Caesar's De Bello Gallico I

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

Geoffrey Steadman

Beta Edition April 2013

Caesar's De Bello Gallico I Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Beta Edition 2013 by Geoffrey D. Steadman All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: ISBN-10: Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman geoffreysteadman@gmail.com

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The Life of Julius Caesar B.C.

100 Caesar is born on July 12th

87 Flamen Dialis, selected to priesthood

83 Marries Cornelia, daughter of Cinna

80-78 Serves in the army in Asia Minor

76-75 Studies oratory in Rhodes

68 Quaestor, elected

67 Marries Pompeia

65 Aedile, elected

63 Pontifex Maximus, elected

62 Praetor, elected

61 Propraetor, serves in Spain

60 Forms First Triumvirate with Pompey, Crassus

59 Consul, marries Calpurnia

58-49 Proconsul in Gaul

56 Triumvirate renewed at Luca

50 Openly breaks with Pompey

49 Crosses the Rubicon, civil war begins

48 Battle of Pharsalia in Greece, defeats Pompeys forces

47 Subdues Egypt

46 Battle of Thapsus in North Africa, defeats Cato and senators, Dictator for 10 years

45 Battle of Munda in Spain, defeats sons of Pompey, Imperator for life

44 Assasinated by a conspiracy on March 15th

___________

43 Grand-nephew Gaius Octavius made heir, renamed Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus

Second Triumvirate formed by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus

31 Battle of Actium, Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra, becomes sole ruler

31-AD 14 Octavian receives the cognomen Augustus, becomes the first Emperor

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How to Use this Commentary Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book is to help readers identify the most frequent words and encourage active acquisition of vocabulary. 1. Skim through the book and familiarize yourself with every grammar box and the appendix. 2. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.

A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers have already reviewed most of these words in first year Latin and can devote their efforts to mastering the handful of words in the initial lessons that they have never encountered.

B. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg format). Research has shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times before you are able to commit them to long-term memory. Flashcards are particularly efficient at promoting repetition. As you work, delete flashcards that you have mastered and focus your efforts on the remaining words. Digital flashcards for less frequent vocabulary (occurring 3-4 times) will appear online in time.

3. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses

A. Persistence counts. Caesar is very consistent in his use of vocabulary and grammar, and so while the readings will maintain the same level of difficulty, you will become a much better reader with time. The more earnestly you learn vocabulary and new grammar in the early readings, the more fluently you will be able to read later passages without much preparation.

B. Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (i) to scan through the entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (ii) to treat the sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so forth. Ideally, you should read in Latin word order. Whatever method you use, always review the sentence which you have just translated in Latin word order. Over time, as you acquire more vocabulary and your comfort with Caesar increases, make reading in Latin word order your primary method of reading. It is a lot of fun, and with persistence it is very satisfying.

4. Reread a passage or lesson immediately after you have completed it.

Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to read the Latin as Latin. Caesars consistent use of vocabulary and grammar makes it possible for readers to develop reading proficiency very quickly. Always read the words out loud (or at least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin and acquiring meaning without using English.

5. Reread the most recent passage or lesson immediately before you begin a new one.

This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.

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Caesar Book I Running Core Vocabulary (5 or more times) The following seven pages includes all 335 words in the Book 1 of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico that occur five or more times arranged in a running vocabulary list. The number in the right column indicates the lesson in which the core word first occurs. The number at the left of the dicitonary entries indicates the numer of occurrences of the word in Book 1. The author tabulated the frequency lists by counting the words manually. Digital flashcards are available online. 1 , ab: (away) from, 102 1 absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 9 1 ad: to, toward; near, at 109 1 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13 1 animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 11 1 appell (1): call, call by name, 5 1 atque: and, and also, and even, 46 1 aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 36 1 Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 5 1 bellum, -, n.: war, 32 1 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 8 1 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 25 1 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten; contend, 20 1 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 96 1 d: (down) from; about, concerning, 37 1 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 35 1 dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 7 1 et: and, also, even, 196 1 etiam: besides, also, even, 17 1 fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 38 1 flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 22 1 Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 51 1 Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subt. a Gaul, 20 1 Germnus, -a, -um: German, 25 1 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8 1 Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 64 1 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 82 1 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 182 1 incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 5 1 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 17 1 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 48 1 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 286 1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20 1 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 40 1 obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 8 1 omnis, omne: every, all, 70 1 pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 26 1 pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, extend to, 6 1 proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 33 1 prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 11 1 proptere: on this account, therefore, 15 1 prvincia, -ae f.: province, 25 1 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12 1 que: and, 114 1 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 326

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Caesar Book I Running Core Vocabulary (5 or more times) The following seven pages includes all 335 words in the Book 1 of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico that occur five or more times arranged in a running vocabulary list. The number in the right column indicates the lesson in which the core word first occurs. The number at the left of the dicitonary entries indicates the numer of occurrences of the word in Book 1. The author tabulated the frequency lists by counting the words manually. Digital flashcards are available online. 1 , ab: (away) from, 102 1 absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 9 1 ad: to, toward; near, at 109 1 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13 1 animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 11 1 appell (1): call, call by name, 5 1 atque: and, and also, and even, 46 1 aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 36 1 Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 5 1 bellum, -, n.: war, 32 1 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 8 1 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 25 1 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten; contend, 20 1 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 96 1 d: (down) from; about, concerning, 37 1 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 35 1 dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 7 1 et: and, also, even, 196 1 etiam: besides, also, even, 17 1 fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 38 1 flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 22 1 Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 51 1 Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subt. a Gaul, 20 1 Germnus, -a, -um: German, 25 1 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8 1 Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 64 1 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 82 1 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 182 1 incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 5 1 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 17 1 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 48 1 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 286 1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20 1 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 40 1 obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 8 1 omnis, omne: every, all, 70 1 pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 26 1 pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, extend to, 6 1 proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 33 1 prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 11 1 proptere: on this account, therefore, 15 1 prvincia, -ae f.: province, 25 1 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12 1 que: and, 114 1 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 326

Caesar Running Vocabulary xv

1 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 20 1 Rhnus, - m.: Rhine River, 20 1 Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 11 1 saepe: often, 5 1 s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 167 1 Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 33 1 slus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 8 1 sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 79 1 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 124 1 tertius, -a, -um: third, 11 1 trns; over, across (+ acc.), 7 1 trs, tria: three, 7 1 nus, -a, -um: one, 23 1 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 15 2 addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw to, influence 12 2 ager, agr m.: field, land; farm, 16 2 amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12 2 annus, - m.: year, 7 2 apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 13 2 arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 6 2 autem: however, moreover, 8 2 carrus, - m.: wagon, cart, 7 2 cvits cvittis, f.: state, city-state, 28 2 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 8 2 confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5 2 constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 11 2 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 6 2 copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 28 2 dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 11 2 , ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 64 2 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 6 2 facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 9 2 faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 70 2 fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 5 2 fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 5 2 frmentum, - n.: grain, 13 2 habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 45 2 hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 22 2 imperium, - n.: command, power, 9 2 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, bring on, 13 2 iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 33 2 locus, - m.: place, region, location, 33 2 M.: Marcus, 7 2 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 34 2 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 7 2 mlle pl. mlia, ium n. : thousand, 28 2 minor, minus: less, smaller, 18 2 multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11 2 nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 6 2 numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 17 2 Orgetorx, -is m.: Orgetorix, 8 2 passus, -s: pace, 15

Caesar Running Vocabulary xvi

2 px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6 2 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 8 2 Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 5 2 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 73 2 pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14 2 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 9 2 regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8 2 rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71 2 satis: enough, sufficient, 8 2 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 16 2 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 74 3 ac: and, and also, and even, 29 3 accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 8 3 Aeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 43 3 amcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 8 3 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 12 3 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 12 3 cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 7 3 cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 12 3 dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 6 3 dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 38 3 Divicus, - m.: Diviacus, 13 3 d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 20 3 Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 10 3 nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 7 3 exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 27 3 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 6 3 frter, -tris m.: brother, 11 3 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 20 3 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 18 3 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 8 3 is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 11 3 maxim: exceedingly especially, 5 3 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 16 3 n: lest, that not, no, not, 31 3 neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 50 3 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 91 3 ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 7 3 occup (1): seize, occupy, 11 3 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 9 3 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8 3 pater, patris, m.: father, 6 3 per: through, across (acc) 33 3 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 5 3 pls (plris): more, 7 3 populus, - m.: people, nation, 47 3 qun: nay (even), (but) that, 7 3 Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 55 3 sentus, -s m.: senate, council of elders, 21 3 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 7 3 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 14 4 Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 11

