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by :Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd
POWERGRID AT A GLANCECentral Transmission Utility of India & Operator of RLDCs. (TSO) One of the largest transmission utility in the world Operating 48,000 CKms of EHV transmission lines 82 EHVAC & HVDC sub-stations 47,000 MVA transformation capacity Emerged as leading consultancy Organisation in Power SectorCatalytic Role in Power Sector Reforms (APDRP)Diversified in Telecom
POWERGRID FUNCTIONS TSORLDCs
CTU FUNCTIONS
Inter-stateTransmission ServicesP O W E R G R I DLICENSEES
NON-CTU FUNCTIONS
Telecom,Consultancy,Distribution
Development of ABT MechanismOn site administrator of the Tariff Study in Feb.,94 by International Consultant M/s ECC Inc., USACo-ordinated the study and mooted the idea of frequency linked tariff to ECCBasic frame work developedRTFs/ NTF deliberations ABT is a commercial mechanism linked to frequencyCERC hearings with utilitiesClarifications on issues CERC issued Order on 04.01.2000
ABT implementation at Regional Level POWERGRIDs ExpertiseMore than 150 presentations toSEBsGeneratorsCentral / State GovernmentOther UtilitiesIn-house development of softwares for SchedulingEnergy AccountingTime tested and proven softwareLegal issues resolvedOnly Utility in the world having experience to develop and implement
POWERGRIDS Expertise in ABT Only Utility having proven capability inDevelopment of ABTImplementation of ABTActual Operating experiencePioneers and leaders in ABT mechanismCapability to implement ABT mechanismExpertise to train the personnelExperience in development and implementation ofScheduling ProcedureEnergy Accounting Development of Special Energy MetersDevelopment of Metering SchemeExperience in Operation of Pool Accounts for UI and reactive Charges
Development of Energy MetersForeseen the requirement of a New Meter for ABTTailor made meter specifications for ABT tariff Prototype development followed by field trialsVendor DevelopmentMain features of SEMsTamper proof and low cost Developed and manufactured indigenouslyAccuracy of class 0.2Static Meters to record energy transmittals in 15 min. time blockReactive power measurement in pre-specified voltage conditionsEstablishment of Data Collection and Data transfer infrastructure
POWERGRID co-ordinated and provided all infrastructure for ABT implementation.
01.11.2003WR took lead for ABT implementation01.01.2003Other Regions followed01.07.200201.04.200301.12.2002ABT implemented in All Five Regions.Pool Accounts Operated by RLDCs.
Experience in intra-State ABT implementation
Based on our expertise consultancy for intra-State ABT to GEB on single offer basis.
Consultancy for PSEB Roadmap prepared for MSEB.
Other States are approaching for consultancy
Expertise in Operation of Pool AccountRLDC have collected and dispersed as follows:UI Pool account : Rs. 7637 Crores (Upto Dec.04)No discrepancies, disputes raisedAmount disbursed within 3 daysE-banking facilities available
Similarity between ABT at Regional Level and intra-State level Regional ABTRegulator- CERCCentral Sector GeneratorsIPPsSEBsSEMs Day Ahead Scheduling by RLDCsWeekly Settlement of regional UIUI Pool AccountReactive Pool A/cIntra-State ABTRegulator- SERCState Sector Generatorsembedded generatorsDiscomsSEMsDay Ahead Scheduling by SLDCs Weekly Settlement of State UIUI Pool AccountReactive Pool A/c
ABT Balancing MarketUI mechanism takes care of this in a inherent wayCost based on frequency reflecting load generation balance in the gridNo negotiations, no bidding. Flexible-anybody can inject or draw. ISO purchases balancing power and despatchesCost of balancing power based on bids which reflect notional market conditionsRequires Exchanges, complicated procurement procedure and involves cost in setting up of computerised systems
Inadvertant exchanges priced based on frequency & price is known in advance
No gaming
No mechanism for pricing inadvertant exchanges before hand but is based on post facto computationsGaming is possible
ABT Balancing Market
Gives autonomy to SLDCs. SLDCs can regulate loads ABT allows frequency variation between 49.0 and 50.5 Hz.RLDCs unilaterally decides and implements. Demand curtailment options (in India) not consideredSuitable in systems abroad where frequency has to be maintained close to nominalABT Balancing Market
NEED OF SCADA FOR ABT All utilities to monitor & control the load & generation in real time Special energy meters provide energy & average frequency for every 15 minutes time block Data of energy meters is generally downloaded weeklyNeed of real time SCADA system for energy meters telemetry
SCADA process power flow on inter-state exchange points in real time basisMonitor schedule & actual drawals Provides information for their own generation Reactive power management using capacitor / reactors.Management of voltage by transformer tap adjustment
SCADA APPLICATIONS FOR ABT
International Practices- Balancing MarketReal Time Spot MarketDay Ahead Scheduling Procedure coversNext day hourly forecast of demandAvailability of GenerationFinalisation of Day-Ahead Schedule considering transmission & generation constraintsGenerators and Buyers submit price bids.Deviations within a predetermined percentage limitPenalties for deviation beyond prescribed limitDeviations to be paid as per Real Time Spot Market rates
EUROPEAN & SOUTH AFRICAN MODELGGGDDDT + SOGDGDThis model is followed in UK by NGC, in Norway by Statenett, in Sweden by Svenska Kraftnet, in Finland by Fingrid, in Netherland by Tennet, in Denmark by Eltral/Elkrafts and in South Africa by Eskom.NEXT
AMERICAN MODELGGGDDDTTGDGDGDTSOSORTOThis model is followed in USA. Based on their experience, USA is now moving towards TSO model through RTO.
