Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF ELDERLY
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING IN NIGERIA
BY
WAHAB, ELIAS OLUKOREDE
&
ANIGBORO, GODWIN OLUWASEGUN
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT This study investigates how socio-demographic indicators impact on well-being at old age in
Nigeria. This has become essential in order to improve the preparation for old age among
Nigerians. Reliable information is also required to formulate comprehensive social security
system for the elderly. Quantitative data was collected through individual-based
questionnaire. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select local government
areas, enumeration areas and individuals for the study. In all, 200 respondents were
interviewed. The study found that in terms of education, more than three-fourths of the
respondents with high education have better economic wellbeing. Level of education is
statistically related to level of satisfaction with old age well-being, those in extended families
are more likely to report satisfaction with economic well-being. Among the females, less than
one-fifth of the respondents reported satisfaction with old age economic well-being. Type of
family is somewhat statistically related to elderly persons’ economic well-being. This
underscores the inadequacy of their income from pension. In conclusion, the idea that old-age
security and well being in Nigeria should remain the primary responsibility of the family is
untenable. Government must assume the primary responsibility in a partnership in which the
family also continues to play a significant role.
Key words: Well being, Socio-demographic, Old age, Economic, Nigeria
2
INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, the traditional family system and polygamous nature of Africans in
conjunction with the traditional co-existence experience among family
members, then referred to as extended family relationship, made elderly to
experience no isolation, suffering and rejection. They were given leadership
positions in their various communities and seen as sources of wisdom,
guardians of ancestral values, cultural traditions, history, folklore and other
cultural values (Wahab, 2011). The values attached to them made the society to
respect them, embrace and willingly care for them. Families not only provide
care, but food, shelter, advice and assistance on health care, clothing and others
without any form of compensation.
Modernization and acculturation have caused a shift in the traditional scenario
and put an end to the accrued elderly benefits of the traditional time. Economic
hardship has caused both men and women to work, leaving no one to care for
the elderly, despite lack of provision of social security by the government.
Even when support for the elderly exists in the family, it is often inadequate
and adversely affects the care givers psycho-emotional and economic status. Of
importance is the dearth of contents or inclusion of care of the elderly in the
curricula of students of health professions in the country in addition to not
having a separate unit designated for their care (Amaike, 2006). Moreover, the
breakdown of intergeneration care is negatively affecting values, worth and
attitudes toward the elderly. Hence, a solution is needed that maintains the
3
required values with a view to incorporating modern approaches to the care of
subgroup and improving their well-being. One of the aims of research on well-
being of the elderly is to discover the indicators that either increase or decrease
well-being in old age. Feelings about life are subjective and what is considered
as important for the wellbeing of one person may not be so regard by another.
Also, a chronic health condition occurring in the setting of a developed country
may have a lower impact on the quality of life on the patient than the same
disease would have in a low income country where resources to ameliorate
disability may be scarce. The subjective nature of quality of life and the
contextual nature of its assessment inform the World Health Organization’s
definition of it (subjective wellbeing) as: “an individual’s perceptions of his/her
position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which he/she
lives, and in relation to his/her goals, expectations, standards and concern the
world health organization, (WHO, 1995). Thus economic wellbeing reflects a
broad view of subjective wellbeing and life satisfaction that encompasses
ability to sustain a good mental and physical health, material wellbeing to
cover basic needs such as: eat good nutritious food, pay necessary bills, live in
a conducive apartment and environment, maintain good interpersonal
relationship within and outside the family, work and activities within the
communities, personal development and fulfillment and active recreation
(Beales, 2000).
4
Studies conducted by Jakobsson, Patel et al (2007) among groups of elderly
persons have shown that quality of life and subjective evaluation of life
satisfaction are indicated by several factors. Other than socio-demographic
features such as age and financial status, health, including functional disability,
and social support and network are often found to be important in elderly
person’s assessment of their quality of life. In general, the common observation
is that elderly persons value independence, financial security, emotional
support and social integration (Asiyanbola, 2004).