Caesar Running Vocabulary xvi

2 px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6 2 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 8 2 Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 5 2 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 73 2 pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14 2 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 9 2 regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8 2 rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71 2 satis: enough, sufficient, 8 2 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 16 2 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 74 3 ac: and, and also, and even, 29 3 accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 8 3 Aeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 43 3 amcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 8 3 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 12 3 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 12 3 cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 7 3 cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 12 3 dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 6 3 dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 38 3 Divicus, - m.: Diviacus, 13 3 d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 20 3 Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 10 3 nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 7 3 exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 27 3 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 6 3 frter, -tris m.: brother, 11 3 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 20 3 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 18 3 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 8 3 is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 11 3 maxim: exceedingly especially, 5 3 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 16 3 n: lest, that not, no, not, 31 3 neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 50 3 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 91 3 ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 7 3 occup (1): seize, occupy, 11 3 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 9 3 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8 3 pater, patris, m.: father, 6 3 per: through, across (acc) 33 3 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 5 3 pls (plris): more, 7 3 populus, - m.: people, nation, 47 3 qun: nay (even), (but) that, 7 3 Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 55 3 sentus, -s m.: senate, council of elders, 21 3 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 7 3 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 14 4 Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 11

Caesar Running Vocabulary xvii

4 cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12 4 conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 6 4 domus, -s f.: house, home, dwelling, 15 4 duo, duae, duo: two, 12 4 e, re, v, itum: to go, come, 10 4 existim (1): judge, consider, think, 13 4 iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 15 4 L.: Lucius, 7 4 mns, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20 4 nihil: nothing, 8 4 nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 8 4 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 7 4 oppidum, - n.: town, 14 4 par (1): prepare, make ready, 5 4 perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 10 4 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 10 4 rpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 5 4 singulus, -a, -um: one by one, 5 4 socius, - m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9 4 sps, - f.: hope, expectation, 10 4 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 15 4 ubi: where, when, 11 4 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 27 4 tor, t, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 8 4 vel: or, eitheror, 7 4 vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 18 4 vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 5 5 adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7 5 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 87 5 certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 7 5 concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 5 5 dum: while, as long as, until, 5 5 facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5 5 imper (1): command, order, bid, 9 5 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 16 5 lgtus, - m.: an envoy, legate, 23 5 legi, -nis f.: legion, (4200 soldiers), 19 5 licet: impers., it is allowed or permitted, 6 5 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 6 5 mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 17 5 mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 26 5 nunti (1): announce, report, 6 5 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 8 5 perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8 5 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 9 5 put (1): to think, imagine, 7 5 responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 10 5 revert, -ere, revers: turn back, return, 6 5 rog (1): to ask; tell, 5 5 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 49 5 sine: without (abl.), 12 5 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 7

Caesar Running Vocabulary xviii

5 sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4 5 tamen: however, nevertheless, 9 5 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 13 5 llus, -a, -um: any, 5 5 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 24 5 volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 10 6 beneficium, - n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 6 6 grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 13 6 impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 5 6 itaque: and so, 5 6 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 9 6 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 18 6 opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 6 6 ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 5 6 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 6 6 ps, pedis m.: foot, 5 6 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 6 6 praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection, 6 6 propter: on account of, because of, 12 6 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 6 6 telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 5 6 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 25 7 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 12 7 debe, -re, -u, debitum: to owe, ought, 5 7 frmentrius, -a, -um: of grain, full of grain, 7 7 ibi: there, in that place, 7 7 intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 13 7 ita: so, thus, 17 7 Labinus, m.: Labienus, 7 7 lber, lbera, lberum: free, 6 7 prmus -a -um: first, 15 7 superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 5 7 trdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead across, cross 9 7 trns: over, across (+ acc.), 7 8 Arar, -aris (acc.) -im (abl.) - m.: Arar river (Saone), 5 8 calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5 8 castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 41 8 explrtor, -ris m.: scout, spy, 5 8 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 6 8 fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 12 8 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 38 8 idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 6 8 mand (1): order, command, commit, 6 8 nam: for, 6 8 necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 5 8 pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 6 8 quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 5 8 sed: but, moreover, however, 21 8 sve, seu: whether, or (if), 6 8 statu, -ere, statu, stattum: set up, establish; decide, 5 8 vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 5 9 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 8

Caesar Running Vocabulary xviii

5 sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4 5 tamen: however, nevertheless, 9 5 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 13 5 llus, -a, -um: any, 5 5 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 24 5 volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 10 6 beneficium, - n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 6 6 grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 13 6 impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 5 6 itaque: and so, 5 6 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 9 6 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 18 6 opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 6 6 ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 5 6 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 6 6 ps, pedis m.: foot, 5 6 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 6 6 praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection, 6 6 propter: on account of, because of, 12 6 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 6 6 telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 5 6 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 25 7 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 12 7 debe, -re, -u, debitum: to owe, ought, 5 7 frmentrius, -a, -um: of grain, full of grain, 7 7 ibi: there, in that place, 7 7 intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 13 7 ita: so, thus, 17 7 Labinus, m.: Labienus, 7 7 lber, lbera, lberum: free, 6 7 prmus -a -um: first, 15 7 superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 5 7 trdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead across, cross 9 7 trns: over, across (+ acc.), 7 8 Arar, -aris (acc.) -im (abl.) - m.: Arar river (Saone), 5 8 calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5 8 castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 41 8 explrtor, -ris m.: scout, spy, 5 8 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 6 8 fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 12 8 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 38 8 idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 6 8 mand (1): order, command, commit, 6 8 nam: for, 6 8 necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 5 8 pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 6 8 quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 5 8 sed: but, moreover, however, 21 8 sve, seu: whether, or (if), 6 8 statu, -ere, statu, stattum: set up, establish; decide, 5 8 vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 5 9 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 8

Caesar Running Vocabulary xix

9 committ, -ere: commence, commit entrust 10 9 commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, disturb, upset, 5 9 fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 11 9 maior, maius: greater, 7 9 qur: wherefore, therefore, why, 5 9 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 5 10 accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 7 10 aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 5 10 consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 7 10 discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 7 10 di: a long time, long, 9 10 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9 10 polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 6 10 tam: so, so much, so very, such, 7 10 time, -re, timu: to be afraid, be scared, 5 10 tum: then, at that time, 5 11 amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 7 11 circiter: (round) about, not far from, 11 11 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 10 11 eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 10 11 equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 17 11 modus, - m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 7 11 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7 11 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 9 11 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 11 12 confer, -ferre, -tul: bring together, gather, 9 12 dubit (1): waver, be uncertain, hestitate, 5 12 potests, potesttis f.: power, influence, might, 5 12 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 5 12 queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 5 12 summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 18 12 super (1): surpass, overcome, 9 13 colloc (1): place together, arrange, set up, 5 13 concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 6 13 contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 23 13 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 19 13 nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 5 13 quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek, ask, inquire, 8 13 reperi, -re, repper, repertum: find (out), discover, 9 14 animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 6 14 C.: Gaius, 7 14 cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, perf. know, 15 14 perterre, -re, -terru: terrify thoroughly, 6 14 pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 12 14 Valrius, - m.: Valerius, 5 16 acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 18 16 equus, - m.: horse, 8 16 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 8 16 instru, -ere, -strx, -structum: equip, prepare, draw up, 6 16 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 9 17 agmen, agminis n.: battle line, 5 17 impedmentum, - n.: baggage, impediment, 5

Caesar Running Vocabulary xx

17 muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 5 18 commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 5 18 manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 5 18 pugn (1): to fight, 10 18 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 6 18 signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5 18 vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 14 19 coici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl, throw together, 5 19 intermitt, -ere: to interrupt, discontinue, intervene, 5 19 nox, noctis, f.: night, 6 20 redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 6 20 sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 5 21 ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, 5 22 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, 13 22 nisi: if not, unless 5 22 sus, -s m.: use, practice; advantage, 6 23 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 23 iterum: again, a second time, 5 23 postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 12 24 Ariovistus, - m.: Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 41 24 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 24 consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 5 24 consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 6 24 ditior: a long time, long, 9 26 colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 13 26 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 7 28 stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 5 29 celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 5 29 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 5 32 decimus, a, um: tenth, 5 32 iam: now, already, soon, 8

Caesar Running Vocabulary xx

17 muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 5 18 commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 5 18 manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 5 18 pugn (1): to fight, 10 18 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 6 18 signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5 18 vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 14 19 coici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl, throw together, 5 19 intermitt, -ere: to interrupt, discontinue, intervene, 5 19 nox, noctis, f.: night, 6 20 redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 6 20 sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 5 21 ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, 5 22 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, 13 22 nisi: if not, unless 5 22 sus, -s m.: use, practice; advantage, 6 23 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 23 iterum: again, a second time, 5 23 postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 12 24 Ariovistus, - m.: Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 41 24 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 24 consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 5 24 consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 6 24 ditior: a long time, long, 9 26 colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 13 26 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 7 28 stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 5 29 celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 5 29 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 5 32 decimus, a, um: tenth, 5 32 iam: now, already, soon, 8

To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.

