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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..3

SUMMARY ...3

GENERAL INFORMATION ..4

ELEVATIONS ...5

1. Setting out the plot (leveling, measuring) .61.1 Excavation for foundation and chambers ..72. Foundation and ground supported floor ...92.1 Drain, sewer, waste water pipes 122.2 Floor heating pipes and manifold .133. Walls ..153.1 Load bearing internal and external walls .173.2 Electricityfirst stage ..174. Steel beams and columns ..185. Roof construction .195.1 Place the wall plates ..195.2 Erect trusses .195.3 Roof anchors and bracing ..205.4 Roof coveringconstruction for roof tiles .215.5 Documentation on Roof Construction ..226. Placing windows and external doors ..247. Ceiling 258. Building the brick outer leaf of the external walls and placing the insulation ..268.1 Insulation .268.2 Ventilation gaps ..278.3 Bricks (type) ...279. Internal work .289.1 Electricitysecond stage ....289.2 Casting concrete floors ..289.3 Placing internal doors ..299.4 Rendering ...309.5 Floor finishes .309.6 Painting ....3210.Cleaning the site ..32

CONCLUSION.33

REFERENCES ..34

SUMMARY OF WORKING PROCESS..35


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At the very beginning of the report, we would like to thank our teachers for all the guidance andinformation that we received from them. First, we would like to thank our class teacher and architect

Rene for organizing a trip to the building site and explaining the real life building process to us, and an

architect Ane Marie for helping us get started with finding more information on the particular house,

plans and the general information about the company and its products. Second, we would like to give

our thanks to our teacher Gordon for providing us with all the necessary knowledge and information on

writing a good report. Hopefully, during the process of writing this report, we have been able to show

our knowledge gained throughout the observation of the building process.

SUMMARY

This Building Site Report is written by 2ndsemester Architectural Technology and Construction

Management degree course, class BK21E students -Alberta Albertsdttir, Egita Rumpane, Iris Norfjr,

Jerome Amalraj Xavier, and Oana Pasalau.

The purpose of this assignment was to compare the theoretical

and practical knowledge by an observation of the building process of a

house. In this report we have shown the gained knowledge by giving a

written explanation of what is shown in the photos added to the report

and comparing the theoretical knowledge with

real life observation. We were visiting the

building site once a week, taking notes and photos. This is how we

documented everything that we thought could be used later in the report.

This building site report gives an overview of the building process according

to the questions asked to be answered in the assignment.


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GENER L INFORM TION

This is one of our absolute best selling houses.

/FM-Skjr AS/

House of 149 m2with integral carport

Address:Overmarksvej 45, 8700 Horsens

Plot area: 937 m2

Price: DKK 2,595,000

Interior: The plan of the house is very well arranged and organized, and worked out in detail. The U-

shaped kitchen with a bay window gives a nice viewto the garden and makes working in kitchen much

more enjoyable. Kitchen is combined with the living

room and has access to a terrace. Both the kitchen

and living room has high ceiling which provides room

more space. From the hall there is access to a large

and practical utility room as well as to a garage, so a

person can access house straight from the garage

which is highly appreciated when the weather is bad. Parents Division consists of a bedroom with a

spacious closet and private bathroom. The dwelling, in addition, has 3 bedrooms and 1 guest bathroom.

Exterior: External walls are built from yellow / brown clay bricks. The house has a black roof covering

roof tiles, and steel gutters, aluminum windows of whit/granite color and doors from Thema with low

energy glass.

Heating: The dwelling is heated by district heating.

SITE VIEW


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ELEVATIONS

South-West Facade

North-West Facade

North-East Facade

South-East Facade


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1. Setting out the plot (leveling, measuring)

It is Architect or a Constructing Architect, responsible of the placement or position of the

building on a given land. Setting out is the first stage of construction in a site. This involves

outlining the structure on the ground. For any new house or extensions or alterations setting

out or mapping out is very important. It is fairly a quick work, but obviously it has to be done

with great care to avoid any conflicts in the construction stage or later, because it is not so easy

to correct and it may be very expensive. There are factors to consider when laying out the

building plans on site. This includes the size of the plot, neighbors, driveways and sun direction.

The other factors to note are planning requirements by the local authorities and services

required to the site. These are electricity, water, sewers, communication and roads. Distance

between facade of a one storey dwelling building and a boundary with another parcel or path

shall be a minimum of 2.50 m in Denmark.

