 in the .idneys4it 2 increases the efficiency of Ca// absorption in the small intestineHypercalcemiaCalcium is intimately involved +ith muscle and nerve function$he biologically active form of calcium is the ioni!ed portionIoni!ed calcium has a negative feedbac. on parathyroid hormone ,($H- production5ormaltotal bloodcalcium levels are %&mg'dlClinical signs appear around %6mg'dlHypercalcemia"ymptoms7ften related to underlying disease8ethargy9ea.ness(:'(2Cardiac irregularitiesnorexia/'# sei!ures and muscle t+itchingHypercalcemia;tiology8aboratory errorHypercalcemia of malignancyddisonlasto* Cocci-Cholecalciferol rodenticide poisoning>one cancer>one infection ,osteomyelitis-(arathyroid Hormonenalysis?easurement of ($H currently is accomplished using commercially available immunoradiometric assays ,IR?s- for human ($H.($H degrades quic.ly ."amples are usually fro!en.8arge commercial labs and the :niversity of ?ichigan can run the analysisHypercalcemia2iagnosis$otal Calcium is routinely measured on chemistry panels.Hypercalcemia?alignant Causes@3&% of all cases of hypercalcemia in dogs and A1&% in cats are caused by malignant tumors.Humoral Hypercalcemia of ?alignancy ,HH?-#(arathyroid hormone related protein. ,($Hr(-%. 8ymphosarcoma ,especially medianstinal forms- 0. denocarcinoma of the anal sacs 1.?ultiple ?yelomaHypercalcemiaHyperparathyroidism:sually caused by adenomas of one of the parathyroid glandsMoans, groans, stones and bonesHyperparathyroidism$reatment$reat and lo+er the hypercalcemia"urgically remove all enlarged thyroid glandsHypocalcaemia commonly occurs after surgeryHypercalcemia$reatment%.2etecting and treating the underlying cause0.Bluid therapy preferably +ith .9%5aCl1.Burosemide ,lasix- diuretic3.(rednislone reduces calcium reabsorbtion6.Calcitonin ,thyroid-Hypercalcemia(rognosis%.(rimary Hyperparathyroidism0.?alignant Hypercalcemia1.ssorted diseasesHypocalcemiacommon biochemical abnormality in dogs and cats caused by numerous conditions.Common conditions associated +ith Hypocalcemia are puerperal tetany* iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism and primary hypoparathyroidismHypocalcemia%.(uerperal tetany#;clampsia0.Hypoparathyroidism1.Renal failure3.(ancreatitis6.ntifree!e* ethylene glycol toxicityHypocalcemia"ymptoms$etany* "tiff gait* muscle fasciculations and generali!ed tremorsBacial rubbing and pa+ing=enerali!ed sei!ures2rooling ,cats-Hyperthermia**Panting and Hyperventilation**Puerperal tetany usually occurs postpartum but can occur near the end of pregnancy8aboratory Bindings(hysical ;xamination?edical History#Recent $hyroid surgery8o+ $otal blood calcium