ABT Structure
Three-part tariffCapacity Charges linked to availabilityVariable Charges as per scheduleUI Charges for deviations
ABT Structure
Allocations to Discoms from shared generating plants -to be notified by State governmentState generatorsCentral Sector generatorsIPPsCriteria to be finalised In percentages , not in MW termsNo unallocated power
ABT Structure
STUs role in collection and disbursement of transmission chargesSTUs chargesCTUs charges
ABT Structure
GENCO norms of operation
Financial Norms similar to ISGS Depreciation, Rate of return, O&M Cost, D:E ratio etc.Operational Norms similar to ISGS Auxiliary power consumptionTarget availability Can be increased progressively in 5 years.Scheme for incentives based on availability.
ABT Structure
Re-negotiation of existing contracts with IPPsFinancial Norms as per ISGS Depreciation, Rate of return, O&M Cost, D:E ratio etc.IncentivesOperational Norms as per ISGS Auxiliary power consumptionTarget availability 80%
APSEBTNEBKEBKSEBInter-regionalISGS1ISGS2ISGS3ISGS4 Discom 1Discom 2Discom 3Discom 4Inter-stateISGS1ISGS2~SGS3SGS4~Inter-stateSTSISTSRegionState
ISGS: Inter State Generating StationsSGS: State Generating StationsCTU: Central Transmission UtilitySTU: State Transmission UtilityInter-State ABTIntra-State ABTDistribution Control Centre One for each Discom
POWERGRID
Market ModelsOption 1 Single Buyer ModelAll the generation including IPPs to be pooled /purchased by residual Electricity Board & all power sale / purchase from other agencies through residual Electricity BoardOption 2 Multi Buyer ModelAll the generation including IPPs to be sold/purchased by DISCOMs directly & all power sale / purchase from other agencies also directly by DISCOMs
STATE POWER POOL : Single Buyer Model- Option 1 GEN 1 GEN 2 GEN 3 IPP 1 IPP 2
DISCOM A s STATE GENCO THROUGH TRANSCO SYSTEM RESIDUAL EB/TRADECO TO POOL ALL GENERATION Dist. Iicensee-2Dist. Iicensee 1Power Purchases/Sales
STATE POWER POOL : Multiple Buyer Model Option2 GEN 1 GEN 2 GEN 3 IPP 1 IPP 2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF GETCO STATE GENCO
DISCOM A Dist. Licensee-2Dist. Licensee-1External PurchasesTRADECO
Options for UIUI Rate CurveSame as inter-state UI-Rate CurveHigher inter-state UI-Rate CurveLower inter-state UI-Rate CurveDifferential Rate Curve ( for injection and drawal of UI)Different curves for CPPs and other bulk power licenseeFrequency UI rate curveSingle-slope Curve Multi-slope Curve
UI Rate as specified by CERCRate of Unscheduled Drawal/Injection
Frequency (Hz)Rate (p/u)Above 50.5050.015049.821049.0 and below570
Chart1
50.5000
50.485.686
50.4611.21612
50.4416.82418
50.4222.43224
50.4284030
50.3833.64836
50.3639.25642
50.3444.86448
50.3250.47254
50.3568060
50.2861.68866
50.2667.29672
50.2472.810478
50.2278.411284
50.28412090
50.1889.612896
50.1695.2136102
50.14100.8144108
50.12106.4152114
50.1112160120
50.08117.6168126
50.06123.2176132
50.04128.8184138
50.02134.4192144
50140200150
49.98145.6208156
49.96151.2216162
49.94156.8224168
49.92162.4232174
49.9168240180
49.88173.6248186
49.86179.2256192
49.84184.8264198
49.82190.4272204
49.8196280210
49.78201.6288219
49.76207.2296228
49.74212.8304237
49.72218.4312246
49.7224320255
49.68229.6328264
49.66235.2336273
49.64240.8344282
49.62246.4352291
49.6252360300
49.58257.6368309
49.56263.2376318
49.54268.8384327
49.52274.4392336
49.5280400345