Generally, many factors have been studied in relation to well-being, but only
some have been found to be associated with it. These factors are demographic
(age, sex, culture, marital status). Social (socioeconomic status, quality of
children, religion, social contact etc).Or related to personality, life events and
engagements, health, and activities. Old age often brings about health problems
and decreasing functional capacity which may affect the sense of economic
wellbeing of an individual. In this regard, the goal of health for the elderly in the
society may not be that of freedom from diseases, but the possibility of having a
good life despite illness and decreasing capacities (Meyer and Sullivan, 2003).
The syndrome of seeing senior citizen’s welfare as the responsibility of the
family had made the government of Nigeria to do little or nothing to provide for
their welfare. In many cases, when they are entitled to pension, this regrettably
is not paid and when paid it is not often on time (Adegoke, 2007). Each time
pension is mentioned, the question that readily comes to mind is “how many
5
aged Nigerians have access to jobs that leads to retirement and attract pension at
old age?” Majority of Nigerian aged lives in rural area and are gainfully
employed in subsistence farming. Large Percentage of the aged who live in the
city are basically self-employed who have to work till death for their daily
survival.
There has being increasing interest in the well-being of the aged in the last two
decades. One of the specific areas of interest has been to investigate and
determine the various social demographic indicators of good life and economic
well-being in old age. Investigation of this heightened interest in economic
well-being suggests that it essentially can be associated with four interrelated
factors:
The growing number of uneconomically insufficient aged in the Nigerian
societies,
Understanding the general premise of successful ageing,
The consequences of longevity that influences the overall quality of life for the
aged, and
needs to Inform and create the consciousness of present working class and
youths the needs to make provision for alternative social security and supposed
family supports in their old age.
6
To determine whether the aged have adapted with ageing, it is important to
obtain their input from them, self-rating of life satisfaction is recognized as a
principal measure of effective adaptation to ageing and well-being (Zaidi and de
Vos, 2001). However it will be more logical to have a firm grip of those
conditions that can serve as possible indicators of economic well-being of the
aged, and to test a multivariate model that explains the relationships between
socio-demographic on the old people.
The big question however is, how has the elderly fared, looking at the positive
experience of the past to date amidst psycho-socio-economic and demographic
changes? Frankly speaking, the demographic report on the elderly subgroup 60
years and above was between 10-12 per cent population and by way of
prediction by the year 2025; it will be about 15 per cent. This means that about
2.55 million elderly Nigerians will be without any concrete plan for
sustainability in later life and family support in place for survival (Fajemilehin,
2009).
There has being increasing interest in the well-being of the aged in the last two
decades. One of the specific areas of interest has been to investigate and
determine the various social demographic indicators of good life and economic
well-being in old age. Therefore, What are the indicators of elderly people
economic wellbeing? Are there any cross point between Government policy and
economic well-being? Are there evidences attesting to formal education as
indicator of economic wellbeing in the later life? Are there interface between
7
the numbers, quality of children and economic well-being of the elderly? Are
there any cross point between the size of family and the economic well-being of
the elderly? These and other questions shall be probed into in the course of this
study.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK--------POLITICAL ECONOMIY
THEORY: There is nothing as good as having relevant theory that addresses
the specific area of research processes. For the purpose of this research, political
economy theory will shed light on indicators of wellbeing of the elderly shall be
considered. The political economy theory attempts to explain how interaction of
economic and political forces determines the allocation of social resources.
The political economy theory is a variant of Marxism and conflict theory, it is
also expected reaction to structural functionalism. The theory posit that the
variations in the treatment, status and care of the elderly can be understood by
examining public policies, economic trends and social structural factors. Socio-
economic and demographic constraints shape the experiences of the elderly
persons resulting in their loss of power, influence and opportunities in old age.
With possession of fewer resources, they are more vulnerable to abuse and
neglect.
Profit maximization also remains the core philosophy of a capitalist economy
thereby making access to quality services by the elderly very difficult. The
notion of care giving, power relations and the dependency of older people
8
signify the fact that the care of the elderly has become politicized in Nigeria in a
way that minimizes government’s (especially federal) responsibility for
providing care and support for it senior citizens. It is assumed that the family
should provide care and support for their elderly. This role is becoming more
difficult for the extended family system to perform in the face of excruciating
economic problem. Capitalism force both men and women who could
ordinarily serve as care givers to work round the clock neglecting their
government neglected elder and old parents. Walker (1993) uses the political
economy perspective to analyze the problem of intergenerational relationships
and the issue of “generational equity”. He observes that a bridge exist between
social policy and social caring relationship such as the care of aged family
members. He noted that state policies affect family relationships. The
implication is that social and political environment also serves as platform
where resources are gathered by family members to provide for the type and
quality of care and support that their ageing family may need.
