Business Glossary & Dictionary Terms

7/31/2019 Business Glossary & Dictionary Terms

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Ability The capacity to perform an act, either innate or as the result of

learning and practice.

Ability Grouping Arrangement whereby students are assigned to groups on the basis of

aptitude testing.

Accelerated Learning Combining adult learning theory and whole brain learning theory in the

learning environment to achieve a faster learning rate.

Accounts Payable Short term debts incurred as the result of day-to-day operations.

Accounts Receivable Monies due your organisation as the result of day-to-day operations.

Accrual Based

Accounting

An accounting method that enters income and expenses into the books

at the time of contract versus when payment is received or expenses

incurred.

Accuracy The degree of freedom from error or the degree of conformity to a

standard.

Achievement A measurement of what a person knows or can do after training.

Action Learning

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This is a continuous process of learning and reflection with the

intention of getting something done. Learning is centred on the need to

find a solution to a real problem. Reg Ravens is said to be the

originator of action learning

The six steps are:

1) Formulate Hypothesis

2) Design Experiment

3) Apply in Practice

4) Observe Results

5) Analyse Results

6) Compare Analysis

Action Maze A case study which has been programmed. Learners receive enough

information to take them to their first decision point. The decision then

takes them to the next frame, which explains the consequence of their

decision. This process is continued until the maze has been completed.

Action Verb A word that conveys action/behaviours and reflects the type of

performance that is to occur (i.e., place, cut, drive, open, hold). Action

verbs reflect behaviors that are measurable, observable, verifiable, and

reliable.

Active Learning

top

A process of learning new ideas, skills and attitudes through what we

do at work or in other behavioral situations. It is about learning from

doing, performing, and taking action. The action can be either mental

(e.g. reflection) or physical (e.g. case study). It uses such devices as

games, simulations, introspection, role playing, etc.

Active Learning A learning principle that says participants learn more when they are
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actively involved in the process. Remember the saying we learn more

by doing.

Activity Step The step of learner activity based on the enabling objective. In

achieving the activity the learner is carried through the teaching points

and the teaching steps.

Actuals Information about the current skills, knowledge, perspectives and

environment of individuals in an organisation. Specifics about what

people now do.

Adaptive Branching

(Adjustive Device)

Any of several techniques used in scheduling to accommodate

individual differences. It may permit the student to bypass material

they already know or may provide them with additional instruction as

needed.

Adjunct Program

top

An instructional or training method that applies programming principles

to existing course materials, texts, manuals, etc. Learners are directed

to specific areas within these materials that support course objectives;then directed to respond and given confirmation until they have

progressed through the material and have accomplished predetermined

objectives.

Adult Learning

Principles

Based on the work of Malcolm Knowles, adult learning principles refer

to ways in which adult learning differs from child learning. Principles

include difference in self-concept, importance of mutual respect,

learning through discovery, responsibility for learning, ability to self-

evaluate, difference in accumulated experience, the need to unlearn

fixed habits, and the importance of applicability to real-life problems

(whats in it for me.)

Agenda A list, plan or outline of things to be done before, during and after the

training. An agenda is the road map that will lead to the achievement

of the learning objectives. Everyone needs a plan and wants to know

where you are leading them.

Analogy A cognitive process in which an example or schema is used to map a

new solution for a similar problem.

Analysis Phase First phase of any Instructional Design System. The purpose of this

phase is to determine what the job holder must know or be able to do

on the job and to determine training needs.

Anecdote A short story used to help illustrate a point, usually tailored to theneeds of the learner

Aptitude The ability of an individual to acquire a new skill or show the potential

for acquiring a skill when given the opportunity and proper training.

Assessment

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A measurement process of the learning that has either taken place or

can take place. Usually measured against stated learning outcomes:

Predictive assessment attempts to measure what the learner might


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achieve given suitable training Attainment assessment attempts to

measure what the learner knows or can do, and is usually related to

the syllabus of a course the learner has followed

Assets All real or intellectual property owned by the organisation that has a

positive financial value.

