Marianne Kolstad - Fluke Industrial – Nordic 1

Color ScopeMetersFluke 190C/200-series

Industrial Bus Health TestFluke 215C and 225C

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Agenda

• ScopeMeter 190C/200-series highlights

– models and main functions

– practical measurements

• Bus health theory

• Practical measurements bus health

• Typical bus errors

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Color ScopeMeter 190C/200C-series

•60, 100, 200 MHz bandwidth

•500 MS/s, 1GS/s, 2,5GS/ssampling speed

••1000V CAT II1000V CAT II / 600 V CAT III

•4 hours NiMHNiMH battery

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Function highlights

• Connect-and-View™ trigger• Automatic save and replay of 100 waveforms• Isolated inputs• Pass/fail• Automatic measurements• TrendPlot™ recorder withcursors

• ScopeRecord™• FFT analysis and othermathematical functions

• bus health•……………..

Focus on Troubleshooting:

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Intermittent problems are the most difficult ones to findand solve.

These seems to be random catastrophessent to test us, but……

at the bottom there is always a

physical cause!

Troubleshooting

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How can we find the error without spending hourswaiting for it to show up?

Traditional: experience, intuition and luck

Fluke 190/200-series combines innovativefunctions with high speed and bandwidth

* makes it easier to find the problem* eliminates the need for luck

Fluke ScopeMeter

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Fluke 190/200-series finds intermittent problems like:

• Errors in the equipment

– bad connections

– defective circuits

– dry weldings

– dust and corrosion

– over heating

• Power problems

– voltage variations

– transients

Intermittent problems

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1. A multimeter updates the display every time thesignal changes (”auto range”)

The same functionality in a scope saves time andmakes it easier to use

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Simple troubleshooting

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Connect-and-ViewTM

• automatically set up andcontinuously adjust time base,voltage/div and trigger

• recognize signal patterns and givesa stable picture of even complexsignals

• two modes:

> 15 Hz for ‘normal’ use

> 1 Hz for ‘slow’ processes

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ScopeMeter 190C/200C-series

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2. Oops, what was that……….?

During troubleshooting you can often see abnormalsignals for a short while before they disappear…

Replay

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cont. Simple troubleshooting

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Replay

• Automatically stores the last 100 waveforms

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Replay

REPLAY

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ScopeMeter 190C/200C-series

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Signals changing over time

• Long term recording might reveal changes over time

• Several parameters might be interesting to look at:

– voltage, current, frequency, temperature etc.

TrendPlotS

olution

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TrendPlotTM

• Paperless recorder with date- and time stamp

• 2 readings

• 18000 readings per channel

• Up to 22 days

• min/max/avg foreach reading

• automatic scaling

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ScopeMeter 190C/200C-series

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Transients on the main

Power quality can newer be ”trusted”

And, it might be impossible to find one trigger criteria that canbe used for all circumstances

(positive or negative transient? Size? Where in the period? Outage? Dip?Swell?)

Pass/fail

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Pass/fail

190C stores automatically up to 100 pass or 100fail waveforms in memory

A sort of “trigger on all conditions” function

Store reference signal

Compare input signal

How to do it?

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ScopeMeter 190C/200C-series

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Different references

Many control systems has a design that requiresmeasurements with different reference.

The control circuit might be driven by 5 V but the powerelectronic is powered from the mains.

Isolated Inputs

Solu

tion

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• 1000 V CAT II / 600 V CAT III

– Between all inputs and ground

• For applications like

– Power electronics

– UPS’s

– ASD’s

– Power supplies

• Did you ever cut the ground leadto do floating measurement?

This is a safer way!

Isolated inputs

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• viewing control signals and power electronicsimultaneously

• No worry situation regarding ground connections

• Important: both channel must be grounded!

Isolated inputs

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Frequency analysis (FFT)

Some times your signals are distorted by signals ofunknown frequencies

FFTS

olution

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FFT – with “Auto Window”

• Fast Fourier Transformation

• Shows the frequencycomponents in the signal

• …. and amplitude

• Fluke patented ”Autowindow” gives the bestamplitude and less side lobes

More side lobeswith Hamming andHanning filters

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ScopeMeter 190C/200C-series

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Fluke 225C and 215CAdding Bus Health Test

Verify the electrical parameters ofindustrial bus systems (“field-buses”):

CAN-bus

AS-i bus

Profibus DP

Profibus PA

Foundation Fieldbus (H1)

MOD-bus (RS-232 & RS485)

Ethernet 10Base2 (coax)

Ethernet 10BaseT (UTP)

Ethernet 100BaseT (UTP)

RS-232 (generic)

RS-485 (generic)

similar list as for 125, yet slightly different !