49.48285.6408354
49.46291.2416363
49.44296.8424372
49.42302.4432381
49.4308440390
49.38313.6448399
49.36319.2456408
49.34324.8464417
49.32330.4472426
49.3336480435
49.28341.6488444
49.26347.2496453
49.24352.8504462
49.22358.4512471
49.2364520480
49.18369.6528489
49.16375.2536498
49.14380.8544507
49.12386.4552516
49.1392560525
49.08397.6568534
49.06403.2576543
49.04408.8584552
49.02414.4592561
49420600570
48.98420600570
48.96420600570
48.94420600570
48.92420600570
48.9420600570
48.88420600570
Frequency
UI rate
Chart2
000
5.686
11.21612
16.82418
22.43224
284030
33.64836
39.25642
44.86448
50.47254
568060
61.68866
67.29672
72.810478
78.411284
8412090
89.612896
95.2136102
100.8144108
106.4152114
112160120
117.6168126
123.2176132
128.8184138
134.4192144
140200150
145.6208156
151.2216162
156.8224168
162.4232174
168240180
173.6248186
179.2256192
184.8264198
190.4272204
196280210
201.6288219
207.2296228
212.8304237
218.4312246
224320255
229.6328264
235.2336273
240.8344282
246.4352291
252360300
257.6368309
263.2376318
268.8384327
274.4392336
280400345
285.6408354
291.2416363
296.8424372
302.4432381
308440390
313.6448399
319.2456408
324.8464417
330.4472426
336480435
341.6488444
347.2496453
352.8504462
358.4512471
364520480
369.6528489
375.2536498
380.8544507
386.4552516
392560525
397.6568534
403.2576543
408.8584552
414.4592561
420600570
420600570
420600570
420600570
420600570
420600570
420600570
v
Frequency ---->
UI rate ----->
Sheet1
50.5000
50.485.686
50.4611.21612
50.4416.82418
50.4222.43224
50.4284030
50.3833.64836
50.3639.25642
50.3444.86448
50.3250.47254
50.3568060
50.2861.68866
50.2667.29672
50.2472.810478
50.2278.411284
50.28412090
50.1889.612896
50.1695.2136102
50.14100.8144108
50.12106.4152114
50.1112160120
50.08117.6168126
50.06123.2176132
50.04128.8184138
50.02134.4192144
50140200150
49.98145.6208156
49.96151.2216162
49.94156.8224168
49.92162.4232174
49.9168240180
49.88173.6248186
49.86179.2256192
49.84184.8264198
49.82190.4272204
49.8196280210
49.78201.6288219
49.76207.2296228
49.74212.8304237
49.72218.4312246
49.7224320255
49.68229.6328264
49.66235.2336273
49.64240.8344282
49.62246.4352291
49.6252360300
49.58257.6368309
49.56263.2376318
49.54268.8384327
49.52274.4392336
49.5280400345
49.48285.6408354
49.46291.2416363
49.44296.8424372
49.42302.4432381
49.4308440390
49.38313.6448399
49.36319.2456408
49.34324.8464417
49.32330.4472426
49.3336480435
49.28341.6488444
49.26347.2496453
49.24352.8504462
49.22358.4512471
49.2364520480
49.18369.6528489
49.16375.2536498
49.14380.8544507
49.12386.4552516
49.1392560525
49.08397.6568534
49.06403.2576543
49.04408.8584552
49.02414.4592561
49420600570
48.98420600570
48.96420600570
48.94420600570
48.92420600570
48.9420600570
48.88420600570
Sheet2
50.550.4850.4650.4450.4250.450.3850.3650.3450.3250.350.2850.2650.2450.2250.250.1850.1650.1450.1250.150.0850.0650.0450.025049.9849.9649.9449.9249.949.8849.8649.8449.8249.849.7849.7649.7449.7249.749.6849.6649.6449.6249.649.5849.5649.5449.5249.549.4849.4649.4449.4249.449.3849.3649.3449.3249.349.2849.2649.2449.2249.249.1849.1649.1449.1249.149.0849.0649.0449.024948.9848.9648.9448.9248.948.88
05.611.216.822.42833.639.244.850.45661.667.272.878.48489.695.2100.8106.4112117.6123.2128.8134.4140145.6151.2156.8162.4168173.6179.2184.8190.4196201.6207.2212.8218.4224229.6235.2240.8246.4252257.6263.2268.8274.4280285.6291.2296.8302.4308313.6319.2324.8330.4336341.6347.2352.8358.4364369.6375.2380.8386.4392397.6403.2408.8414.4420420420420420420420