Asynchronous Learning Any learning event that is delivered after the original live event. Also

used to indicate a learning event where the interaction is delayed over

time, such as a correspondence course.

Attitude A feeling or emotion of a person that influences choice of action and

response to stimulus. Defined as a disposition or tendency to respond

positively or negatively towards a certain thing (idea, object, person,

and situation). They encompass, or are often closely related to, our

opinions and beliefs and are based upon our experiences.

Audio-Visual Aids Training or educational materials directed at both the sense of hearing

and the sense of sight. Including: Flip charts, overhead transparencies,graphical presentations, computer-based presentations, slide

presentations, videos and DVDs are some examples of audio-visual

aids.

Authoring A structured approach to developing all elements of a unit of

instruction.

Authoring Tool Software application used to produce media-based learning content.

Index -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST UVW X Y Z

Balance Sheet A statement of assets and liabilities.

Bandwidth Information carrying capacity of a communication channel.

Barriers To Entry

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Conditions that create difficulty for competitors to enter the market.

For example, copyrights, trademarks, patents, dedicated distribution

channels and high initial investment requirements.

Baseline A set of measurements (metrics) that seek to establish the current

starting level of a performance. These measurements are usually

established before implementing improvement activities.

Behaviour Any activity the learner will be expected to exhibit after training. The

activity should be observable and measurable. It is the primary

component of any objective.

Behaviorism Belief that learning results in a change in the learners behavior. The

focus of behaviorists is on the outputs of the learning process. The

study of learning only through the examination and analysis of

objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast

with subjective mental states.
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Block Of Instruction A group of related instructional units or modules covering a major

subject area.

Brain Dominance An individuals preference for using ones cognitive abilities. There are

two styles of thinking right brain (intuitive, spontaneous, and

qualitative) and left brain (factual, analytical and quantitative).

Brainstorming A group method for collecting ideas and suggestions from the

participants. This technique is used to problem solve and collect

information by stimulating creative thinking through unrestrained and

spontaneous participation in discussion.

Branching An instructional technique, usually in the form of programmed text, in

which the learners next step of instruction is determined by her

response to a previous step. Two or more directions in a program path

can go from a decision point.

Break-Even Point The point at which revenues are equal to expenses.

Broadcast Method of transferring learning content to many learners

simultaneously.

Business Services

top

Services offered to commercial organisations, such as: equipment

maintenance, supplying of part time personnel, engineering, design

and management consulting, etc.

Bypassing In programmed instruction, a technique that permits a student to skip

certain portions of the material because of prior knowledge.


Capital The financial investment required to initiate and/or operate anorganisation.

Case Study A documented description of a problem situation that contains enough

detail to enable the learners to recommend a solution.

Cash Based Accounting An accounting method that enters income and expenses into the books

at the time when payment is received or expenses incurred.

Cash Flow The transfer of monies into and out of an organisation.

Causes What gets in the way of individual and organisational performance?

There are normally four kinds of causes: absence of skills and

knowledge or information, weak motivation, improper environment,and flawed incentives.

Certification Programme and process where a learner completes prescribed training

and passes an assessment with a minimum acceptable result.

Chaining An instructional technique that transforms a learned response into a

stimulus for the next desired response.
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Checklist A list of relevant items to be considered when preparing and

conducting a training programme or activity.

Clustering

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A process of organizing many tasks into groups for the purpose of

deciding upon the optimal instructional setting mix for that group of

tasks. Also pertains to sequencing groups of objectives within a course

of instruction.

Coach A person, who instructs, demonstrates, directs, and prompts learners.

Cognitive From the Latin cogito; I think. The mental processes of perception,

memory, judgment, and reasoning. Cognitive also refers to attempts to

identify a perspective or theory in contrast to emphasizing observable

behavior.

Cognitive Engagement

top

The intentional and purposeful processing of lesson content.

Engagement, in effect, requires strategies that promote manipulation

rather than memorization, as the means through which learners

acquire both lesson knowledge and deeper conceptual insight.Engagement can be elevated through a variety of activities such as

inducing cognitive dissonance, posing argumentative questions

requiring the development of a supportable position, and causing

learners to generate a prediction and rationale during a lesson.