- von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Lesson 1: Caesar I.1 2

1.1 Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqutn, tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. 2. H omns lingu, nstitts, legibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aqutns Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrona et Squana dvidit. 3. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae, proptere quod cult atque hmnitte Prvinciae longissim absunt, minimque ad es merctrs saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effminands anims pertinent important, 4. Proximque sunt Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qu d caus Helveti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecedunt, quod fer cotdins proelis cum Germns contendunt, cum aut sus finibus es prohibent aut ips in erum finibus bellum gerunt. 5. Erum na pars, quam Galls obtinre dictum est, initium capit flmine Rhodan, contintur Garumn flmine, cean, fnibus Belgrum, attingit etiam ab Squanis et Helvtis flmen Rhnum, vergit ad septentrins. 6. Belgae ab extrms Galliae fnibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferirem partem flminis Rhn, spectant in septentrinem et orientem slem. 7. Aquitania Garumn flmine ad Pyrenaes monts et eam partem cean quae est ad Hispniam pertinet; spectat inter occsum slis et septentrins.

1 5 10 15 20

Aquitn, -rum m.: Aquitani, 2 Aquitania, -ae f.: Aquitania, 1 atting, -ere, attig, attctus: touch, reach, border, 1 Celtae, -rum m.: Celts, 1 comme (1): to travel, go to and fro, 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 2 cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 2 differ, -ferre,: differ, carry different ways, 1 effmin (1): soften, make into women, 1 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4 fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2 Garumna, -e f.: Garumna river, 3 Hispania, -ae f.: Spain, 1 hmnits, hmnittis f.: humanity, culture, refinement, 2 import (1): bring in, introduce, import, 1 inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 1

initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 3 nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 lingua, ae f.: tongue, language, 3 longus -a, -um: long, 4 Mtrna, -ae f.: Matrona (Marne) river, 1 merctor, -ris m.: merchant, trader, 2 minim: least of all, least, 2 occsus, -s m.: fall, destruction, 2 cenus, m.: Oceanus, 2 orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3 praecd, -ere, cess, -cessum: surpass, 1 Pyrenaeus, -a, -um: of the Pyrenees, 1 quoque: also, 1 septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 4 Squana, -ae: Sequana (Seine) River, 1 sl, slis m.: sun, 4 spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3 verg, -ere, vers: turn, bend, 1

Lesson 1: Caesar I.1 2

1.1 Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqutn, tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. 2. H omns lingu, nstitts, legibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aqutns Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrona et Squana dvidit. 3. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae, proptere quod cult atque hmnitte Prvinciae longissim absunt, minimque ad es merctrs saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effminands anims pertinent important, 4. Proximque sunt Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qu d caus Helveti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecedunt, quod fer cotdins proelis cum Germns contendunt, cum aut sus finibus es prohibent aut ips in erum finibus bellum gerunt. 5. Erum na pars, quam Galls obtinre dictum est, initium capit flmine Rhodan, contintur Garumn flmine, cean, fnibus Belgrum, attingit etiam ab Squanis et Helvtis flmen Rhnum, vergit ad septentrins. 6. Belgae ab extrms Galliae fnibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferirem partem flminis Rhn, spectant in septentrinem et orientem slem. 7. Aquitania Garumn flmine ad Pyrenaes monts et eam partem cean quae est ad Hispniam pertinet; spectat inter occsum slis et septentrins.

1 5 10 15 20

Aquitn, -rum m.: Aquitani, 2 Aquitania, -ae f.: Aquitania, 1 atting, -ere, attig, attctus: touch, reach, border, 1 Celtae, -rum m.: Celts, 1 comme (1): to travel, go to and fro, 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 2 cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 2 differ, -ferre,: differ, carry different ways, 1 effmin (1): soften, make into women, 1 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4 fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2 Garumna, -e f.: Garumna river, 3 Hispania, -ae f.: Spain, 1 hmnits, hmnittis f.: humanity, culture, refinement, 2 import (1): bring in, introduce, import, 1 inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 1

initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 3 nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 lingua, ae f.: tongue, language, 3 longus -a, -um: long, 4 Mtrna, -ae f.: Matrona (Marne) river, 1 merctor, -ris m.: merchant, trader, 2 minim: least of all, least, 2 occsus, -s m.: fall, destruction, 2 cenus, m.: Oceanus, 2 orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3 praecd, -ere, cess, -cessum: surpass, 1 Pyrenaeus, -a, -um: of the Pyrenees, 1 quoque: also, 1 septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 4 Squana, -ae: Sequana (Seine) River, 1 sl, slis m.: sun, 4 spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3 verg, -ere, vers: turn, bend, 1

The Divisions Within Gaul 3

1 estdvsa: is divided; dvsa is a predicate adjective and not part of a perfect pass. verb qurum namaliamtertiam: of which (parts) one (part)another (part)a third (part); a genitive at the beginning of the clause is often, as here, a partitive gen. (gen. of whole) 2 Aqutn: Aquitanians (inhabit); add incolunt which is missing through ellipsis (omission) Tertiam (incolunt) qu: (those) who.

(inhabit) the third; the missing antecedent of the relative clause is subject of missing incolunt

ipsrum lingu: in the language of (these) very ones; i.e. of the Gauls, ipse usually modifies a noun, which is missing and must be supplied; lingu is an ablative of respect (in respect to..) nostr: in our (language); supply lingu CeltaeGall: nom. predicates of appellantur 3 lingu, nstitts, lgibus: ininin; in respect to, all three are abl. of respect 4 Garumna flmen (dvidit): nom. subject, add dvidit from the next clause Matrona et Squana: nom. pl. with a 3rd sg. verb because the rivers form a single boundary; supply Galls as acc. direct object 5 Hrum omnium: of all these; or among all these, partitive gen., as in line 1, Caesar often uses a a genitive at the beginning of a clause and then specifies the parts within the clause proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because, which is a pleonasm (redundancy) 6 Prvinciae: of the Province; i.e. Gallia Transalpina, the area in southern France controlled by the Romans. Although the word prvincia is a general term, the Romans referred to this province as the Province. This edition uses the capital P to distinguish it from other provinces. 6 longissim: very far; superlative adverb long ad es to those; es is demonstrative 7 ea quae those things which; neut. pl.

ad effminands: for softening; lit. for courage going to be softened ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple) often expresses purpose; when translating, readers should employ a gerund- gerundive flip: translate the gerundive as a gerund (e.g. softening) and the noun modified by the gerundive as an object of the gerund 8 Germns: dat. with special adj. proxim 9 quibuscum: cum quibus Qu d caus: for which reason; concerning which reason qu modifies caus; as often, Caesar places the adjective, here a relative adj., before the preposition 10 virtte: in (respect to) valor; abl. respect quod: because cumprohibentgerunt: since; cum + indicative, not a preposition of sus fnibus. 11 sus fnibus: from their borders; abl. of separation (a construction which includes but is not limited to place from which), governed by prohibent, (Helvetians) keep sus: their; Helvetians, reflexive possessive es: them; i.e. Germans, personal pronoun ips: (they) themselves; Helvetians 12 erum: their; i.e. Germans 13 erum: of these (three parts); partitive gen. obtinre: ind. discourse (that clause), Galls is acc. subj. and quam is acc. d.o. dictum est: it has been said; as in line 2 above 14 contintur: governs all three abl. of means, which are missing conjunctions, asyndeton 15 ab Squns: from (the side of) 16 oriuntur: rise; pres. deponent, orior 17 spectant in septentrinem: looks to the northern; i.e. opens up to the northeast orientem: eastern; rising sun; pres. pple. 18 eam partem: that part; demonstrative 19 ad Hispniam: near Hispania; with est spectat: looks to; i.e. opens up to

Gerund-Gerundive Flip

A gerundive (effeminandus,-a,-um in line 7) is a future passive participle. It is an adjective which agrees with a noun in case, number, and gender. Because it is awkward to translate (e.g. going to be softened), readers should employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate the gerundive as a gerund, a verbal noun (e.g. softening), and the noun modified by the gerundive as the gerunds object. This is a popular construction in Caesar. So, be prepared.

Flip Ad anims effminands ad effminandum anims For courage (going) to be softened for softening courage

Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 I.3.2 4

2.1 Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorx. Is, M. Messl, et M. Psne cnsulibus, regn cupiditte inductus conirtinem nbilittis fcit et civitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis exrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praestrent, ttus Galliae imperi potr. 3. Id hc facilius es persusit, quod undque loc natr Helveti continentur: n ex parte flmine Rhno ltissim atque altissim, qu agrum Helvtium Germns divdit; alter ex parte monte Ir altissim, qu est inter Squans et Helvtis; terti lac Lemann et flmine Rhodn, qu provinciam nostram ab Helvetis divdit. 4. Hs rbus fibat ut et minus lt vagrentur et minus facile fnitims bellum nferre possent; 5. Qu ex parte homins belland cupid magn dolre afficibantur. 6. Pr multitdine autem hominum et pr glri bell atque fortitdinis angusts s fns habre arbitrbantur, qu in longitdinem mlia passuum CCXL, in ltitdinem CLXXX patbant. 3.1 Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt cnstiturunt ea quae ad proficscendum pertinrent comparre, iumentrum et carrrum quam maximum numerum coemere, sements quam maxims facere, ut in itinere cpia frument suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et amcitiam cnfirmre. 2. Ad es rs cnficiends biennium sibi satis esse dxrunt; in tertium annum profectinem lge cnfirmant.