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Industrial trend

•Bus systems are automatingtoday's factories and plants

– Data gathering

– Process control

– Production automation

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Industrial trend

• Utilization of digital networksare increasing

– The traditional 4…20 mA currentloop is getting replaced by digitalcontrol systems

– Intelligence is added to sensorsand actuators

– More standardization of the buses

– Pressure to drive costs down

– Trend towards Industrial Networks,Ethernet-based, e.g. ProfiNet

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Bus Systems

Consist of two or more components that communicate via acoded signal

Are used to automate, control and monitordifferent kind of sensors, relays, switches, PLC’er,controllers ++++

Advantages: reduce cabling better planning and flexibility conserve energy same component can be used fordifferent tasks save time and money…

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Industrial Buses and Networks• Within Factory Automation

• Usually Multi-level systems

• Different bus systems

• avg. factory uses 4different bus system,with interfaces

• Top level: Ethernet Link

• management data

• Within machines

• CAN, DeviceNet etc.

• Lowest level: AS-i etc.

– control-lights

– reading switches

– controlling valves

– reading levelsMultiple Bus Systems

Multiple standards

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• Physical layer measurements

• Disturbances, noise & anomalies

Electrical Signaling

• Copper and fiber cabling

• Certification and troubleshooting

• Communication networks testing

Cabling Infrastructure Network Communications

Portable handheld LAN and WAN testand analysis solutions

Industrial Network Elements

Proper cabling + good signaling + error free network communications = healthy network

Network maintenance tackled from three distinct areas

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Cable InfrastructureConnecting devices in a network requires several physical elements:

• A suitable cable– UTP/STP– Coax– Wire diameter (AWG 18, 16, 14)

Note: some system standards dictate adedicated cable, e.g. AS-i.

•Terminations

– Some standards demand terminations at both ends of each network segment

• Junction/Terminal blocks– Star or daisy chain devices on a segment

• Each Network Standard defines– Max cable length– Impedance and/or capacitance– Termination resistance– Number of junctions or attached devices

Each element needs to be within spec and functioning properly

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Physical Layer Signaling

• Analog waveform is used to

convey digital information in the

form of “1’s” and “0’s”

• Serial Data, for all buses

• Encoded

Example: Manchester encoding

0 gives neg. edge

1 gives pos. edge

timing and signal conditioning for AS-i

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‘Single ended’ vs ‘Differential’ bus wiring

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‘Single ended’ vs ‘Differential’ bus wiring -2-

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Physical Layer Signaling

• Serial Data - Single Ended signaling

• ControlNet, RS-232 and others

• Serial Data - Differential signaling

• Single or multiple pairs

• RS-485, CAN, Ethernet etc.

• Uses Manchester or NRZ encoding

• Shared connection (‘bus’) or Point to Point

• Signaling must conform to standard

• EIA, IEC or proprietary specs

• Bus Power, provides DC voltage to transducers,actuators and controllers

• Amplitude Levels

• Signal Timing

• Noise & Distortion

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Troubleshooting

• Yet, Industrial Buses and Networks donot always operate 100% reliable

– Harsh environments, not an office

EMI, Environmental, Pollutantscausing system failures

* Is it cabling?

* Is it electrical signaling?

* It is the protocol?

* Is it noise from the machinery?

• Need for reliable, easy to use test toolsfor troubleshooting and measurements

• The industrial networks are not part of theoffice infrastructure

maintenance needs to be done by theindustrial maintenance crew

• Many bus-standards are different fromthose used on the office network

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Test demands

• Verification of cable infrastructure

– Is the cable installed and performing up to spec?

* Segment length, isolation, cable impedance, loaded where needed (nottoo many, not too few!), wire thickness etc.

• Verification of the electrical signals

– Are the signals present, and up to spec?

* Amplitudes, bias voltage, rise/fall-times, pulse width, aberrations etc.

• Can the signals be passed undisturbed?