Cognitivists Believe that learning occurs when learners are able to add new

concepts and ideas to their cognitive structure by recognizing a

relationship between something they already know and what they are

learning. The focus of cognitivists is on the inputs of the learning

process. Cognitive theorists emphasize internal processes and

knowledge representations which are impossible to observe directly,

but which are inferred.

Collaborative Learning A more radical departure from cooperative learning. It involves

learners working together in small groups to develop their own answer

through interaction and reaching consensus, not necessarily a known

answer. Monitoring the groups or correcting wrong impressions is not

the role of the trainer since there is no authority on what the answer

should be.

Collateral Assets that can be pledged to guarantee a loan.

Collective Task A task that requires more than one individual to complete with each

individual performing a discreet part of the collective task.

Common Learning

Objective

A learning objective written for a task element (supporting skill or

knowledge) that is common to two or more tasks.

Competency

top

A knowledge, skill, ability, or trait which is needed to succeed at a

particular task or job.

Competency Model A list of critical knowledge, skills, abilities, and traits needed to succeed
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in a job, job family, or organisation. Competency models can be used

to select, develop, evaluate, and reward performers. Some models

focus on baseline (minimal level) skills needed while others identify

target competencies needed for mastery of performance. Competency

models often identify competencies which must be selected for

(because they are innate or hard to train) and those which may bedeveloped or learned through training or coaching.

Competency-Based

Training

Instruction that is organized around a set of learning objectives based

upon the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform a set of

skills called competencies.

Competent

(Competency)

Possessing sufficient or suitable skill, knowledge or experience to

achieve a specific objective. For example: He is competent to use a

ladder in our building.

Competitive Action

top

A purposeful event designed to overcome the advantages of another

company, or to advance your company over another. A competitive

action can be for or against your company. The key is to identify theaction taken as it pertains to a certain event, from the event then

identify the goals and objectives of the parties involved.

Compilation A learning process in which learners embed declarative knowledge in

highly domain specific rules or productions.

Computer-Assisted

Instruction (CAI)

The use of computers to aid in the delivery of instruction in which the

system allows for remediation based on answers but not for a change

in the underlying program structure.

Computer-Based

Training (CBT) or E-

Learning

Training that is delivered via a computer as opposed to a trainer or

paper-based format. CBT programmes usually incorporate a mix of

text, graphics, animation and interactive exercises.

Concept

top

A mental picture of a group of things that have common

characteristics. A generalization is a persons idea of the relationships

between two or more concepts. Concepts represent a group of solid

objects, such as an airplane or book; or abstract ideas, such as

leadership and honesty. A concept is an idea about a group of things. A

concept involves thinking about what it is that makes those things

belong to that one group.

Concept Map or

Learning Map

The arrangement of major concepts from a text or lecture into a visual

arrangement. Lines are drawn between associated concepts, and

relationships between the connected concepts are named. Theseconcept maps reveal the structural pattern in the material and provide

the big picture. Sometimes called Mind Maps.

Condition The component of an objective that describes the situation,

environment, or limitations in which the learner must exhibit the

specified behavior.


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Conditional Branching Branching which occurs when a specified condition or set of conditions

is satisfied.

Conditioned Response A response that has been learned through employing a specific

stimulus.

Conference A group of people who get together to exchange information and ideas

on a specific topic.

Confirmation

top

Giving each learner knowledge of the results of each exercise

throughout the training process. This reinforces or rewards the learner

during the entire learning situation.

Constraint Any element or factor that prevents a person from reaching a higher

lever of performance with respect to their goal.

Constructed Response An answer requiring recall or completion as opposed to recognition

(e.g., drawing a diagram, filling in a form, and labeling the parts of a

piece of equipment). A term often used in the construction of e-learning based materials

Contextual Interference Various factors inhibit a quick and smooth mastery of a skill.

Contract Learning Also known as self-directed learning. It is a relatively new concept to

trainers and learners. It allows the learner to select the topics or

competencies they want to learn.

