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Learning Objectives
1. Usefulness of an Account
2. Characteristics of an Account
3. Analyzing and Summarizing Transactions
4. Illustration of Analyzing and Summarizing
5. Trial Balance
6. Discovery and Correction of Errors
7. Financial Analysis and Interpretation
Power Notes Analyzing Transactions Analyzing Transactions
Chapter F2
C2
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• Double-Entry Accounting
• Analyzing and Recording Transactions
• Chart of Accounts, Trial Balance
• Journal, Ledger, and Trial Balance
• Recording and Posting an Entry
• Correcting Errors
• Horizontal Analysis
Slide # Power Note Topics
3
11
36
40
43
50
57
Power Notes Analyzing Transactions Analyzing Transactions
Chapter F2
Note: To select a topic, type the slide # and press Enter.
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Double-Entry AccountingDouble-Entry AccountingDouble-Entry AccountingDouble-Entry Accounting
“ Double-entry accounting is based on a
simple concept: each party in a business
transaction will receive something and give
something in return. In bookkeeping terms,
what is received is a debit and what is given
is a credit. The T account is a representation
of a scale or balance.”
Luca PacioliDeveloper ofDouble-EntryAccounting
Scale or Balance
ReceiveDEBIT
GiveCREDIT
T account
Left SideReceiveDEBIT
Right SideGive
CREDIT
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Expanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting Equation
“ The basic accounting equation can be
expanded to include all five financial categories
indicating what has been received and given.”
DEBITSreceived
CREDITSgiven=
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NetSolutions buys land for $20,000.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Land Cash
Land Owner (seller)
giveCredit
Entry B.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/5 Land 20,000 Cash 20,000
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NetSolutions buys supplies for $1,350, agreeing to pay in the near future.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Supplies
Supplier (seller)
giveCredit
Entry C.
A promiseto pay later
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/10 Supplies 1,350 Accounts Payable 1,350
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NetSolutions earns fees of $7,500, receiving cash.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(seller)
Cash
Customer (buyer)
giveCredit
Entry D.
Services
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/18 Cash 7,500 Fees Earned 7,500
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Date Description Debit Credit
11/18 Wages Expense 2,125Rent Expense 800Utilities Expense 450Misc. Expense 275 Cash 3,650
NetSolutions paid: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
General Journal
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Services,benefits
Various suppliers
giveCredit
Entry E.
Cash
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NetSolutions pays $950 to creditors on account.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(payor)
Reduction in obligation
Supplier (payee)
giveCredit
Entry F.
Cash
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30 Accounts Payable 950 Cash 950
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At the end of the month, the cost of supplies on hand is $550.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(user)
Use of supplies
Internal Transaction
(no external entity)
giveCredit
Entry G.
Supplies
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30 Supplies Expense 800 Supplies 800
Balance of Supplies account $1,350 less $550 on hand = $800 used
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Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(payor)
Reduction in obligation
Chris Clark (stockholder)
giveCredit
Entry H.
Cash
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30 Dividends 2,000 Cash 2,000
NetSolutions paid dividends of $2,000.
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NetSolutionsChart of Accounts
Balance Sheet Income Statement
1. Assets11 Cash12 Accounts Receivable14 Supplies15 Prepaid Insurance17 Land18 Office Equipment
2. Liabilities21 Accounts Payable23 Unearned Rent
3. Owner’s Equity31 Capital Stock32 Retained Earnings33 Dividends
4. Revenue41 Fees Earned
5. Expenses51 Wages Expense52 Rent Expense54 Utilities Expense55 Supplies Expense59 Miscellaneous
Expense
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NetSolutionsTrial Balance
November 30, 2002
11 Cash 5,90014 Supplies 55017 Land 20,00021 Accounts Payable 40031 Capital Stock 25,00033 Dividends 2,00041 Fees Earned 7,50051 Wages Expense 2,12552 Rent Expense 80054 Utilities Expense 45055 Supplies Expense 80059 Miscellaneous Expense 275
32,900 32,900
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Expanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting Equation
“ The basic accounting equation can be
expanded to include all five financial categories
indicating what has been received and given.”
DEBITSreceived
CREDITSgiven=
Assets
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Expanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting Equation
“ The basic accounting equation can be
expanded to include all five financial categories
indicating what has been received and given.”