The influence of demographic, social and economic forces on the well-being,
care and situation of the elderly in Nigeria is tremendous. For instance, any
change in social economic structures would impact either negatively or
positively on the care and support of the elderly since family members who are
the primary care givers live in the society, and policy of the state would either
enhance or hinder their ability to provide care and support for the ageing
population in their midst likely area that will be effected includes:
9
The pension scheme, care giving, institutional placements or home for the aged,
financial responsibility within the nuclear and extended family circle.
Therefore, social policies can either enhance the well-being and care of the
elderly or limit their access to quality care and economic well-being in old age.
HYPOTHESES
1. There is no significant relationship between social policy and the elderly
economic well-being.
2. There is no significant relationship between level of education and
economic well-being of the elderly.
METHODS
STUDY POPULATION
The study focuses on the elderly people of Iba Local Council Development area
(Iba LCDA) of Lagos state. The targeted age groups are between the age of 60
years and above. It also covers various socio-demographic characteristics; male,
female, married, divorced and single parents.
SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Since the whole population cannot be studied in its entirety for some reasons;
hence a sample was drawn from the entire population which requires one to
generalize across the whole population of study. Purposeful sampling method
10
was used to draw a sample size of 200 respondents which was drawn from the
four axis of Iba Local Council Development Area namely; Iba Town, Iba
Housing estate, Igbo-Elerin and Agbo-iroko. To ensure fair representativeness,
each town was clustered into units with each unit having about four to five
streets.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Questionnaire method was used to collect data from respondents. The
questionnaire was made up of closed and open ended questions in order to give
respondents choice and freedom in stating their opinion about the determinants,
predictors, or indicators of old people wellbeing.
METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
Data collected from the field were properly and carefully checked, grouped and
coded to aid the analysis. Data were pre-tested in a tabular form of both
univariate and bi-variate frequency table. The data was analyzed using the
statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS), chi-square analysis was used to
test research hypotheses.
FINDINGS
Table 1: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
11
CHARACTERISTICS VARIABLE
FREQUENCY PERCENT
Sex Male 120 62.5
Female 72 37.5
Total 192 100.0
Age Group 60 – 64 25 13.0
65 – 69 55 28.6
70 – 74 46 24.0
75 – 79 32 16.7
Others 24 12.5
Missing 10 5.2
Total 192 100.0
Marital Status Married 83 43.2
Divorced 11 5.7
Widowed 75 39.1
Others 14 7.3
12
Missing 9 4.7
Total 192 100.0
Religion Christian 102 53.1
Islam 66 34.4
Traditional 16 8.3
Others 8 4.2
Total 192 100.0
Ethnic group Yoruba 107 55.7
Igbo 51 26.6
Hausa 14 7.3
Other 20 10.4
Total 192 100.0
Educational
Attainment
Primary 35 18.2
College 71 37.0
Technical 16 8.3
B.Sc. 26 13.5
13
Others 44 22.9
Total 192 100.0
Source: Authors field work 2013
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
Table 1 reveals that about three-fifths of the respondents were male
while the rest were female. It also reveals that less than one quarter of
the respondents was between the ages of 60-64 years, less than two
quarter were between the ages of 65-69 years. Finally, more than a
quarter was 75 years and above. The table also reveals that majority of
the respondents were married, as indicated by the above table that more
than two-fifths of the respondents were married, less than one-fifth
were divorced, while less than two-fifths were widowed, Others were
less than one-fifth. The table above also shows that majority of the
respondents were Christians as more than half of the respondents were
Christians while others were Muslims, Traditionalists and others. The
table also disclosed that more than two quarter of the respondents were
of Yoruba ethnic group, while Igbo, Hausa’s and other ethnic groups
constitutes less than two third of the respondents. The table also shows
that majority of the respondents attain secondary school certificate as
one quarter of the respondents were school certificate holders. Less than
14
one fifth was primary school holders, less than one fifth had technical
education while another one fifth were B.sc holders.