Controlled Pacing

top

A programming principle that implies self-pacing within an instructional

system. The information and learner activity are developed so that the

learners can progress toward the criterion objectives according to their

own learning ability.

Convenience Goods - Goods often used by the consumer, but the consumer is unwilling to

spend shopping time to acquire them. This covers a broad spectrum

of products including candy, cigarettes, drugs, newspapers, magazines

and most grocery products.

Cooperative Learning Involves the more conventional notion of cooperation, in that learners

work in small groups on an assigned project or problem under the

guidance of the trainer. Also see collaborative learning.

Core Competencies Those things that are essential and must be learned for an individual

to accomplish the primary objectives of their job. The central,

innermost or most essential part of what the trainee must know to do

their job effectively.

Core Curriculum A curriculum in which all or some of the subjects or courses are based

on a central theme in order to correlate the subjects and the theme.

Corporate Image

Advertising

A corporate image ad is designed to primarily promote the

organisation and secondarily promote the products or services of the

organisation.


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Correlation The relationship between two sets of data, that when one changes, the

other is likely to make a corresponding change. If the changes are in

the same direction, then there is a positive correlation. If it is in the

opposite direction, then it is a negative correlation.

Cost Of Goods The direct costs involved in producing a product or service which

usually includes labour and materials.

Cost Of Sales The cost of goods plus the expenses involved in selling and delivering

the product or service.

Counselling

top

A means of assisting and developing students and subordinates. A

leader/instructor counsels subordinates: to praise and reward good

performance, to develop teamwork, to inform students on how well or

how poorly they are performing, to assist students to reach required

standards, to cause students to set personal and professional goals,

and to help students resolve personal problems.

Course A complete integrated series of lessons which are identified by acommon title and/or number.

Course Management

Plan

A document that includes the course description and the administrative

directions for managing a course. Sometimes called a training

management plan.

Course Map A chart that depicts the designed sequence for events of a course.

Course Trials A full length course conducted in a target environment (facilities,

trainers and students) using the curriculum and supporting training

material prepared for that course. It has as its purpose the shaking

down or validating of the curriculum and materials in a classroom

situation to determine their effectiveness in attaining the approved

learning objectives or training goals. Also called pilot course.

Courseware The media, either text, computer program, or CD-ROM, that contains

the instructional content of the course.

Criterion

top

The standard by which something is measured. In training, the task or

learning objective standard is the measure of student performance. In

test validation, it is the standard against which test instruments are

correlated to indicate the accuracy with which they predict human

performance in some specific area. In evaluation it is the measure used

to determine the adequacy of a product, process, or behavior.

Criterion Referenced

Instruction

Testing of the objectives as a learner progresses through the course of

instruction. Learners pass or fail depending upon their attainment of

the objectives and NOT in accordance with their rank or standing

among peers.

Critical Incident

Technique

A methodology of task analysis which determines the tasks to be

included in instruction. Experts identify the critical job incidents and

their products. Incidents are edited for redundancy, grouped into


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top similar tasks, and then classified as positive or negative incidents. The

incidents are summarized and then validated by the experts for

completeness. This is a useful means for obtaining a list of relevant,

real-world tasks to be included in instruction.

Cross-Training Providing training in several different areas, functions or activities. This

provides backup workers when the primary worker is unavailable.

Current Assets Assets that can be converted quickly to cash.

Current Liabilities All debts incurred in the normal day-to-day business and due within

one calendar year.

Curriculum The aggregate of courses of study given in a learning environment. The

courses are arranged in a sequence to make learning a subject easier.

Customer One that buys goods or services. One whose desires are fulfilled in

monetary exchange. Internally: An individual who is served by another

individual with a specific series of tasks or desired outcome.

Customer Interaction

Point

A moment where a product or service may be used, seen, or

considered by someone qualified to purchase it.


Debt Service The regular payments required to keep a loan current.

Decay Rate The amount of time it takes learners to forget what they have learned

in training. The decay rate can be stopped or slowed by having them

use their new skills upon their return to the job.