1 5 10 15 20

affici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: to affect, afflict, 3 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2 auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 4 bell (1): to wage war, fight, 1 biennium, - n.: a period of two years, 1 coem, -ere, -m, -emptum: buy up, 1 compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4 conirtio, -nis f.: conspiracy, pact, 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 4 ds, dtis adj: rich, wealthy, 1 dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 3 fortitd, -dinis f.: strength, courage, 1 glria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 1 indc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: to lead in, bring in, 2 imentum, - n.: beast of burden, harnessed animals, 1 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3

lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 ltitd, -inis f.: width, breadth, 1 ltus, -a, -um: wide, 2 Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 longitdo, -inis f.: length, width, 1 longus -a, -um: long, 4 Messl(l)a, -ae m.: Messala (M. Valerius Messala), 2 ntra, -ae. f.: nature, 3 nbilits, -ttis f.: nobility, renown, 2 pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 permove, -re, -mv, -mtus: upset, move deeply, 1 potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4 praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: to perform; show, 2 profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2 sementis, -is f.: sowing, planting, 1 suppet, -ere, v, tum: suffice, be at hand 2 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3 vagor, -r: wander, roam, go to and fro, 1

Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 I.3.2 4

2.1 Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorx. Is, M. Messl, et M. Psne cnsulibus, regn cupiditte inductus conirtinem nbilittis fcit et civitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis exrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praestrent, ttus Galliae imperi potr. 3. Id hc facilius es persusit, quod undque loc natr Helveti continentur: n ex parte flmine Rhno ltissim atque altissim, qu agrum Helvtium Germns divdit; alter ex parte monte Ir altissim, qu est inter Squans et Helvtis; terti lac Lemann et flmine Rhodn, qu provinciam nostram ab Helvetis divdit. 4. Hs rbus fibat ut et minus lt vagrentur et minus facile fnitims bellum nferre possent; 5. Qu ex parte homins belland cupid magn dolre afficibantur. 6. Pr multitdine autem hominum et pr glri bell atque fortitdinis angusts s fns habre arbitrbantur, qu in longitdinem mlia passuum CCXL, in ltitdinem CLXXX patbant. 3.1 Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt cnstiturunt ea quae ad proficscendum pertinrent comparre, iumentrum et carrrum quam maximum numerum coemere, sements quam maxims facere, ut in itinere cpia frument suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et amcitiam cnfirmre. 2. Ad es rs cnficiends biennium sibi satis esse dxrunt; in tertium annum profectinem lge cnfirmant.

1 5 10 15 20

affici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: to affect, afflict, 3 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2 auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 4 bell (1): to wage war, fight, 1 biennium, - n.: a period of two years, 1 coem, -ere, -m, -emptum: buy up, 1 compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4 conirtio, -nis f.: conspiracy, pact, 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 4 ds, dtis adj: rich, wealthy, 1 dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 3 fortitd, -dinis f.: strength, courage, 1 glria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 1 indc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: to lead in, bring in, 2 imentum, - n.: beast of burden, harnessed animals, 1 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3

lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 ltitd, -inis f.: width, breadth, 1 ltus, -a, -um: wide, 2 Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 longitdo, -inis f.: length, width, 1 longus -a, -um: long, 4 Messl(l)a, -ae m.: Messala (M. Valerius Messala), 2 ntra, -ae. f.: nature, 3 nbilits, -ttis f.: nobility, renown, 2 pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 permove, -re, -mv, -mtus: upset, move deeply, 1 potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4 praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: to perform; show, 2 profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2 sementis, -is f.: sowing, planting, 1 suppet, -ere, v, tum: suffice, be at hand 2 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3 vagor, -r: wander, roam, go to and fro, 1

Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia 5

1 nbilissimus, ditisissimus: superlative adjs. fuit: pf. sum, esse M. Messl et M. Psne cnsulibus: when Marcus Messala and Marcus (Pupius) Piso were consuls; with Messala and Piso (being) consuls abl. abs. i.e. 61 BC, Romans named the year after their annually elected consuls; since there is no pple. for sum, esse, the subject and predicate are the abl. abs. 2 regn: for the kingship; objective gen. governed by cupiditte, equivalent to "he desires kingship 3 persusit ut: persuaded (dative) that; this common verb in Caesar governs an indirect command (ut + impf. subj. in secondary seq.) 4 exrent: they come out; impf. subjunctive, exe, exre in an ind. command, which can often be translated as an inf.: persuadedto come out perfacile esse: (and) that it is very easy ; ind. discourse also governed by persusit above; asyndeton, supply a conjuction between the ind. command above and perfacile esse cumpraestrent: since they excelled ; causal with impf. subjunctive governing abl. respect ttius: gen. sg. (-ius) modifying Galliae 5 potr: to possess; dep. inf. potior governs an ablative object 6 idpersusit: he persuaded them (to do) this hcquod: by this (reason)because; abl. of cause facilius: comparative adv. facilis, facile 7 n ex parte: on one side; from one part flmine Rhn: abl. means; supply the verb continentur, an example of ellipsis 8 agrum Helvtium: Helvetian land alter ex parte: on another side; see line 7 monte Ir: by Iura range; add continentur 9 terti (ex parte): parallel with line 7 and 8 lac Lemann: abl. means, add continentur 10 hs rbus: because of; abl. of cause fibant ut: it happened that; fi governs ut + impf. subjunctive (noun result clause); the subjunctives are impf. in secondary sequence because the main verb is impf. 11 vagrentur, possent: impf. subj. vagor and possum; in result clauses these are translated

as normal impf. indicatives; vagor is deponent minus: comparative adverb; minor, minus 11 facile: easily; irreg. adverb from facilis, facile fnitims: on neighbors; dat. of compound verb (the infinitive inferre) qu ex parte: for which reason; from which respect 12 belland: of waging war; gerund, gen. sg. with the adj. cupid which in turn modifies homins Prpr: because of; in proportion to or according to, pr is causal in force 13 s habre: that they had; ind. discourse in secondary sequence: angusts fns is acc. d.o. 14 milia passuum: miles; thousands of paces, a mile is 1000 steps; subject of patbant 16 adductpermt: Helvetians influenced and moved; the participles are nom. pl. agreeing with a missing subject ea quae: those (things) which; ea is object of comparre and is translated as a demonstrative 17 ea quaepertinrent: those (things) which pertain; relative clause of characteristic is often used to limit and characterize general antecedents (i.e. ea) and governs an impf. subj. in secondary sequence ad proficiscendum: for setting out; gerund (verbal noun) + ad expresses purpose comparre, coemere, facere, confirmre: complementary infinitives with cnstiturunt, supply the missing conjunction et 18 quam maximum: as great...as possible; quam + superlative is frequently translated as X as possible, here it modifies numerum quam maxims: see above, with sements utsuppeteret: so that might suffice; ut + impf. subj., purpose clause in secondary seq. adconficiends: for accomplishing; for those things going to be accomplished ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and es rs as the object of the gerund bienniumesse: that; ind. discourse sibi: for themselves; dat. of interest/advantage 21 inannum: into the; i.e. during, 58 BC

Translating Subjunctives

With the exception of purpose clauses (may, might) and conditional sentences (if should, would; if were, would; if had, would have; see pg. 19), almost all the subjunctive constructions that readers will encounter do not require a special translation in English. Readers should simply identify the tense (see verb synopses, pp. 74-81) and translate the subjunctive just as one would an indicative. Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives are the most common tenses in secondary sequence.

Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 I.4 6

3.3 Ad es rs conficiends Orgetorx dligitur. Is sibi lgtinem ad cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic, Catamantaloedis fli, Squan, cuius pater rgnum in Squans mults anns obtinuerat et sent popul Rmn amicus appelltus erat, ut rgnum in cvitte su occupret, quod pater ante habuerit; 4. itemque Dumnorig Haedu, fratr Dvicic, qu e tempore principtum in cvitte obtinbat ac maxim pleb acceptus erat, ut idem cnrtur persudet eque fliam suam in matrimnium dat. 5. Perfacile fact esse ills probat cnta perficere, proptere quod ipse suae civittis imperium obtentrus esset: 6. nn esse dbium quin ttus Galliae plrimum Helveti possent; s sus copis suque exercit ills regna concilitrum cnfirmat. 7. Hc rtine adduct inter s fdem et iusirandum dant et regn occupt per trs potentissims ac firmissims populs ttus Galliae ss potr posse sperant. 4.1 Ea rs est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem ex vinculs causam dcere cogrunt; damntum poenam sequ oportbat, ut ign cremrtur. 2. Di cnstitt causae dictinis Orgetorx ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mlia decem, undque cogit, et omns clients obaeratsque sus, qurum magnum numerum habbat, edem condxit; per es n causam dceret s ripuit. 3. Cum cvits ob eam rem incitta armis is suum exsequ cnrtur multitdinemque hominum ex agrs magistrts cgerent, Orgetorx mortuus est; 4. neque abest suspici, ut Helveti arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscverit.