Even though we missed to witness the setting out the plot and the excavation work at the

building site that we have visited, we feel that it would be more appropriate to add information

about it in this report.

Marking in the Field


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Preliminary work

It is necessary to tidy up the site first, removing trees that are on the way and just too close to

the new building, because it would be very hard to work around it and making scaffolding and

etc.

First Layout

Profiles consist of pegs, stakes driven into the ground with cross piece of timber attached to

them. Like formwork they are only temporary and they dont always look too neat but they

contain quite lot of information. Wooden pegs or range poles to be placed in the major corners

of the building. Bricklayers strings indicates precise location of the corners of the building on

profiles boards and it also shows the fixed points for construction modular lines.

1.1ExcavationExcavation for foundation and chambers:

For small ditches or trenches, simply using a shovel is sufficient, but for excavating a deep trench

for sanitary sewer installation and foundation, special consideration should be made to dig

successfully and safely. Such as:

a) Proper planning of selecting the route and depth of excavation and determining the tools,materials and equipment is necessary before starting the excavation work to avoid any

change after starting digging to save time and money.


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b) It is mandatory to get information from the government utility location service about theunderground gas, electric, water and communications pipes and cables and they should be

spotted and protected to protect the workers from injury or liability if they are damaged.

These flags are indicating the buried telephone cable.

c) Shovels, pickaxes, and other hand tools will be enough for minor excavations, but renting amini excavator can save a lot of work on large jobs. Backhoes and even track hoes may be

needed if the project requires a very deep and/or long trench.

d) Trees including small plants, even grasses should be removed and it can be stored forreplanting with proper care.

e) Usually, the topsoil is removed to a depth of 10 to 20 cm, depending on depth of the topsoillayer.

f) After removing the topsoil, digging the trench is done with the care of observing the soilconditions, so that the trench embankments do not yield. Removed soil is kept as far from

the trench as possible. The depth is checked with the laser level or builders level until the

whole digging process is complete.
http://www.wikihow.com/Operate-a-Mini-Excavatorhttp://www.wikihow.com/Image:Ditch2_205.jpghttp://www.wikihow.com/Operate-a-Mini-Excavator


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2. Foundation and Ground Supported Floor

When we first visited the building site, the foundation and the ground supported floor has been laid, so

that we couldnt get more information about it. However we decided to write about the process and SBI

directions for casting the foundation and laying the ground supported floor.

Foundation Brief: Foundations are one of the most important structures of any construction. These are

the structural members which transmit the loads from the structure above to the soil below. The shape

and size of the foundation is generally determined by the structure and load of the building. They can

be made from concrete, stone, concrete block, wood and steel. Since the foundation is interacting with

the soil, it should be properly designed and constructed.

SBI 189 Directions for Foundations: This SBI Direction contains guidance and examples of constructions

in one family houses. The examples all comply with the requirements written down in Building

Regulations for Small Dwellings, 1998 (BRS 98). According to SBI189, all houses shall be built in such a

way that they can transmit occurring loads. The loads can be divided into gravity based loads that is thedead load of building components and the imposed load and snow load.

Foundation includes dimensioning and construction of foundations i.e. the structural elements that

transmit load from the house to firm load bearing stratum. The design and dimensioning of a foundation

and load bearing structures are usually requires the assistance of an engineer. Apart from resting on a

load bearing stratum, external foundations shall be constructed at least to frost-free depth. The frost

free depth for external wall foundation is 900mm below the surface. Since the Internal wall foundations

are not exposed to frost they can be taken down to load bearing stratum and not until the frost free

depth. SBI 189 recommends the width of an external foundation in a single storey house shall be at

least 0.3 m wide and internal wall should be minimum 0.2 m wide however the dimensioning is

calculated depending on the load from above.

The above figure from SBI-189 illustrates the simple design of a foundation for a single family house.


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The above figure illustrates the details of a foundation from the building site that we have visited.

We received this foundation diagram from the contractor but it doesnt show the materials and

dimensions. However we got some general information about the materials and its dimensions from the

contractors website. It was in Danish and we translated into English. The information as we got it is as

follows:

Blinding Layer: It is a layer of sand or unreinforced concrete of 5cm in thickness. It shall be laid at the

bottom of excavation to provide stable conditions at the bottom of the foundations or footings.

However, it is not required if the bottom of the excavation is very stable, relatively dry, non-reactive to

concrete and compactable. We couldnt get any information about this blinding layer at the building

site.