Deductive Design An instructional design where rules are presented followed byexamples. The emphasis is on forming conclusions.

Delivery Any method of transferring offerings to learners. Variants are

instructor-led training, web-based distance learning, online laboratory,

CD-ROM, and books.

Delivery Of Training

top

The implementation of a training solution such as a workshop, job aid,

written or computer-based self-study program. When the training

solution is implemented, it is available to the learner and ready for use.

Demographic

Information

Numbers and population, for example; the size of the audience,

location of the presentation etc. Factors which will impact the

effectiveness of the training.

Demonstration A method for showing participants how to do a specific task or skill.

Demonstration-

Performance Method

A learning experience in which students observe and then participate in

a sequence of events designed to teach a procedure, a technique, or an

operation, frequently combining oral explanation with the operation or

handling of systems, equipment, or materials.
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Dependent Learning

Objective

Skills and knowledge in one learning objective that are related to those

in another learning objective. In order to master one of the learning

objectives, it is first necessary to learn the other.

Depreciation The gradual erosion of the usability and value (possibly due to

obsolescence) of an organisations fixed assets. In some cases

depreciation can be declared as a tax deduction.

Design Of

Training/Learning

Intervention

The process of determining the purpose, objectives, structure, format,

and instructional methods for a training program or learning

intervention, such as coaching, OJT, and so forth.

Design Phase

top

The second of the Instructional System Design phases. The learning

objectives, tests, and the required skills and knowledge for a task are

constructed and sequenced.

Design Review A technique for evaluating a proposed design

Design Specifications(Design Specs)

A written document summarizing the design blue print for a training orlearning intervention which helps to guide the design team. Design

specifications s usually include the following sections:

Background or context

Target audience

Purpose

Learning Objectives

Requirements

Constraints

Modules & Topics

Development Growth of people to acquire new horizons, technologies, or viewpoints.

It enables leaders to guide their organisations onto new expectationsby being proactive rather than reactive. It enables workers to create

better products, faster services, and more competitive organisations. It

is learning for growth of the individual, but not related to a specific

present or future job.

Development Of

Training/ Learning

Intervention

top

The development phase follows the design phase. It includes creation

of any materials involved in a training program, job aid, or

intervention. Development results in the finished products needed to

deliver training, e.g. trainers( instructors) leaders guide, trainee

(participant) workbook, hand outs, flip charts, CBT story board (script),

video tape, etc.

Development Phase The third of the Instructional System Design phases. The purpose of

this phase is to develop and validate the instructional material

(courseware).

Developmental Need A gap between an individuals current skill/knowledge/ability level and

the level required for effective performance success in the future.

Didactic Design Instructional design in which the student is presented information and


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asked to respond to questions.

Differential Feedback Test response feedback specific to the multiple choice answer selected

by the student.

Difficulty-Importance-

Frequency Model

One of several models available for use in selecting tasks for training.

Using this model, tasks are identifies as critical based on The difficulty,

importance, and frequency of job task performance.

Direct Sales Method Selling direct to the end user with promotional efforts using

advertising, direct mail or telephone sales.

Discovery Learning Students learn by doing and experiencing, rather than relying only on

the trainer/ facilitator.

Discrimination The ability to choose between two closely related responses to a

specific stimulus.

Distance Learning

top

The provision of a structured learning programme delivered remotely

from the learners. Media may include books, workbooks, video, e-

learning etc. Many programmes have a level of classroom based

activity integrated. Often used for qualifications rather than work based

learning

Distracter In testing, incorrect answers provided as choices in multiple choice or

matching type test items.

Distributed Learning Students take courses from a variety of sources (and delivery modes)

to customize a program of study. Often is used synonymously with

online learning.

Distribution Channel The path your product follows to be delivered to the end user. Thismay be through distributors, retail outlets, self service outlets, vending

machines, telephone sales, direct mail sales, etc.