1 5 10 15 20

Casticus, - m.: Casticus, 1 Catamantloedis, -is m.: Catamantaloedis, 1 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 2 concili (1): win over, unite, 1 condc, -ere: bring together, gather, 1 conscsc, -ere, -scv, -sctum: to agree on, decree, 1 crem (1): burn, consume by fire, 1 damn (1): condemn, punish, convict, 1 decem: ten, 3 dici, dicinis f.: sway, power, sovereignty, 2 dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, wavering, 1 ripi, -ere, -u, reptus: rescue, take from, 4 exsequor, sequ, sectum: follow/carry out 1 fact: to do (supine), 1 familia, -ae f.: family, household, 2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4 flius, -i m.: son; child, 3 firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2 ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2 incit (1): urge on, incite, 1 indicium, -i n.: information, evidence, 1

iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial 4 irandus, a, -um: to be sworn (is irdanum: oath), 4 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 4 mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2 morior, mor, mortuus sum: to die, 1 mors, mortis, f.: death, 3 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2 obaertus, -a, -um: indebted, 1 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 3 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3 potns (potentis): powerful, influential, 2 potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4 principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 4 prob (1): approve, commend, 1 spr (1): hope (for), expect, 2 suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4 suspci, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3 vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 1

Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 I.4 6

3.3 Ad es rs conficiends Orgetorx dligitur. Is sibi lgtinem ad cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic, Catamantaloedis fli, Squan, cuius pater rgnum in Squans mults anns obtinuerat et sent popul Rmn amicus appelltus erat, ut rgnum in cvitte su occupret, quod pater ante habuerit; 4. itemque Dumnorig Haedu, fratr Dvicic, qu e tempore principtum in cvitte obtinbat ac maxim pleb acceptus erat, ut idem cnrtur persudet eque fliam suam in matrimnium dat. 5. Perfacile fact esse ills probat cnta perficere, proptere quod ipse suae civittis imperium obtentrus esset: 6. nn esse dbium quin ttus Galliae plrimum Helveti possent; s sus copis suque exercit ills regna concilitrum cnfirmat. 7. Hc rtine adduct inter s fdem et iusirandum dant et regn occupt per trs potentissims ac firmissims populs ttus Galliae ss potr posse sperant. 4.1 Ea rs est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem ex vinculs causam dcere cogrunt; damntum poenam sequ oportbat, ut ign cremrtur. 2. Di cnstitt causae dictinis Orgetorx ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mlia decem, undque cogit, et omns clients obaeratsque sus, qurum magnum numerum habbat, edem condxit; per es n causam dceret s ripuit. 3. Cum cvits ob eam rem incitta armis is suum exsequ cnrtur multitdinemque hominum ex agrs magistrts cgerent, Orgetorx mortuus est; 4. neque abest suspici, ut Helveti arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscverit.

1 5 10 15 20

Casticus, - m.: Casticus, 1 Catamantloedis, -is m.: Catamantaloedis, 1 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 2 concili (1): win over, unite, 1 condc, -ere: bring together, gather, 1 conscsc, -ere, -scv, -sctum: to agree on, decree, 1 crem (1): burn, consume by fire, 1 damn (1): condemn, punish, convict, 1 decem: ten, 3 dici, dicinis f.: sway, power, sovereignty, 2 dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, wavering, 1 ripi, -ere, -u, reptus: rescue, take from, 4 exsequor, sequ, sectum: follow/carry out 1 fact: to do (supine), 1 familia, -ae f.: family, household, 2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4 flius, -i m.: son; child, 3 firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2 ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2 incit (1): urge on, incite, 1 indicium, -i n.: information, evidence, 1

iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial 4 irandus, a, -um: to be sworn (is irdanum: oath), 4 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 4 mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2 morior, mor, mortuus sum: to die, 1 mors, mortis, f.: death, 3 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2 obaertus, -a, -um: indebted, 1 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 3 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3 potns (potentis): powerful, influential, 2 potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4 principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 4 prob (1): approve, commend, 1 spr (1): hope (for), expect, 2 suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4 suspci, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3 vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 1

Orgetorixs Conspiracy Fails 7

1 adconficiends: for accomplishing; for those things going to be accomplished ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and es rs as the object of the gerund sibi: for himself; dat. of interest/advantage 2 e: this; demonstrative pronoun persudet Casticut: persuades Casticus that; verb governs dat. and ind. command 3 cuius: whose; gen. sg. relative pronoun mults anns: for; acc. of duration 4 appelltus erat: had been named; + predicate nominative; the verb behaves as a linking verb utoccupret: that he occupy; ind. command with persudet can often, but not always, be translated as an infinitive: to occupy 5 quodhabuerit: pf. subj., relative clause of characteristic, the antecedent is regnum Dumnorg Haedu: (he persuades) Dumnorix the Aeduan; dat. i.o. of missing persudet in a construction parallel to Castic above 6 e tempore: at ; abl. of time when maximacceptus erat: had been especially (well) received; governs a dative of agent (by...) 7 utcnrtur: that: ind. command governed by persudet; impf. deponent cnr idem: the same thing; id-dem, neuter acc. d.o., i.e. utoccupret in ll. 4-5 e: to him; dat. sg. indirect object with dat 8 perfacileesseperficere: that it is; ind. disc. governed by probat; perficere is inf. subject and perfacile is the pred. adj. fact: to do; in doing abl. sg. supine (PPP stem + ) is an abl. of respect qualifying the adj. perfacile, very easy ills: for those (men); dat. interest conta: the things attempted; PPP, neuter pl. 9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because which is a pleonasm (redundancy) ipse: (he) himself; i.e. Orgetorix obtentrus esset: would attain; would be going to attain, fut. pple + sum (here impf.

subj.) is a periphrastic fut. form; verbs in subordinate clauses in indirect disc. are very often placed in the subjunctive nn esse dbium: (that) he did not doubt but that; he was not doubtful, ind. discourse 10 plrimum possent: would have very much power; common idiom in Caesar, impf. subj. 11 concilitrum (esse): that they will win over; fut. infinitive; ind. disc., s is acc. subj. 12 ius-iurandum: a sworn oath; as one or two words; both decline; gerundive iur , -re 13 ttus: of the entire; gen. sg. with Galliae ss: that they; acc. subject of posse potr: to possess; dep. inf., regn as abl. obj. 14 Ea rs: this matter; i.e. Orgetorixs conspiracy est.nntita: nntita est; pf. passive per indicium: i.e. through spies and informers mribus sus: according to their customs; from their customs, often with ex denotes a source of action (separation) not abl. cause 15 causam dcere: to plead (his) case; idiom damntumsequ: that (he) if condemned follow; deponent inf., PPP is conditional oportbat: it was necessary that; impersonal utcremrtur: that; ind. command ign: ablative of means; i-stem 3rd decl. noun 17 di cnstitt: on the; abl. of time when causae dictinis: for the pleading of the case admlia decem: around; ad means up to or nearly throughout this passage 18 cogit: gathered; cg (co-ag) means (a) compel or (b) drive together; cf. ll. 15 and 22 19 edem: in the same (place); abl. place where 20 ndceret: so thatnot; neg. purpose. cf. 15 cumconrturcgerent: after; cum clause with two impf. subjunctives exsequ: pres. dep. infinitive, exsequor ob eam rem: on account of this matter 22 mortuus est: died; pf. deponent, morior ut: as; common translate with indicative 23 quin sibiconscverit: that he broughton himself; pf. subj. conscisc

Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 I.6 8

5.1 Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod cnstituerant facere cnantur, ut fnibus sus exeant. 2. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse arbitrt sunt, oppida sua omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia incendunt; 3. frmentum omne, praeter quod scum porttr erant, combrunt, ut domum redtinis sp sublt partirs ad omnia percula subeunda essent; trium mensum molta cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. Persudent Rauracs et Tulings et Latobrgs finitims ut, edem s cnsili, oppids sus vcsque exusts n cum es proficscantur, Boisque, qu trns Rhnum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transerant Noreiamque oppugnbant, recepts ad s socis sibi adsciscunt. 6.1 Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exre possent: num per Squans, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen Rhodanum, vix qu singul carr dcerentur, mns autem altissimus impendbat, ut facile perpauc prohibre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam nostram, mult facilius atque expedtius, proptere quod inter fns Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nper pct erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nnnllis locs vad trnstur. 3. Extrmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus Genava. Ex e oppid pns ad Helvtis pertinet. Allobrogibus ss vel persusrs, quod nndum bon anim in populum Rmnum vidrentur, existimbant vel v coactrs ut per sus fns es re paterentur. Omnibus rbus ad profectinem compartis diem dcunt, qu di ad rpam Rhodan omns conveniant. Is dis erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Psne, A. Gabni cnsulibus.