– Can the signals be properly read?

* Noise pick-up, reflections, common mode signals, grounding errors etc.

Only if these criteria are met, the communication can besuccessful

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Test of electrical parameters -‘physical layer test’

Can be done as soon as thefirst signals start to flowover the bus or network

i.e. as soon as part of thesystem has been installed

can be done even ifcommunication is difficult orunstable

that is when you need test toolsand find the root cause!

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225C and 215C• We focus on testing signal integrity of the physical layer – electrical

signals

CAN-Dom.

CAN-Rec.

CAN Dom. highlevel range

CAN Dom. lowlevel range

Rise Time Fall Time

Pulse Width

Bias level

CAN Reces. lowlevel range

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Industrial Fieldbus Signal

• Distortion or Anomalies

Ringing

Jitter

TransientImpulses

Noise orElectrical

interference

• Ringing•Impedance mismatch

•Jitter• Creates devicesynchronization errors

•Transients•Breaker close/open•Static discharge

• Induced noise fromhigh energy deviceslike:

•VFD’s•Hi Efficiency lightingsystems etc.

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Bus Health - Manually measurements

• With the ScopeMeter 190 Series, you can do all the measurements toanalyze the physical layer of a fieldbus – manually:

DC bias Peak-Peak levels AC coupling to increase resolution

Use cursors and timebase Manchester encoding pulse is ½ bit Rise time, …. etc

• ….then lookup in the specific bus specification to see if each of themeasured values meets the requirements

• …then repeat the measurements to find the extreme values…

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Fluke 225C and 215CAutomatic Measurements

Fluke 2x5C make all measurements automatically

….and automatically compare results to relevant standards• Automatically measures the key electrical signal parameters, compares to the

industry standard and records min and max values

• The Bus Health mode quickly displays parameters that need attention

• For buses with a noise levelspecification (e.g. FoundationFieldbus and Profibus PA),the instrument automaticallychecks the noise levels inthree specific bands usingadvanced filtering functions

Save timeEliminate errors

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Fluke 225C and 215C – Automatic Bus Health testing

• All the major bus standards implemented

– limits stored in the instrument

• Easy selection thru menu

!

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Toggle between modes

• A picture tells more than 1000 words

• Additional information about the signal quality can be derived from theEye pattern display

toggle back and forth

Quantitative information Qualitative information

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Bus Test – parameter test screen

• Activity indicatorsmark the presence of ‘live’ signals

• Signal Levelindication

• Data rate

• Quality indicatorsquick indicationof quality for eachparameter tested:good, weak or bad

• Limit values arepreset, yet can bechanged by the user

• Eyepattern modemenu entry to switchover to high resolutionwaveform display

Present measurementvalue

History(statistics)

Limit valuesBus typeeitheruser

definedor

defaultvalues

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Eyepattern mode

Gives a visible indication of signal quality

•Fast update rate of screen

•User may still change timebase,attenuator and delay settingslike in scope mode

•Adjustable persistence•to select ‘fade out’ time span• menu structure as in scope mode

back toparameter

screen

switch to oscilloscopemode and analyze any

specific signal detail

gives adjustablePersistence, like in

Scope-mode

Save timeGet more information

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Fluke 225C and 215CConnection guide

The 225C shows ‘wiring’ information on screeni.e. how to make test connections for the specific bus type

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Fluke 225C vs the Fluke 125Bus Health test

• more measurement detail present value + statistics more parameters, e.g. noise on Fieldbus

• true differential measurements high common mode signal handling

• more convenient, thanks to larger, colordisplay & helper info

• much faster response & update rate

• smaller, monochrome screen• no channel isolation

all measurements refer to ashared, common contact

gives limited ‘common mode’handling

• lower screen update rate

125

225C

(actual screen sizes)

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Fluke 225C vs the Fluke 125 – 2 –

225C benefits over 125

• isolated channels structure allowsfor true differential measurementson differential buses such as allRS-485 based buses and CAN-bus

• second channel is then used tomeasure common mode voltage orbias over ground

see common mode signal separately

best signal detail of main signal

• larger screen allows for more datato be presented

• higher speed and sample rate ofthe 190-series makes BHTmeasurements and Eyepatternmode much, much faster