Distribution Method A way of delivering training/information electronically. Methods include

audio tape, cable TV, CD-ROM, Electronic Mail, Internet, Intranet, LAN

(local area network), Satellite TV, Telephone, Videotape, Voice Mail,

etc.

Distributor An organisation that purchases your products for resale to their

customers who are usually retail outlets. The distributor expects to

receive a significant price discount for providing the distribution

service.

Document Of

Understanding (DOU)

A written document which describes the background, purpose, benefits,

scope, deliverables, assumptions, resource requirements, time frames,

and change management procedure for a given project. It includes a

sign-off section which should be signed and dated by the sponsor,

business partners, project manager, and other key project resources

once the project parameters have been finalized.
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Duty A combination of related tasks equal a duty and duties combine to form

a job.


E-Book Offerings that organize text and graphics into on-line lessons or

chapters like traditional print books.

Education

top

Training people to do a different job. It is often given to people who

have been identified as being promotable, being considered for a new

job either lateral or upwards, or to increase their potential.

Educational Technology A complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas,

devices, and organisation, for analyzing problems, and devising,

implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems,

involved in all aspects of human learning.

Efficiency A measure (as a percentage) of the actual output to the standard

output expected. Efficiency measures how well someone is performingrelative to expectations.

E-Learning The use of innovative technologies and learning models to transform

the way individuals and organisations acquire new skills and access

knowledge.

Elements Components of a task or the smallest meaningful activity that describes

what an individual is expected to be able to do

Enabling Learning

Objective (ELO)

A statement in behavioural terms of what is expected of the student in

demonstrating mastery at the knowledge and skill level necessary for

achievement of a Terminal Learning Objective (TLO) or another ELO.

Equity A percentage ownership of an organisation, usually in the form of

stock.

Ergonomics An approach to job design that focuses on the interactions between the

person and the environmental elements such as the work station, light,

sound, tools, etc.

Evaluation

top

The process of gathering information in order to make good decisions.

It is broader than testing, and includes both subjective (opinion) input

and objective (fact) input. Evaluation can take many forms including

memorization tests, portfolio assessment, and self-reflection. There are

at least six major reasons for evaluating training, each requiring a

different type of evaluation: *Improve the instruction (formative

evaluation) *Promote individual growth and self-evaluation (evaluation

by both trainer and learner) *Assess the degree of demonstrated

achievement (summative evaluation) *Diagnose future learning needs

(of both trainer and learner) *Enhance ones sense of merit or worth

(learner) *Identify or clarify desired behaviours (trainer)

Evaluation Testing and comparing results.
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Evaluation Hierarchy

(Four Levels Of

Evaluation Model)

Donald Kirkpatrick identified the evaluation model most widely

recognized today in corporate training organisations. The Kirkpatrick

Model addresses the four fundamental behaviour changes that occur as

a result of training. *Level one is how participants feel about training

(reaction). This level is often measured with attitude questionnaires.

*Level two determines if people memorized the material (learning).This is often accomplished with pre-testing and post-testing. *Level

three answers the question, Do people use the information on the

job? This level addresses transference of new skills to the jobs

(behavior change). This is often accomplished by observation.

Evaluation Instrument A test or other measuring device used to determine achievement (go

and no-go) or the relative standing of an individual or group or a test

objective (i.e., attitude, behavior, performance objective, and other

attributes). Evaluation instruments include tests, rating forms,

inventories, and standard interviews.

Evaluation Phase The fifth of Instructional System Design phases. The purpose of this

phase is to determine the value or worth of the instructional program.

This phase is actually conducted during and between all the other

phases.

Evolutionary Approach A method for developing training programs. It includes both

deterministic and incremental systems, in contrast to the systems

approach, which is entirely deterministic. This means that in an

evolutionary approach, tentative or short term goals may be specified.

This approach is particularly appropriate for situations where there is

limited past experience from which to draw guidance.

Exercise A structured experience in which the participants are involved.

Experiential Learning A learning activity having a behavioral based hierarchy that allows the

student to experience and practice job related tasks and functions

during a training session.