1 5 10 15 20 25

A.: Aulus, 1 aedificium, -i n.: building, edifice, 1 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2 April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 ascisc, -ere, ascv, -sctum: to take to, add, 1 Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemians) 4 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2 cibria, -rum n.: rations, rationed food, 1 combur, -ere, -uss, -ustum: burn up, 1 compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4 difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2 duodecim: twelve, 1 effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 1 expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 3 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 exr, -ere, -ss, -stum: to burn up, consume, 1

flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2 Gabinius, - m.: Gabinius, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 hc: to this place, hither, here 1 impende, -re: hang over, threaten, 1 incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 Kal.: Kalends, 1 Latovc, -rum m.: Latovicians, 3 mensis, -is m.: month, 3 molior, -r, moltum: set into motion, stir, 1 mors, mortis, f.: death, 3 nndum: not yet, 2 Noreia, -ae f.: Noreia, 1 Noricum, - m.: Noricum (modern Austria) 2 nper: recently, lately, newly, 3 oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3 pc (1): to placify, subdue, 1

Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 I.6 8

5.1 Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod cnstituerant facere cnantur, ut fnibus sus exeant. 2. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse arbitrt sunt, oppida sua omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia incendunt; 3. frmentum omne, praeter quod scum porttr erant, combrunt, ut domum redtinis sp sublt partirs ad omnia percula subeunda essent; trium mensum molta cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. Persudent Rauracs et Tulings et Latobrgs finitims ut, edem s cnsili, oppids sus vcsque exusts n cum es proficscantur, Boisque, qu trns Rhnum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transerant Noreiamque oppugnbant, recepts ad s socis sibi adsciscunt. 6.1 Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exre possent: num per Squans, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen Rhodanum, vix qu singul carr dcerentur, mns autem altissimus impendbat, ut facile perpauc prohibre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam nostram, mult facilius atque expedtius, proptere quod inter fns Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nper pct erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nnnllis locs vad trnstur. 3. Extrmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus Genava. Ex e oppid pns ad Helvtis pertinet. Allobrogibus ss vel persusrs, quod nndum bon anim in populum Rmnum vidrentur, existimbant vel v coactrs ut per sus fns es re paterentur. Omnibus rbus ad profectinem compartis diem dcunt, qu di ad rpam Rhodan omns conveniant. Is dis erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Psne, A. Gabni cnsulibus.

1 5 10 15 20 25

A.: Aulus, 1 aedificium, -i n.: building, edifice, 1 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2 April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 ascisc, -ere, ascv, -sctum: to take to, add, 1 Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemians) 4 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2 cibria, -rum n.: rations, rationed food, 1 combur, -ere, -uss, -ustum: burn up, 1 compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4 difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2 duodecim: twelve, 1 effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 1 expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 3 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 exr, -ere, -ss, -stum: to burn up, consume, 1

flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2 Gabinius, - m.: Gabinius, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 hc: to this place, hither, here 1 impende, -re: hang over, threaten, 1 incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 Kal.: Kalends, 1 Latovc, -rum m.: Latovicians, 3 mensis, -is m.: month, 3 molior, -r, moltum: set into motion, stir, 1 mors, mortis, f.: death, 3 nndum: not yet, 2 Noreia, -ae f.: Noreia, 1 Noricum, - m.: Noricum (modern Austria) 2 nper: recently, lately, newly, 3 oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3 pc (1): to placify, subdue, 1

The Helvetians Follow Orgetorixs Plan: Two Possible Routes 9

pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2 perpauc, -ae, -a: very few, 2 pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3 port (1): carry, bear, bring, 1 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 2 praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 3 prvtus, -a, -um: personal, private, 2 profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2 quadringenti: four hundred, 1 quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 3

Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 2 rediti, -nis f.: return, going back, 1 sube, -re, -i, -itum: approach, undergo, 2 toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 4 Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 4 V.: Valerius, 1 vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2 vcus, - m.: village, town, 4 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 1

1 eius: his; i.e. Orgetorix, gen. sg. nihil minus: no less; less by nothing, comp. adverb; nihil is abl. degree of difference id quod: that which; id is object of facere 2 utexeant: (namely) that; pres. subj. exe, in a noun purpose clause in apposition to id ad eam rem: for this matter; expresses purpose s: that they; acc. subject of parts esse 3 arbitrt sunt: pf. deponent numer: in number; abl. of respect ad: around; up to or nearly 5 praeter quod: except (that) which scum: cum s porttr erant: were going to carry; periphrastic fut. (fut. act. pple + impf. sum) utessent: so that; result, impf. sum sp sublt: with hope having been carried off; abl. absolute, pf. pass. pple from toll 6 adsubeunda: for approaching; for all dangers going to be approached, a gerundive sube + ad expresses purpose and is best translated through a gerund-gerundive flip as a gerund + object: for approaching all dangers molta: ground; i.e flour, PPP set in motion 8 utproficiscantur: that; an alternative spelling for ut (note: the pres. inf. for tor is t with an initial long-u); introducing an ind. command with pres. subj. s: having employed; nom. pl. PPP, deponent tor governs an ablative object n: altogether; adverb formed from an abl. 10 trnserant: pluperfect of trnse scis: (as) allies; in apposition to Boisque 12 erant: there were

itinera: routes quibuspossent: by which; rel. clause of characteristic; impf. subj. of possum, quibus is a relative adj. with itineribus, which is redundant and may be left untranslated dom: from home; place from which num: one (route); in apposition to itinera 14 qu: by which (way); or where, abl. as adv. qudcerentur: relative clause of characteristic with impf. subjunctive, the path is so narrow that carts must pass one at a time 15 utpossent: so that; result clause, impf. subj. facile: easily; irregular 3rd decl. adv. facilis, -e alterum (iter): the other (route); in apposition to itinera (line 12) and parallel to num 16 mult: much; lit. by much, abl. degree of difference modifies comparative adjectives faclius atque expedtius: comparative adjs., neuter singular modifying alterum (iter) proptere quod: because; 3rd instance so far 18 vad: in the shallows; in a ford; place where 20 sspersusrs (esse)coactrs (esse): that they would persuade or compel; fut. inf. 21 bon anim: seemed not yet of good will to; abl. of quality in the predicative position 22 v: irregular ablative of means, vs paterentur: they (Allobrogs) allow; impf. subj. of the deponent patior (3rd-io) 23 diem dcunt qu di: they name the day on which (day); ablative time when 24 a(nte) d(iem) V. Kal(ends) Apr(ilis): 5th day before the Kalends of April; March 28th, 58 L. Psnecnsulibus: abl. abs; add being

Lesson 5: Caesar I.7 10

7.1 Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere cnr, mtrat ab urbe proficsc et quam maxims potest itineribus in Galliam ulterirem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 2. Prvinciae tt quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat omnn in Galli ulterire legi na), pontem, qu erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind. 3. Ubi d eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, legts ad eum mittunt nobilssims civittis, cuius legtinis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinbant, qu dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ll malefici iter per prvinciam facere, proptere quod aliud iter habrent nllum: rogre ut eius voluntte id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum missum, cncdendum nn putbat; 4. neque hmins inimc anim, dat facultte per provinciam itineris faciend, tempertrs ab iniri et malefici existimbat. 5. Tamen, ut spatium intercdere posset dum mlits qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem se ad dlberandum smptrum: s quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.

1 5 10 15

April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Cassius, - m.: Cassius, 3 dlber (1): consider, consult, weigh, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2 intercd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: come or go between, 3 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4 maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3 mtr (1): to hasten, make haste, 2

Nammeius, -i m.: Nammeius, 1 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3 rescind, -ere, scid, scissum: cut back, 1 spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4 temper (1): refrain from, keep from, 2 ulterior, -ius: farther, 4 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 2 Veruclotius, i m.: Verucloetius, 1

Lesson 5: Caesar I.7 10

7.1 Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere cnr, mtrat ab urbe proficsc et quam maxims potest itineribus in Galliam ulterirem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 2. Prvinciae tt quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat omnn in Galli ulterire legi na), pontem, qu erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind. 3. Ubi d eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, legts ad eum mittunt nobilssims civittis, cuius legtinis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinbant, qu dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ll malefici iter per prvinciam facere, proptere quod aliud iter habrent nllum: rogre ut eius voluntte id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum missum, cncdendum nn putbat; 4. neque hmins inimc anim, dat facultte per provinciam itineris faciend, tempertrs ab iniri et malefici existimbat. 5. Tamen, ut spatium intercdere posset dum mlits qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem se ad dlberandum smptrum: s quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.