• more measurements supported

• wiring information on screen

125

225C

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Helpful accessory: BHT190

Set of 3 ‘break-out’ adapters• makes each of the pins/wires of the

connector accessible for hooking upa probe

• gives easier and more reliableaccess to wiring of system-under-test

BHT190 is standard with the225C and 215C and

optional for Fluke 125

Get Reliable test connections

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BHT190

Inserts between existing cable and connection box– DB-9 to DB-9 (male – female)

– M12 to M12 (male – female)

– RJ45 to RJ45, with patch cable

RJ45

M12

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BHT190

BHT190 seenon Profibus

connector

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Work smartSave your set up

“Named Set-ups”– store the set-ups using alpha-

numerical names, for easierreference

* name of machine it relates to

* name of test junction

* name of the test carried out

* etc.

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ScopeMeter 215C/225C

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Bus Health Troubleshooting

• Often used tool: Profitrace

• Problems:

– difficult to oversee the network just from one place

– needs a notebook connected

• Bus health test with Fluke 225C:

– survive harsh environments

– does not need to connect to a notebook

– easy to carry around

• Just watch this video……….

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Typical bus errorsWrong termination

• Wrong termination is causing ringing and this can beseen at the overshoot

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Typical bus errorsMissing termination

• No termination is giving a high data level

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Typical bus errorsDouble termination

• Double termination is causing a to low level

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Rockwell Example:Rockwell Example:Impedance MismatchImpedance Mismatch

Check:Check: Waveform transition points and rising/falling edges tospec. Could lead to transmission errors or timing errorsPossible Cause:Possible Cause: Bad connections, faulty input/outputcircuitry on a device connected to the segment

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RockwellRockwell ExampleExampleConductor Damage, ReflectionsConductor Damage, Reflections

Damage toConductors

causesreflected

waves

Source ofSource ofImpedanceImpedance

CurrentCurrent

ReflectedReflectedCurrentsCurrents

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Typical bus errorsMany users/dirt or moisture

• Too many users or dirt /moisture in a connection box isdropping the Bias Voltage

CAN-Hi

CAN-Lo

V Bias HiLimit Range

V Bias LoLimit Range

Rise Time Fall Time

Pulse Period

Ground Ref

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Typical bus errorsAsymmetry

• Asymmetry in balanced line (Profibus, RS485) is effectingthe data pulse– duty-cycle distortion– noise margin– offset

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Typical bus errorsTemperatur

• Temperature might effect the internal clock of a unit ,andcan change the data rate

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Typical bus errorsEMC

• EMC might effect the rise time and cause jitter

Immunity Emission

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Typical bus errorsEMC

• Methods for avoiding this problem:

– use separate cable trench for power and data cables

– use more than one ground connections

– longer cables pick up more noise

– correct termination

– STP cables better than UTP

• Check the integrity by looking at the eye curve

– the eye must be ”clean”

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Rockwell Example:Rockwell Example:High Energy DischargeHigh Energy Discharge

Check:Check: Record waveform over extended periods or setup scopeto ONLY capture waveforms that exceed a defined envelope.Possible Cause:Possible Cause: Switch failures, inductive discharges in highenergy circuits on same electrical grid, or static.

50KV static discharge induced in DNet CAN lines

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Typical bus errorsCable length

• To long cables or parasitic capacity will have effect atthe rise/fall time

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Positioning Fluke 125, 215C and 225C

-Bus Health Connection Diagrams

2.5 GSa.s1 GSa/s25 MSa/s Real time, 5 GSa/sEquivelent time

Sample Rate

Bus Health

-Bus Health with NoiseMeasurements

CATII 1000V, CATIII 600VCATIII 600VSafety Rating

CATII 1000V, CATIII 600VNoIsolated Inputs

4 hr NiMH7 Hr NiMHBattery

-100 Screen Replay

-ScopeRecord ™

TrendPlot ™

200 MHz100 MHz40 MHzBandwidth

2 Scope & DMM2 Scope & Dual DMMInputs

ColorMonochromeDisplay

225C215C125

Electrical, electro-mechanical and electronictroubleshooting, waveform analysis and bushealth analysis and troubleshooting

Electrical and electro-mechanicalsystems & industrial busdiagnostics

Designed For

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•Download English PDF’s from the web:www.fluke.se – ”applikationer” - ”ScopeMeter”

Application notes

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Questions