Extrapolation

top

A sub-level of the comprehension level of learning in which students

develop sufficient understanding to estimate trends or predict

outcomes based upon the subject matter under study.


Face-To-Face Learners and trainers are in the same location at the same time.

Facilitation The process of helping a group to accomplish its own goals byencouraging and leading discussion, tracking ideas and progress,

synthesizing ideas, and keeping the group on course by balancing

preplanned goals with spontaneously occurring needs. Facilitation

assists a group in discovering its own insights, learning, and needs.

Facilitator A person who makes it easier for learners to learn by attempting to

discover what a learner is interested in knowing, and then determines
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the best way to make that information available to the learner by

providing the knowledge, systems, or materials which enable the

learner to perform a task more effectively. This is done by listening,

asking questions, providing ideas, suggesting alternatives, and

identifying possible resources.

Feedback Providing individuals or learners with information about the nature of

an action and its result in relation to some criterion of acceptability.

Fishbowl A group process using a discussion group and an observer of the

group.

Fixed Assets

top

Also called long term assets, these are usually non-liquid assets that

are integral to the organisations day-to-day business operations such

as plants, equipment, furniture and property.

Fixed Costs The day-to-day cost of doing business that is pre-committed, such as

salaries, insurance, lease expenses, utilities, etc.

Flip Chart An easel with large sheets of paper for presenting or collecting written

lists or ideas, usually ISO A1 in size.

Formative Assessment The focus of discussion between trainer and learner, as a result of

which both parties review their objectives or approach.

Front-End Analysis

top

The front end phase of the design process in which the job is

analyzed, tasks are selected for training, task performance measures

are constructed, existing courses are reviewed, and the instructional

setting tentatively determined.

Functional Grouping Organizing instruction such that tasks that relate to the same

procedures or equipment are presented together.


Games Discovery exercises where participants learn by experience. The rules

for games should be clearly defined for all participates to understand.

Competition should be controlled so that all participants feel like

winners at the end.

Gaming A technique in which the student is presented situations involving

choice and risks. The choices and the consequences resemble real-life

situations, and the players are reinforced for various decisions. Gaming

is typically an enjoyable learning method for the student.

Generalizations Responding in the same manner to several different stimuli.

Gestalt Study of human learning where understanding is based upon insight.

Gross Profit Revenues less cost of sales.

Group Trial Tryout of a training course on a representative sample of the target
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population to gather data on the effectiveness of instruction in regard

to error rates, criterion test performance, and time to complete the

course.

Group-Paced Instruction

(Lockstep)

Students progress as a group at a rate equal to that of the slowest

student. There is no fixed minimum time for a unit.

Guidance Package A complete self-instructional package that guides the learner through

various methods and media to achieve specific learning objectives and

directs the learner activities in the performance of a task.

Guided Discussion

Method

A learning experience in which students participate in an instructor-

controlled, interactive process of sharing information and experiences

related to achieving an instructional objective.


Handouts

top

A written summary of the presentation that is distributed to the

audience before, during or after the presentation. Handouts willreinforce important information, summarize action items for the

audience to follow up on and supply supporting data you dont want to

clutter your visual aids.

Hands-On Student practice on actual equipment, simulators, or training aids.

Hard Skills Skills to perform where job requirements are well defined in terms of

actions to be taken and expected outcomes.

Heuristic Routine A problem solving approach, not a direct step-by-step procedure, but a

trial-and-error approach frequently involving the act of learning.

Human Capital The value of the sum of attitudes, skills, and knowledge andcompetencies of people in an organisation. Unlike structural capital,

human capital is owned by the individuals who have it. It is the

renewable part of intellectual capital and is the source of creativity and

innovation.

Human Performance

Improvement (HPI)

A systematic process of discovering and analyzing human performance

improvement gaps, planning for future improvements, designing cost-

effective interventions to close performance gaps, implementing the

interventions, and evaluating the financial and non financial results.

Human Resource

Development (HRD)

An organized learning experience, conducted in a definite time period,

to increase the possibility of improving job performance and growth.


Icebreaker

top

A quick game or exercise designed to get participants settled or mixing

with each other.