1 5 10 15

April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Cassius, - m.: Cassius, 3 dlber (1): consider, consult, weigh, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2 intercd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: come or go between, 3 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4 maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3 mtr (1): to hasten, make haste, 2

Nammeius, -i m.: Nammeius, 1 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3 rescind, -ere, scid, scissum: cut back, 1 spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4 temper (1): refrain from, keep from, 2 ulterior, -ius: farther, 4 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 2 Veruclotius, i m.: Verucloetius, 1

Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians 11

1 Caesar: to Caesar; Caesar talks about himself in the 3rd person; dat. sg. of nntitum esset nntitum esset: plpf. pass. subjunctive in a temporal clause with cum, after or when idescnr: this(namely) that they attempt; acc. subject and deponent inf. (indirect disc.) in apposition to id 2 quamitineribus: in as rapid marches as possible; with the greatest marches as it is possible, quam + superlative is as X as possible, potest is impersonal: it is possible 3 Gallia ulterirem: further Gaul; i.e. the Province (Transalpine Gaul) in southern France contendit: hastens 4 Prvinciae ttimperat: ordered from the entire Province; dat. indirect object; tt is dat. sg. of ttus (gen. ttus) quamnumerum: as great a number of soldiers possible; a greatest number of soldiers as it is able; see line 2 4 imperat.(et) pontemiubet: supply the missing conjunction et, asyndeton, which suggests that Caesar is quick and decisive 5 ad Genavam: near Geneva rescind: present passive infinitive 6 eius: his; i.e. Caesars certirs fact sunt: were informed; were made more certain, common idiom in Caesar, certirs is a pred. nominative 7 cuius legtinis: of which embassy; rel. adj. 8 qu dcerent: who would say; relative clause of purpose, impf. subj. dc, which one may translate as a regular purpose clause: to say sibi esse in anim: that he had in mind; + inf., there is to him in mind, dat. of possession 9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because, 4th and final instance of this phrase habrent: they had; impf. subj., subordinate clauses within indirect discourse govern verbs in the subjunctive rogre utlicret: they asked that it be allowed; historical inf. and ind. command eius voluntte: with his permission 10 memori tenbat: in memory; abl. of means, a common idiom for he recalled or he remembered L. Cassiumoccsum (esse), exercitumque pulsum (esse)missum (esse): two

separate instances of indirect discourses (two acc. subjects) governed by tenbat, supply esse to form pf. passive infinitives 11 occsum (esse): had been killed; pf. pass. inf. pulsum (esse): pf. pass. inf. pell sub iugum missum (esse): had been sent under the yoke; i.e. had been enslaved 12 cncdendum nn (esse sibi): that he must not yield; that it is not going to be yielded by him, a passive periphrastic (gerundive + form of sum) which expresses obligation or necessity, often with a dative of agent hominstempertrs (esse): that peoplewould not refrain; fut. inf. governed by existimbat inimc anim: of hostile intent; abl. of description modifying homins dat facultte: ablative absolute 13 itineris faciend: of making a journey; of a journey going to be made gerundive modifies gen. iter which is better translated through a gerundive-gerund flip ab inri..malefici: from; abl. separation with tempertrs (esse) 14 ut spatiumposset: so that; purpose clause with impf. subj.; spatium is subject 15 ssmptrum (esse): that he; indirect discourse, supply esse for the future inf. ad dliberandum: for deliberating; ad + gerund expressing purpose, which can also be translated as an infinitive: to deliberate 16 quid; anything; aliquis, aliquid is a common

indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite (who anyone; what anything) after s, nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num, and n, all the alis go away (in other words indefinite aliquid becomes just quid)

svellent,reverterentur: if they should wish, they could return; in direct disc. a future less vivid condition (s pres. subj., pres. subj.) which are placed in impf. subjunctive in indirect discourse in secondary sequence ad Id(s) April(is): near the Ides of April; the 13th of April, the Ides denotes the time of the month when there is a full moon; Ids is 4th decl. acc. pl. and Aprilis is gen. sg.

Lesson 6: Caesar I.8 I.9 12

8.1 Intere e legine, quam scum habbat, mlitibusque, qu ex Prvinci convnerant lac Lemann, qu in flmen Rhodanum nfluit, ad montem Iram, qu fns Squanrum ab Helvtis dvidit, mlia passuum decem novem, mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim fossamque perdcit. 2. E opere perfect, praesidia dispnit, castella commnit, qu facilius, s s invt transre cnrentur, prohibre possit. 3. Ubi ea dis, quam cnstituerat cum lgts, vnit et lgt ad eum revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ll per Prvinciam dare et, s vim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit. 4. Helvti e sp diect, nvibus iuncts ratibusque complribus facts, ali vads Rhodan, qu minima altitd flminis erat, nn numquam interdi, saepius noct, s perrumpere possent cnt, operis mntine et militum concurs et tls repuls, hc cnt dstitrunt. 9.1 Relinqubtur na per Squans via, qu, Squans invits, propter angustis re nn poterant. 2. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent, lgts ad Dumnorgem Aeduum mittunt, ut e dprectre Squans impetrrent. 3. Dumnorx grti et largtine apud Squans plrimum poterat, et Helvtis erat amcus, quod ex e civitte Orgetorgis fliam in matrimnium dxerat et, cupiditte regn adductus, nvs rbus studbat et quam plrims cvitts su benefici habre obstricts volbat. 4. Itaque rem suscipit et Squans impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re patiantur, obsidsque ut inter ss dent perficit: Squan, n itinere Helvtis prohibeant; Helvti, ut sine malefici et iniri trnseant.

1 5 10 15 20

altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 3 angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4 castellum, - n.: fortress, stronghold, fort, citadel, 1 communi, -re, -i, -tum: to fortify strongly, 1 complres n.: several, 4 contus, -s m.: attempt, effort, 1 concursus, -s m.: running together, gathering, 1 cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3 decem: ten, 3 dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: hurl down 1 dprector, -ris m.: interceder, one who intercedes, 1 dsist, -ere, -stit: desist, cease, give up, 4 dispn, -ere: arrange distribute, 1 exemplum, - n.: example, 2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4 fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 1 influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3 interdi: by day, during the day, 1 interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2 invtus, -a, -um: unwilling, 3 iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2

Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 largti, -tinis f.: generosity, giving much; bribery, 1 Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2 maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3 mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2 minimus, -a, -um: very little, 2 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2 mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3 mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 2 nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 2 neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 1 noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 1 novem: nine, 1 numquam: never, 3 obstring, -ere, -strinx, -strictum: to confine, bind, 1 perdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead through 1 perrump, -ere, -rp, -ruptum: break through, 1 ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2 repell, -ere, reppul, -pulsum: drive back, repulse, 1 sdecim: sixteen, 2

Lesson 6: Caesar I.8 I.9 12

8.1 Intere e legine, quam scum habbat, mlitibusque, qu ex Prvinci convnerant lac Lemann, qu in flmen Rhodanum nfluit, ad montem Iram, qu fns Squanrum ab Helvtis dvidit, mlia passuum decem novem, mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim fossamque perdcit. 2. E opere perfect, praesidia dispnit, castella commnit, qu facilius, s s invt transre cnrentur, prohibre possit. 3. Ubi ea dis, quam cnstituerat cum lgts, vnit et lgt ad eum revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ll per Prvinciam dare et, s vim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit. 4. Helvti e sp diect, nvibus iuncts ratibusque complribus facts, ali vads Rhodan, qu minima altitd flminis erat, nn numquam interdi, saepius noct, s perrumpere possent cnt, operis mntine et militum concurs et tls repuls, hc cnt dstitrunt. 9.1 Relinqubtur na per Squans via, qu, Squans invits, propter angustis re nn poterant. 2. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent, lgts ad Dumnorgem Aeduum mittunt, ut e dprectre Squans impetrrent. 3. Dumnorx grti et largtine apud Squans plrimum poterat, et Helvtis erat amcus, quod ex e civitte Orgetorgis fliam in matrimnium dxerat et, cupiditte regn adductus, nvs rbus studbat et quam plrims cvitts su benefici habre obstricts volbat. 4. Itaque rem suscipit et Squans impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re patiantur, obsidsque ut inter ss dent perficit: Squan, n itinere Helvtis prohibeant; Helvti, ut sine malefici et iniri trnseant.