Table 2: Occupational Characteristics of Respondents
CHARACTERISTICS VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENT
What sector do you
work?
Public sector 58 30.2
Private sector 53 29.6
Self employed 67 34.9
Others 14 7.3
Total 192 100.0
Position occupied Manager 77 40.1
Admin Officer 24 12.5
Supervisor 32 16.7
Others 59 30.7
Total 192 100.0
Work responsibilities Trading 50 26.0
15
Civil servant 21 10.9
Farming 11 5.7
Public servant 48 25.0
Professional 21 10.9
Self employed 22 11.5
Missing 19 9.9
Total 192 100.0
Present job status Active 66 34.4
Inactive 35 18.2
Pensioners 49 25.5
Disengaged 42 21.9
Total 192 100.0
Source: Authors field work 2013
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
Table 2 presents that majority (more than one quarter) of the respondents
were self employed. Respondents who work in public sector were also
more than one quarter. Also More than one quarter of the respondents
16
worked in private sector, others were are less than one fifth. The table
also reveals that more than one third of the respondents were still
actively working, while less than one fifth respondents were inactive,
one quarter were pensioners, while about one fifth of the respondents
were disengaged.
TABLE 3: Residential Pattern of the Respondents
CHARACTERISTICS VARIABLE FREQUENC
Y
PERCE
NT
Where do you live? Own house 99 49.9
With children 25 13.0
Rented apartment 50 26.0
Family house 18 8.9
Total 192 100.0
Residential pattern A room 28 14.6
A Room & Parlour 114 59.4
Flat 50 26.0
Total 192 100.0
Source: Author’s Field Work 2013
17
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
Table 3 reveals that about two quarter of the respondent’s lives in their
own house, less than one fifth lives with their children, more than one
quarter of the respondents lives in rented apartment, while less than one
fifth of the respondents live in their family house. It reveals that
majority of the respondent lives in their own house. The table also
reveals that majority (more than three quarter) of the respondents’ lives
in a room and parlour, while less than one fifth lives in a room, about
one quarter of the respondent lives in a flat.
Table 4: Asset Owned and Sources of Income
CHARACTERISTICS VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENT
House Yes 128 66.7
No 64 33.3
Total 192 100.0
Land Yes 37 19.3
No 155 80.7
Total 192 100.0
Car Yes 57 29.7
18
No 135 70.3
Total 192 100.0
Keke Napep(commercial
tricycle)
Yes 16 8.3
No 176 91.7
Total 192 100.0
Motorcycle Yes 9 4.7
No 183 95.3
Total 192 100.0
Television Yes 173 90.1
No 19 9.9
Total 192 100.0
Radio Yes 161 83.9
No 31 16.1
Total 192 100.0
Others Yes 95 49.5
19
No 97 50.5
Total 192 100.0
Source of Income
(Children)
Yes
98
51.0
No 94 49.0
Total 192 100.0
Shares/Stock Yes 31 16.1
No 161 83.9
Total 192 100.0
Pension Yes 58 30.2
No 134 69.8
Total 192 100.0
Profit from Business Yes 123 64.1
No 69 35.9
Total 192 100.0
House rentage Yes 47 24.5
20
No 145 75.5
Total 192 100.0
Others Yes 23 12.0
No 169 88.0
Total 192 100.0
Source: Author’s Field Work 2013
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
Table 4 shows that more than two quarter of the respondents has
house(s), while less than one quarter of the respondents do not. The table
also indicates that majority (more than three quarter ) of the respondents
do not have land, while less than one fifth have land. The table revealed
that about one quarter of the respondents have car, while three quarter do
not have car, thus majority of the respondents do not have car. It also
discovered that more than three quarter of the respondents do not have
Keke Napep(Commercial tricycle) while less than one fifth have. The
table also disclosed that majority (more than three quarter) of the
respondents do not have motorcycle while less than one fifth have. The
table also showed that majority (more than three quarter) of the
respondents has television this is because of the commonality of the
household gadget and also the existence of second hand products. It also
21
asserted that more than three quarter of the respondents have radio while
less than one fifth of the respondent do not. Thus in spite of its
cheapness and the existence of much cheaper second products, some
elderly persons cannot afford them.