Implementation Phase The fourth of the Instructional System Design phases. The instruction

is delivered to the learners during this phase.
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Income Statement Also called Profit & Loss statement or P&L, a statement of revenues

and expenses.

Inductive Design An instructional design where examples are presented and then

followed by the rule.

Instruction The delivery of information to enable learning. The process by which

knowledge and skills are transferred to students. Instruction applies to

both training and education.

Instructional Analysis The procedures applied to an instructional goal in order to identify the

relevant skills and their subordinate skills and information required for

a learner to achieve the goal.

Instructional Concept An initial estimate of what the instruction should do, and what it should

look like.

Instructional Design The philosophy, methodology, and approach used to deliver

information. Some courseware aspects include question strategy, levelof interaction, reinforcement, and branching complexity.

Instructional Goals Clear statements of behaviour that learners are to demonstrate as a

result of instruction.

Instructional Method

top

A component of the instructional strategy defining a particular means

for accomplishing the objective. For example a traditional instructor led

instructional strategy may be accomplished using the lecture method, a

Socratic lecture technique, and a defined step-by-step questioning

procedure. Also called method of instruction.

Instructional Module A self-contained instructional unit that includes one or more learning

objectives, appropriate learning materials and methods, and associatedcriterion-reference measures.

Instructional Setting The location and physical characteristics of the area in which

instruction takes place. The setting can be in a classroom, a laboratory,

a field, or workplace location. An example is: a clean, well lighted,

temperature controlled classroom equipped with individual desks,

chairs, and individual video monitors.

Instructional Step A portion of material to which the student makes a response. It is a

stage in the instructional process that represents progress in the

students mastery. A subject to be taught is broken down into frames,

items, or segments (steps). It is assumed that students cannot takelater steps in a given sequence before taking the earlier step and that

each segment or item represents a step forward.

Instructional Strategy The approach used to present information in a manner that achieves

learning. Approaches include tutorial, gaming, simulation, etc. Aspects

of instructional strategies include the order of presentation, level of

interaction, feedback, remediation, testing strategies, and the medium

used to present the information.
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Instructional Systems

Design (ISD)

top

A formal process for designing training, be it computer-based or

traditional instructor-led training. The ISD process includes analysis,

design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Also known as

Systems Approach to Training (SAT).

Instructional

Technology

The use of technology (computers, compact disc, interactive media,

modem, satellite, teleconferencing, etc.) to support learning.

Instructor The person who teaches, trains or instructs an individual or a group of

people.

Intangible Assets Non-physical assets such as patents, trademarks, a customer base,

brand recognition of your products, etc. This is also called goodwill.

Interaction The act or process of interacting. Mutual or reciprocal action or

influence; as, the interaction of an individual and a product on each

other.

Interactive Training An umbrella term that includes both computer-based and multimediatraining.

Interim Summary A segment of instruction that reviews recent learning to reinforce prior

information.

Internal

top

Situated near the inside of a body (groups supporting direct customer

interactions), Relating to, or occurring within the confines of an

organized structure, Related or belonging to or existing within the

management process,

Internal Partnership Any relationship between leadership, managers, teams, or employees

with a common purpose to achieve business objectives and serve

customer needs.

Internet-Based Training Delivery of educational content via a Web browser over the internet or

intranet. It provides links to learning resources outside of the course,

such as references, email, bulletin boards, and discussion groups.

Intranet A companys internal network which is based on Internet technology. It

is accessed using a Web browser and is protected from unauthorized

access by other Internet users via a firewall.

Introduction A major section of a lesson designed to establish a common ground

between the presenter and students, to capture and hold attention, to

outline the lesson and relate it to the overall course, to point out

benefits to the student, and to lead the student into the body of the

lesson; usually contains attention step, motivation step, and overview.

A segment that provides a general statement of the course content,

target population, why the student is studying the material, and

appropriate motivation to gain the students attention.

Inventory Turnover A ratio for evaluating sales effectiveness. For a given accounting period

divide total revenue for the product by the average retail value of the
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