Assets
DEBITSreceived
CREDITSgiven=
Expenses
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Expanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting Equation
“ The basic accounting equation can be
expanded to include all five financial categories
indicating what has been received and given.”
Expenses
Assets
DEBITSreceived
CREDITSgiven=
Liabilities
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Expanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting Equation
“ The basic accounting equation can be
expanded to include all five financial categories
indicating what has been received and given.”
Expenses
Liabilities
Assets
DEBITSreceived
CREDITSgiven=
Owner’s Equity
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Expanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting Equation
“ The basic accounting equation can be
expanded to include all five financial categories
indicating what has been received and given.”
Expenses
Liabilities
Owner’s EquityAssets
DEBITSreceived
CREDITSgiven=
Revenues
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Objective: Use horizontal analysis to compare financial statements from different periods.
Financial Analysis and InterpretationFinancial Analysis and Interpretation
Comparative Balance SheetDecember 31, 2003 and 2002
AssetsCurrent assets $ 550,000 $ 533,000 $ 17,000 3.2%Long-term investments 95,000 177,500 (82,500)(46.5%)Plant assets (net) 444,500 470,000 (25,500)(5.4%)Intangible assets 50,000 50,000 —
$1,139,500 $1,230,500 $ (91,000)(7.4%)
Increase (Decrease)2003 2002 Amount Percent
Horizontal Analysis: Horizontal Analysis:
Current year (2003) $550,000Base year (1999) $533,000
= 103.2%
Increase amount $17,000Base year (2002) $533,000
= 3.2%
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Objective: Use horizontal analysis to compare financial statements from different periods.
Financial Analysis and InterpretationFinancial Analysis and Interpretation
Comparative Income StatementDecember 31, 2003 and 2002
Sales $1,530,500 $1,234,000 $296,500 24.0%Sales returns 32,500 34,000 (1,500) (4.4%)Net sales $1,498,000 $1,200,000 $298,000) 24.8%Cost of goods sold 1,043,000 820,000 223,000 27.2% Gross profit $ 455,000 $ 380,000 $ 75,000 19.7%
Increase (Decrease)2003 2002 Amount Percent
Horizontal Analysis: Horizontal Analysis:
Current year (2003) $1,498,000Base year (2002) $1,200,000
= 124.8%
Increase amount $298,000Base year (2002) $1,200,000
= 24.8%
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Expanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting EquationExpanded Accounting Equation
“ The basic accounting equation can be
expanded to include all five financial categories
indicating what has been received and given.”
Expenses
Liabilities
Owner’s EquityAssets
DEBITSreceived
CREDITSgiven=
Revenues
NetIncome
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NetSolutionsNetSolutionsNetSolutionsNetSolutions
“ On November 1, 2002, I started a business
called NetSolutions. I plan to use my
knowledge of microcomputers and offer
computer consulting services for a fee. The
following double-entry transactions show how
amounts received (debits) always equal
amounts given (credits).”
Chris Clark, Owner
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Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
General Journal
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(investee)
Chris Clark (investor)
giveCredit
Entry A.
Date Description Debit Credit
11/1
Chris Clark deposits $25,000 in a bank account for NetSolutions in exchange for capital stock.
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Chris Clark deposits $25,000 in a bank account for NetSolutions in exchange for capital stock.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
General Journal
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(investee)
Cash
Chris Clark (investor)
giveCredit
Entry A.
Date Description Debit Credit
11/1 Cash 25,000
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Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/1 Cash 25,000 Capital Stock 25,000
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(investee)
Cash CapitalStock
Chris Clark (investor)
giveCredit
Entry A.
Chris Clark deposits $25,000 in a bank account for NetSolutions in exchange for capital stock.
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NetSolutions buys land for $20,000.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Land Owner (seller)
giveCredit
Entry B.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/5
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NetSolutions buys land for $20,000.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Land
Land Owner (seller)
giveCredit
Entry B.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/5 Land 20,000
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NetSolutions buys supplies for $1,350, agreeing to pay in the near future.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Supplier (seller)
giveCredit
Entry C.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/10
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NetSolutions buys supplies for $1,350, agreeing to pay in the near future.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Supplies
Supplier (seller)
giveCredit
Entry C.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/10 Supplies 1,350
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NetSolutions earns fees of $7,500, receiving cash.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(seller)
Customer (buyer)
giveCredit
Entry D.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/18
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NetSolutions earns fees of $7,500, receiving cash.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(seller)
Cash
Customer (buyer)
giveCredit
Entry D.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/18 Cash 7,500
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Date Description Debit Credit
NetSolutions paid: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
General Journal
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Various suppliers
giveCredit
Entry E.