1 5 10 15 20

altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 3 angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4 castellum, - n.: fortress, stronghold, fort, citadel, 1 communi, -re, -i, -tum: to fortify strongly, 1 complres n.: several, 4 contus, -s m.: attempt, effort, 1 concursus, -s m.: running together, gathering, 1 cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3 decem: ten, 3 dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: hurl down 1 dprector, -ris m.: interceder, one who intercedes, 1 dsist, -ere, -stit: desist, cease, give up, 4 dispn, -ere: arrange distribute, 1 exemplum, - n.: example, 2 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4 fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 1 influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3 interdi: by day, during the day, 1 interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2 invtus, -a, -um: unwilling, 3 iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2

Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 largti, -tinis f.: generosity, giving much; bribery, 1 Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2 maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3 mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2 minimus, -a, -um: very little, 2 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2 mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3 mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 2 nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 2 neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 1 noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 1 novem: nine, 1 numquam: never, 3 obstring, -ere, -strinx, -strictum: to confine, bind, 1 perdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead through 1 perrump, -ere, -rp, -ruptum: break through, 1 ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2 repell, -ere, reppul, -pulsum: drive back, repulse, 1 sdecim: sixteen, 2

13

sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 2 stude, -re, u: be eager, strive after, 1 suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4

vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2 via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 3

1 scum: cum s; s is a 3rd person reflexive pronoun, which refers to the subject (mnemonic: s as in Subject) 3 fns: borders; ends or territory mlia passuum decem novem: for miles; thousands of paces; acc. of extent of space decem novem: XIX; typically there is an et joined these two numbers, modifies mlia 4 in altitdinem: (up) to a height pedum sdecim: of; gen. of quality perdcit: draws up; i.e. builds; the verb dc is often used for digging and building walls (to draw up a wall); here the wall and ditch form a sheer fact of 16 feet; as often, Caesar is subject of 3rd sg. verbs without a subject Eperfect: abl. absolute; e as an adjective is demonstrative: translate as this or that 5 dispnit (et)commnit: asyndeton (lack of conjunction) emphasizes Caesars decisiveness qupossit: that may be able; adverbial purpose clauses may begin with ut or quo (whereby = ut e, that thereby) facilius: comparative adverb s invt: abl. absolute; add being, without a pple for sum, subject and pred. assume the abl. 6 cnrentur: 8 negat: he says that not; or denies that spossedare: that; indirect discourse, translate dare as to grant or to allow mre et exempl: by; i.e. in accordance with; abl. of cause ll: dat. sg. of llus (gen. llus, dat. ll) 9 vim facere: to carry out force; use force prohibitrum (esse): fut. inf., supply Caesar as subject 10 nvibusfacts: two ablative absolutes ali: others; in apposition to Helvti: some crossed by boat, others crossed on foot vads: in the shallows, abl. of place where 11 qu: where nn numquam: sometimes; not never,

litotes, parallel to the adverb saepius saepius: comparative adverb 13 repuls: PPP governs preceding ablatives hc cnt: from this; abl. of separation 14 qu: where; abl. place where Squans invts: abl. absolute; add being, without a pple for sum, just as in line 5; here l likely conditional in force: if the Sequanians were unwilling Caesar suggests that the Gauls would be unwilling to let Helvetians pass 15 Hs: i.e. Sequanians, dat. obj. of persudre su sponte: by their own will 16 utimpetrret: obtain (what is requested); purpose edprectre: this one (being) an interceder, abl. abs., supply pple for sum 17 grti et largtine: because of; abl. of cause plrimum poterat: was very powerful; idiom 19 cupiditte regn adductus: compare the same description of Orgetorix pg. 4, line 2 novs rebus studbat: was eager for revolution; eager for new things 20 quam plrims: as many as possible su benefici: by his favor obstricts: bound; i.e. by obligations 21 utpatiantur: that allow; noun result clause; pres. subjunctive patior 22 obsidsqueperficit: normal word order: perficit ut obsids inter s dent; the ut clause is another noun result clause perficit: brings it about that inter ss: to one another; among themselves 23 Squan: supply give hostages, which is missing through ellipsis nut: so thatso that; negative and positive purpose clauses itinere: from; abl. of separation 23 trnseant: pres. subjunctive of transe Helvti: supply give hostages, which is missing through ellipsis

Lesson 7: Caesar I.10 I.11.3 14

10.1 Caesar renntitur, Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Squanrum et Aedurum iter in Santonum fns facere, qu nn long Tolstium fnibus absunt, quae cvits est in Provinci. 2. Id s feret, intellegbat magn cum pericul Prvinciae futrum ut homins bellicss, popul Rmn inimcs, locs patentibus maximque frmentris fnitims habret. 3. Ob es causs e mntin quam fcerat T. Labinum legtum praefcit; ipse in Italiam magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi legins cnscrbit, et trs, quae circum Aquileiam hiembant, ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in ulterirem Galliam per Alps erat, cum es quinque leginibus re contendit. 4. Ibi Ceutrons et Graiocel et Caturgs, locs superiribus occupts, itinere exercitum prohibre cnantur. Complribus es proelis pulss, ab Ocel, quod est citeriris Prvinciae extrmum, in fns Vocontirum ulteriris Prvinciae di septim pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fns, ab Allobrogibus in Segsivs exercitum dcit. H sunt extr Prvinciam trns Rhodanum prm. 11.1 Helvti iam per angustis et fns Squanrum sus cpis trdxerant, et in Aedurum fns pervnerant erumque agrs populbantur. 2. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es defendere nn possent, lgts ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium: 3. ita s omn tempore d popul Rmn merits esse ut paene in cnspect exercits nostr agr vstr, lber erum in servittem abdc, oppida expugnr nn debuerint.

1 5 10 15 20

abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: to lead away, 1 Alps, -ium f.: Alps, 1 angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4 Aquilia, -ae f.: Aquileia (city on the Adriatic) bellicsus, -a, -um: warlike, 1 Caturgs, -um m.: Caturiges, 1 Ceutrons, -um m.: Ceutrones (tribe) 1 circum: around, round about, 2 citerior, -ius: on the other side, hither, 3 complres n.: several, 4 conscrib, -ere, -scrips, -scriptum: enlist, register, 2 conspectus, -s, f.: look, sight, view, 3 dfend, -ere, -fend, -fensus: ward off, repel, 4 dcit dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3 expugn (1): to capture by assault, assault, 1 extr: outside; beyond, outside of (acc), 1 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3 Graiocel, -rum m.: Graioceli (Gallic Alpine tribe), 1 hibernus, -a, -um: of winter, wintry, 3 hiemo (1): spend the winter, pass the winter, 1 hc: to this place, hither, here 1 inde: from there, then, afterward, 2

inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2 talia, -ae f.: Italy, 3 longus -a, -um: long, 4 meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 3 mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3 Ocelum, - m.: Ocelum (Gallic town), 1 paene: almost, nearly, 3 pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2 populor, -r, popultus sum: lay waste, devastate, 2 praefici, -ere, -fc: set over, put in charge over, 3 quinque: five, 3 renunti, (1): bring back word, report, announce, 3 Santons, -um m.: Santones (Gallic tribe on coast) 2 Segusiv, -rum m.: Segusiavi (Gallic tribe), 1 septimus, -a, -um: seventh, 3 servits, servittis, f.: servitude, 3 T.: Titus, 2 Tolsts, -ium m.: Tolosati (Gallic tribe in the Province), 1 ulterior, -ius: farther, 4 vast (1): lay waste, 1 Voconti, -rum m.: Vocontii (tribe in Province), 1

Lesson 7: Caesar I.10 I.11.3 14

10.1 Caesar renntitur, Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Squanrum et Aedurum iter in Santonum fns facere, qu nn long Tolstium fnibus absunt, quae cvits est in Provinci. 2. Id s feret, intellegbat magn cum pericul Prvinciae futrum ut homins bellicss, popul Rmn inimcs, locs patentibus maximque frmentris fnitims habret. 3. Ob es causs e mntin quam fcerat T. Labinum legtum praefcit; ipse in Italiam magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi legins cnscrbit, et trs, quae circum Aquileiam hiembant, ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in ulterirem Galliam per Alps erat, cum es quinque leginibus re contendit. 4. Ibi Ceutrons et Graiocel et Caturgs, locs superiribus occupts, itinere exercitum prohibre cnantur. Complribus es proelis pulss, ab Ocel, quod est citeriris Prvinciae extrmum, in fns Vocontirum ulteriris Prvinciae di septim pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fns, ab Allobrogibus in Segsivs exercitum dcit. H sunt extr Prvinciam trns Rhodanum prm. 11.1 Helvti iam per angustis et fns Squanrum sus cpis trdxerant, et in Aedurum fns pervnerant erumque agrs populbantur. 2. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es defendere nn possent, lgts ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium: 3. ita s omn tempore d popul Rmn merits esse ut paene in cnspect exercits nostr agr vstr, lber erum in servittem abdc, oppida expugnr nn debuerint.

1 5 10 15 20

abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: to lead away, 1 Alps, -ium f.: Alps, 1 angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4 Aquilia, -ae f.: Aquileia (city on the Adriatic) bellicsus, -a, -um: warlike, 1 Caturgs, -um m.: Caturiges, 1 Ceutrons, -um m.: Ceutrones (tribe) 1 circum: around, round about, 2 citerior, -ius: on the other side, hither, 3 complres n.: several, 4 conscrib, -ere,