The table also bring to light that more than two-thirds of the
respondents have children as their main sources of income this is
because of the preferences giving to children in African society. While
about two-fifths do not. Less than one fifth of the respondents have
shares/stock as their source of income, while majority of the respondents
(more than three quarter) does not. This is also a function of education
and level of awareness. Pension serves as a source of income for less
than one quarter of the respondents while 69.8% (close to three quarter)
do not receive pension. This is because few are the number of those
gainfully employed in formal activities attracting pension in later life. It
also reveals that profit from business serves as source of income for the
majority (more three-fifths) of the respondents. This is because majority
of the aged are traders
Table 4.1.5: Indicators of Old People Economic
Well-Being
CHARACTERISTI
CS
VARIABLE FREQUENC
Y
PERCENT
22
Time eaten daily Three times 114 59.4
Two times 59 30.7
Once 14 7.3
Four times 5 2.6
Total 192 100.0
Education Yes 103 53.6
No 89 46.4
Total 192 100.0
Family size Yes 10 5.2
No 182 94.8
Total 192 100.0
Asset Yes 82 42.7
No
Total
110
192
57.3
100.0
Government Yes 151 78.6
23
policy No 41 21.4
Total 192 100.0
Quality of children Yes 118 61.5
No 74 38.5
Total 192 100.0
Old people are
neglected by the
government
Strongly agree 104 54.2
Agree 88 45.8
Total 192 100.0
Old people lack
support from their
children
Disagree 168 87.5
Strongly disagree 24 12.2
Total 192 100.0
Economic well-being
of educated old
people is better than
the uneducated
Strongly agree 11 5.7
Agree
Disagree
170
11
88.5
5.7
Total 192 100.0
People who have less Strongly agree 47 24.5
24
to spend on in old
age enjoy more
Agree 101 52.6
Disagree 39 20.3
Undecided 5 2.6
Total 192 100.0
Old people who live
in personal house
enjoy better
economic well being.
Strongly agree 41 21.4
Agree 132 68.8
Strongly Disagree 5 2.6
Undecided 14 7.3
Total 192 100.0
Old people with
educated children
enjoy better financial
support
Strongly agree 70 36.5
Agree 10 52.1
Disagree 11 5.7
Undecided 11 5.7
Total 192 100.0
Educated old people
benefit more from
Strongly agree 52 27.1
Agree 106 55.2
25
government Disagree 34 17.7
Total 192 100.0
The more educated a
person is, the better
his/her financial
security in old age
Strongly agree 26 13.5
Agree 136 70.8
Disagree 16 8.3
Undecided 14 7.3
Total 192 100.0
Government has
done nothing for old
people in this
community
Strongly agree 61 31.8
Agree 131 68.2
Total 192 100.0
Pension and gratuity
is enough for the
financial security of
old people.
Agree 10 5.2
Disagree 30 15.6
Strongly disagree 44 22.9
Undecided 108 56.3
Total 192 100.0
Source: Author’s Field Work 2013
26
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
Tables 5 showed that more than half of the respondents eat three times
daily, while more than one quarter eat twice daily, less than one fifth eat
once daily. The table also indicated that more than two quarter accepts
education as an indicator of well-being while more than two fifth do not.
This does brings to light that majority of the respondent’s sees education
as an indicator of their economic well being. The table reveals that more
than three quarter of the respondents subscribe to family size as an
indicator of economic wellbeing. This implies that people are becoming
more informed of the effects of over populations on household
resources.
The table further disclosed that more than three quarter of the
respondents accept government policy as an indicator of old people
economic well being while about one fifth of the respondent reject the
proposition that government policy is an indicator of the elderly
economic well-being. The table also conveys that more than two quarter
of the respondents accept quality of children as an indicator of old
people economic well being, while less than two fifth reject quality of
children as an indicator of economic well being. In addition, the table
asserted that more than half of the respondents strongly agree that old
people are neglected by the government.
27
The table further indicated that more than three quarter of the
respondents disagree with the belief that old people lack support from
their children. The table also disclosed that old people who live in their
personal house enjoy better economic well being, as more than two third
of the respondents agree to the proposition. This is because of the sense
of security enjoyed by people who lives in their personal house. The
table then revealed that majority (more than two quarter) of the
respondents agree to the proposition that government has done nothing
for old people economic well being in Iba Local Council Development
Area, this implies that if government policies are effective, economic
well-being of elderly people will improve considerably, as less than one
fifth of the respondents agree that pension and gratuity is enough for old
people economic well being. This is because few are the numbers of
aged who in their early life engaged in formal occupation that attract
pension in later life (65 years and above).