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Date Description Debit Credit
11/18 Wages Expense 2,125Rent Expense 800Utilities Expense 450Misc. Expense 275
NetSolutions paid: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
General Journal
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(buyer)
Services,benefits
Various suppliers
giveCredit
Entry E.
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NetSolutions pays $950 to creditors on account.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(payor)
Supplier (payee)
giveCredit
Entry F.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30
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NetSolutions pays $950 to creditors on account.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(payor)
Reduction in obligation
Supplier (payee)
giveCredit
Entry F.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30 Accounts Payable 950
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At the end of the month, the cost of supplies on hand is $550.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(user)
Internal Transaction
(no external entity)
giveCredit
Entry G.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30
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At the end of the month, the cost of supplies on hand is $550.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(user)
Use of supplies
Internal Transaction
(no external entity)
giveCredit
Entry G.
General Journal
Balance of Supplies account $1,350 less $550 on hand = $800 used
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30 Supplies Expense 800
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NetSolutions paid dividends of $2,000.
Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(payor)
Chris Clark (stockholder)
giveCredit
Entry H.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30
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Business TransactionsBusiness Transactions
receiveDebit
giveCredit
NetSolutions(payor)
Reduction in equity
Chris Clark (stockholder)
giveCredit
Entry H.
General Journal
Date Description Debit Credit
11/30 Dividends 2,000
NetSolutions paid dividends of $2,000.
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NetSolutionsTrial Balance
November 30, 2002
11 Cash 5,90014 Supplies 55017 Land 20,00021 Accounts Payable 40031 Capital Stock 25,00033 Dividends 2,00041 Fees Earned 7,50051 Wages Expense 2,12552 Rent Expense 80054 Utilities Expense 45055 Supplies Expense 80059 Miscellaneous Expense 275
32,900 32,900
BalanceSheet
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IncomeStatement
NetSolutionsTrial Balance
November 30, 2002
11 Cash 5,90014 Supplies 55017 Land 20,00021 Accounts Payable 40031 Capital Stock 25,00033 Dividends 2,00041 Fees Earned 7,50051 Wages Expense 2,12552 Rent Expense 80054 Utilities Expense 45055 Supplies Expense 80059 Miscellaneous Expense 275
32,900 32,900
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1. Transactions are analyzed and recorded in journal.
DocumentsJournal
Journal, Ledger, Trial BalanceJournal, Ledger, Trial Balance
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1. Transactions are analyzed and recorded in journal.
DocumentsJournal
2. Transactions are posted from journal to ledger.
Journal Ledger
Journal, Ledger, Trial BalanceJournal, Ledger, Trial Balance
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1. Transactions are analyzed and recorded in journal.
DocumentsJournal
2. Transactions are posted from journal to ledger.
Journal Ledger
3. Trial balance is prepared.
Journal, Ledger, Trial BalanceJournal, Ledger, Trial Balance
Trial Balance
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Post. Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/1 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Cash 2,400
General Journal Page 1
Recording and Posting an EntryRecording and Posting an Entry
1. Analyze and record the transaction as shown.
2. Post the debit side of the transaction.
3. Post the credit side of the transaction.
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Post. Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/1 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Cash 2,400
Post. BalanceDate Item Ref. Debit Credit Debit Credit
12/1
Account: Prepaid Insurance Account No. 15
General Journal
General Ledger
Page 1
Recording and Posting an EntryRecording and Posting an Entry
1
1 Enter the transaction date in the ledger account.
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Post. Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/1 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Cash 2,400
Post. BalanceDate Item Ref. Debit Credit Debit Credit
12/1 1 2,400
Account: Prepaid Insurance Account No. 15
General Journal
General Ledger
Page 1
Recording and Posting an EntryRecording and Posting an Entry
2
2 Enter the debit amount in the ledger debit column.
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Post. Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/1 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Cash 2,400