081624324048566472808896104112120128136144152160168176184192200208216224232240248256264272280288296304312320328336344352360368376384392400408416424432440448456464472480488496504512520528536544552560568576584592600600600600600600600
06121824303642485460667278849096102108114120126132138144150156162168174180186192198204210219228237246255264273282291300309318327336345354363372381390399408417426435444453462471480489498507516525534543552561570570570570570570570
Chart3
570
570
570
570
570
570
561
552
543
534
525
516
507
498
489
480
471
462
453
444
435
426
417
408
399
390
381
372
363
354
345
336
327
318
309
300
291
282
273
264
255
246
237
228
219
210
204
198
192
186
180
174
168
162
156
150
144
138
132
126
120
114
108
102
96
90
84
78
72
66
60
54
48
42
36
30
24
18
12
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
&L&"Arial,Bold Italic"&8 &C &R&"Arial,Bold Italic"&8UI Comparative chart
Below 49.0 Hz UI rate =570 p/u
At 50.0 Hz UI rate =150 p/u
At 49.8 Hz UI rate =210 p/u
Above 50.5 Hz UI rate =0 p/u
from 01.10.04 onwards
Frequency ----------->
UI rate ----------------->
Sheet3
48.9420600570
48.92420600570
48.94420600570
48.96420600570
48.98420600570
49420600570
49.02414.4592561
49.04408.8584552
49.06403.2576543
49.08397.6568534
49.1392560525
49.12386.4552516
49.14380.8544507
49.16375.2536498
49.18369.6528489
49.2364520480
49.22358.4512471
49.24352.8504462
49.26347.2496453
49.28341.6488444
49.3336480435
49.32330.4472426
49.34324.8464417
49.36319.2456408
49.38313.6448399
49.4308440390
49.42302.4432381
49.44296.8424372
49.46291.2416363
49.48285.6408354
49.5280400345
49.52274.4392336
49.54268.8384327
49.56263.2376318
49.58257.6368309
49.6252360300
49.62246.4352291
49.64240.8344282
49.66235.2336273
49.68229.6328264
49.7224320255
49.72218.4312246
49.74212.8304237
49.76207.2296228
49.78201.6288219
49.8196280210
49.82190.4272204
49.84184.8264198
49.86179.2256192
49.88173.6248186
49.9168240180
49.92162.4232174
49.94156.8224168
49.96151.2216162
49.98145.6208156
50140200150
50.02134.4192144
50.04128.8184138
50.06123.2176132
50.08117.6168126
50.1112160120
50.12106.4152114
50.14100.8144108
50.1695.2136102
50.1889.612896
50.28412090
50.2278.411284
50.2472.810478
50.2667.29672
50.2861.68866
50.3568060
50.3250.47254
50.3444.86448
50.3639.25642
50.3833.64836
50.4284030
50.4222.43224
50.4416.82418
50.4611.21612
50.485.686
50.5000
50.52000
50.54000
50.56000
50.58000
50.6000
50.62000
50.64000
50.66000
50.68000
50.7000
50.72000
50.74000
50.76000
50.78000
50.8000
50.82000
50.84000
50.86000
50.88000
50.9000
50.92000
50.94000
50.96000
50.98000
51000
Special Energy Meters0.2s class of IEC static type.Works in 3-phase, 4 wire principleVoltage from 110V secondary side VT and current from CT's of ratio 1A or 5 AmpIn Model-A with 1Amp CT, model-B with 5 Amp CT.Meter will store the data in the memory for 10 days.Meter is having a optical port for tapping the stored data by using a hand held unit called DCD (data collection device)
SEM stores the followingNet active energy (wh) in each 15 minute time-block with +/- sign.Cumulative Wh reading at each mid night.Average frequency of each 15 minute block with a 2 digit code. Integrate the reactive energy (VARh) algebrically into two separate registers, one for Vave RMS 103% and other for Vave RMS 97%, at each midnight.