TESTING OF HYPOTHESES AND INTERPRETATION OF
FINDINGS
HYPOTHESIS 1
Null hypothesis (Ho): there is no significant relationship between
social policy and elderly economic well-being.
28
Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.474a 1 .062
Continuity
Correctionb
2.914 1 .088
Likelihood Ratio 3.456 1 .063
Fisher's Exact Test .084 .044
Linear-by-Linear
Association
3.456 1 .063
N of Valid Cases 192
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
26.05.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
29
INTERPRETATION
P-value (0.062) is greater than level of significant (0.05). Thus,
Alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted and (Ho) is rejected. Therefore
there is a significant relationship between social policy and elderly
economic well-being.
Hypothesis 11
Null hypothesis (Ho): there is no significant relationship between level
of education and economic well-being of the elderly.
30
INTERPRETATION
P-value (0.63) is greater than level of significant (0.05). Thus,
Alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted and (Ho) is rejected. This
implies that there is a significant relationship between level of education
and economic well- being of the elderly.
Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .926a 2 .629
Likelihood Ratio .918 2 .632
Linear-by-Linear Association .850 1 .357
N of Valid Cases 192
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected
count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is
11.33.
31
CONCLUSION
Of great important is the issue of economic well-being in later life (60 years and
above). The care provided by family institution in our modern day society is
minimal as capitalism forces both men and women to work neglecting their
government neglected aged. Old age should originally be a time period where
an (individual) aged should enjoy and reflect on how well and satisfied they are
with life.
Causes of economic poverty in old age are complex, growing old is inevitable,
however, little is known about factors that determines the economic well-being
elderly persons living in developing society undergoing constant and rapid
social change. Other than socio-demographic factors, several literatures also
reveal that other factors such as physical and psychological factors have directly
correlation with the economic factors. Economic factor has being reveals to
exact more influence on well-being in old age. Nevertheless, there are
limitations to a definition of quality of life that rest solely on economic and
people’s ability to obtain the marketplace goods and services that they choose.
Economic progress may also not guarantee the other important factors such as
absences of crime. Be that as it may, economic measures shed light on an
individual quality of life in particular and society’s well-being in general. It
reveals how specific factor influence well-being. There so many factors
associated with well-being, hence there are numerous indicators of well-being.
However special attention should be paid to all the indicators exposed by this
32
research as they represent the original thought, views and response of the aged.
A well informed opinion about the causes and consequences of poor economic
well-being in old age will be beneficial to the individual members of society
(young and old), as it will help members of society to convey their expectations
to policy makers and also help at individual level by enabling members of
society to attuned to factors that are favourable to the definition of better
economic well-being.
REFERENCES
Adegoke, A. A. (2007). Principle and strategies for advancing full
careerpotentials: implication for human relationship management and
counseling. Ogun: Covenant University.
Amaike, B. (2006). Pension Reform Act 2004: socio-economic implications for
the public services in Nigeria. Lagos: Concept.
Asiyanbola, R. A. (2004). Social support/networks, urban condition and
physical well being of the elderly in Africa: a preliminary survey in Ibadan,
Nigeria. Pretoria: HSRC.
33
Beales, S.(2000). “Why we should invest in older women and men: the
experience of Help Age International”. Gender and Development, Vol. 8(2): 9-
18.
Fajemilehin, B.R. (2009). Health and longevity. Ile-Ife: University press.
Jakobsson, U. (2007).” Exploring quality of life among old people in pain and
in need of help for daily living”. Journal of clinical nursing, vol. 34(3):40-45.
Meyer, B.D. and Sullivan, J.X. (2003). Measuring the Well-Being of the Poor
Using Income and Consumption. NBER Working Paper, No. 9760.
Zaidi, M. and Vos, de K. (2001). “Trends in consumption-Based Poverty and
Inequality in the European Union During the 1980s”. Journal of Population
Economics, Vol. 14(2): 367-390.
34