Post. BalanceDate Item Ref. Debit Credit Debit Credit
12/1 1 2,400 2,400
Account: Prepaid Insurance Account No. 15
General Journal
General Ledger
Page 1
Recording and Posting an EntryRecording and Posting an Entry
3
3 Update the ledger account balance.
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Post. Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/1 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Cash 2,400
Post. BalanceDate Item Ref. Debit Credit Debit Credit
12/1 1
Account: Prepaid Insurance Account No. 15
General Journal
General Ledger
Page 1
Recording and Posting an EntryRecording and Posting an Entry
4
4 Enter the journal page in the ledger account.
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Post. Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/1 Prepaid Insurance 15 2,400 Cash 2,400
Post. BalanceDate Item Ref. Debit Credit Debit Credit
12/1 1 2,400 2,400
Account: Prepaid Insurance Account No. 15
General Journal
General Ledger
Page 1
Recording and Posting an EntryRecording and Posting an Entry
5
5 Enter the ledger account number in the journal.
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Recording and Posting an EntryRecording and Posting an Entry
Post. Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/1 Prepaid Insurance 15 2,400 Cash 11 2,400
Post. BalanceDate Item Ref. Debit Credit Debit Credit
11/30 Balance 5,90012/1 1 2,400 3,500
Account: Cash Account No. 11
General Journal
General Ledger
Page 1
1 5 2
3
4
All five parts of the credit posting are shown.
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Correcting ErrorsCorrecting Errors
Three Types of ErrorsJournal EntryJournal Entry Ledger PostingLedger Posting Correction ProcedureCorrection Procedure
1. incorrect not posted correct Journal
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Correcting ErrorsCorrecting Errors
Three Types of ErrorsJournal EntryJournal Entry Ledger PostingLedger Posting Correction ProcedureCorrection Procedure
1. incorrect not posted correct Journal
2. correct incorrectly posted correct Ledger
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Correcting ErrorsCorrecting Errors
Three Types of ErrorsJournal EntryJournal Entry Ledger PostingLedger Posting Correction ProcedureCorrection Procedure
Error 3 requires a correcting journal entry.
1. incorrect not posted correct Journal
2. correct incorrectly posted correct Ledger
3. incorrect already posted record and posta correcting entry
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General Journal – As recorded and posted
Correcting Errors – An ExampleCorrecting Errors – An Example
On May 5 a purchase of office equipment on account was incorrectly journalized and posted as shown.
What part of this entry is incorrect? What correcting entry would you make?
Date Description Debit Credit
5/5 Supplies 12,500 Accounts Payable 12,500
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General Journal – As recorded and posted
On May 5 a purchase of office equipment on account was incorrectly journalized and posted as shown.
General Journal – A correcting entry
Correcting Errors – An ExampleCorrecting Errors – An Example
Date Description Debit Credit
5/5 Supplies 12,500 Accounts Payable 12,500
Date Description Debit Credit
5/5
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General Journal – As recorded and posted
On May 5 a purchase of office equipment on account was incorrectly journalized and posted as shown.
Correcting Errors – An ExampleCorrecting Errors – An Example
General Journal – A correcting entry
Date Description Debit Credit
5/5 Supplies 12,500 Accounts Payable 12,500
Date Description Debit Credit
5/5 Office Equipment 12,500
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General Journal – As recorded and posted
On May 5 a purchase of office equipment on account was incorrectly journalized and posted as shown.
Correcting Errors – An ExampleCorrecting Errors – An Example
General Journal – A correcting entry
Date Description Debit Credit
5/5 Office Equipment 12,500 Supplies 12,500
Date Description Debit Credit
5/5 Supplies 12,500 Accounts Payable 12,500
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Objective: Use horizontal analysis to compare financial statements from different periods.
Financial Analysis and InterpretationFinancial Analysis and Interpretation
Comparative Balance SheetDecember 31, 2003 and 2002
AssetsCurrent assets $ 550,000 $ 533,000Long-term investments 95,000 177,500Plant assets (net) 444,500 470,000Intangible assets 50,000 50,000
$1,139,500 $1,230,500
Increase (Decrease)2003 2002 Amount Percent
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Objective: Use horizontal analysis to compare financial statements from different periods.
Financial Analysis and InterpretationFinancial Analysis and Interpretation
Comparative Income StatementDecember 31, 2003 and 2002
Sales $1,530,500 $1,234,000Sales returns 32,500 34,000Net sales $1,498,000 $1,200,000Cost of goods sold 1,043,000 820,000Gross profit $ 455,000 $ 380,000
Increase (Decrease)2003 2002 Amount Percent
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This is the last slide in Chapter F2. This is the last slide in Chapter F2.
Power Notes Analyzing Transactions Analyzing Transactions
Chapter F2