SEM displays followingProcessor's identification code and modelDate (year month day)Time (hour min sec)Cumulative Wh readingAverage frequency of the previous blockNet Wh transmittal during the previous blockAverage per unit voltageReactive power (VAR)Voltage high VARh register readingVoltage low VARh register reading
AMR System : Through RS485 connectionRS 232 port PSTN ModemPSTNRS 485 / RS 232 Conv.Meter 31Local Data CollectionRemote Data Collection
Local data collection through Optical Port as backup Meter 31DCDDCD
Power flows in real time Monitor schedule & actual drawals Provides information on generation Reactive power management using capacitor / reactors and by transformer tap adjustment
SCADA APPLICATIONS
Intra-state ABT Achieves.Unbundling of Vertically Integrated State UtilitiesMechanism to price power based on Demand / Supply Harness surplus generating capacity available in state with CPPs/IPPsOperation of grid on economic principles Merit Order Despatch Open Access in Intra-state Transmission and Distribution.
Intra-state ABT achieves Generate signals for efficient grid operation at the intra-state level.Overdrawals at low frequency by different DISCOMs to be priced. Encourage serving of higher consumer demand Encourage maximisation of generation during deficit conditions.Each DISCOM and state generating station to be responsible for its actions a profit centre
Intra-state ABT achieves.Introduce UI mechanism at the intra-state level. UI to be applied on the deviations from the schedules of the DISCOMs/State generators/IPPs/CPPs. State Utilities to be liable for the States liabilities with the regional UI pool account. To achieve merit order operation.
Implementation Plan1st Phase ActivitiesFinalisation of listing of entitiesListing of Metering locationsFinalisation of quantities of SEMs, DCDs/MTEs
Finalisation of technical specifications of SEMs/DCDsInitiate tendering process for procurement of meters
Implementation Plan2nd Phase Activities Finsalisation of Tariff of State Generating Stations as per ABT parameters/normsFinalisation of Reactive Charge schemeFinalisation of commercial mechanism for CPPs, Wind farms, Wheeling and banking, Open Access Customers etc.Determination of Allocations of different Discoms in State Genco/ ISGS/ IPPs.
Implementation Plan3rd Phase Activities Supply and commissioning of meters at different locationsInstallation of software for data processing Installation of software for schedulingEstimate time to implementation 12 to 18 months
POWERGRID, INDIAwith clear Vision.
Consultancy by POWERGRIDRendering consultancy services to utilities like WBPDCL, UPPCL, UPCL,BSEB,RRVPNL, KPTCL,GRIDCO, Malana Power, Tata Power, BSES, Chandigargh, ASEB, Pondicherry, MeSEB, MPSEB, Goa, CSEB, Bhutan Telecom, THPA, MOP, D&D, DNHTurnkey Transmission Lines/Sub-stationsO&M of EHV Transmission SystemAPDRPTelecomConsultancy for project cost of about Rs. 5000 Crores.
Schedule Vs Actual Injection at Dadri (T)Declared Capability Capacity ChargesSchedule Energy ChargesActual InjectionU IFrequencyNEXT
Schedule Vs Actual Drawal by UPU IEntitlement Capacity ChargesSchedule Energy ChargesActual DrawalFrequency
If you have several points, steps, or key ideas use multiple slides. Determine if your audience is to understand a new idea, learn a process, or receive greater depth to a familiar concept. Back up each point with adequate explanation. As appropriate, supplement your presentation with technical support data in hard copy or on disc, e-mail, or the Internet. Develop each point adequately to communicate with your audience.If you have several points, steps, or key ideas use multiple slides. Determine if your audience is to understand a new idea, learn a process, or receive greater depth to a familiar concept. Back up each point with adequate explanation. As appropriate, supplement your presentation with technical support data in hard copy or on disc, e-mail, or the Internet. Develop each point adequately to communicate with your audience.If you have several points, steps, or key ideas use multiple slides. Determine if your audience is to understand a new idea, learn a process, or receive greater depth to a familiar concept. Back up each point with adequate explanation. As appropriate, supplement your presentation with technical support data in hard copy or on disc, e-mail, or the Internet. Develop each point adequately to communicate with your audience.