Earth Work and Foundation: Excavated for the normal level due to max.200mm topsoil. Foundations

are constructed 900mm below the ground level, with one row of 190 * 350mm Lecaterm block. The

Concrete for the foundation is cast in situ 5. Light clinker blocks with insulation layer in the middle are

placed on top of the foundation. The function of this Lecaterm blocks is to break the cold bridge through

the upper part of the foundation strip. Normally, one block with insulation and another one without

insulation layer are placed if the room inside is heated with radiators, but if the floor is heated with floor

heating then two blocks with insulation must be used to minimize the heat loss.

The above picture from the building site shows the top view of Lecaterm Blocks 190 * 350mm


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Bitumen Felt SBI 189: A 0.15 mm polyethylene foil is suitable as a damp proof membrane. It must,

however, be laid with an overlap of at least 200-300 mm.

The above figure from SBI 189 shows the placement of a Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) on top of the

foundation and ground supported floor.

The above picture from the building site shows the placement of DPM

Roof Truss Anchors: The details about the

roof anchors are explained in the Roof

chapter. Here the following picture from

the building site shows the anchors built in

the foundation.

Roof truss anchor: Number 1


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Excavations must not be carried out below the bottom level of the foundations. Pipe dimensions must

not be less than 70 mm as smaller dimensions may cause cleaning problems.

The above picture from the building site shows the drainage pipes inside the house and the

perimeter drain pipe.

Radon / Branch pipe: A branch pipe, which is connecting the capillary breaking layer to the

drain pipe is inserted to secure the discharge of water from the capillary breaking layer and also

serves as a pressure equalizer in order to prevent the radioactive gas radon from penetratingthe building. At least two branch drains must be established per building.

2.2 Floor Heating pipes and Manifold

Floor Heating: is a form ofcentral heating which usesheat conduction andradiant heat or cold

for indoorclimate control,rather thanforced air heating which relies onconvection.Heat can

be provided by circulating heated water or by electric cable, mesh,or film heaters.We heard

that under floor heating is used in all the bathrooms at the building we have visited. Fig-1 below

is just the example of floor heating arrangement and Fig-2 is taken from the building site which

shows the floor heating hot water connection.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced-airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film_heater&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film_heater&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced-airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heating


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Manifold: At the centre of the under floor heating system is always a manifold. All the pipe

work in the building is brought back to a central distribution point, which is called the manifold.

The flow and return is taken from the manifold back to the heat source of the building. The

picture below is the manifold installed at the building site that we have visited.

The above pictures were taken from the building site which shows the fittings of

hot water and cold water pipes.


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3. Walls

External walls construction (360mm):

Outer leaf: 110 mm bricks

Insulation Isover 37, thickness 150mm

Top ending with insulation Rockwool 38 with thickness 150 mm

Inner leaf: 100 mm concrete

In building a house it is starting when to outer the wall is on the inner leaf, and in this house it is 100 mm

concrete. After that it is the bricks and the insulation. Outer leaf is connected by using wall ties to make

it stronger. It is plays on any 3 brigs. It is fore the wind load for exemplar


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External walls include walls in facades and in gables.

External walls must

1) be able to accept and transfer load,

2) fulfill the requirements for heat insulation,

3) be protected against moisture damages and

4) be fire resistant.

When a building is placed in noisy areas, external walls shall furthermore fu fill requirements concerning

acoustic insulation. (SBI) page 44

Bitumen felt is placed above all openings in the outer leaf

Bricks(type): Brickwork: Red brick bloodstone impure with joints filled and finished corners.


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3.1 Load bearing internal and external walls

Internal walls construction:

Aerated concrete100 mm thick for this particular house.

Connection between ceiling and load-bearing walls:

Ceiling bottom layer (special formwork per 500mm) stud into the wall, upper side with 5 nails 3,8 x

100mm per m.

Heavy external walls are typically walls where the outer leaf is a masonry wall whereas the inner leaf is

either a masonry wall or a lightweight concrete element wall. (SBi) page 44

3.2 Electricityfirst stage

During the first stage of electricity, openings for the main cables are made and the connection

with the outside source is established.


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4. Steel beams and columns

Usually, the beams and the columns carry vertical forces and

horizontal loads (loads due to an earthquake or wind).The beams loads transfer to a column or to a wallwhich is

supporting it. Steel beams all around the house are placed

there in order to support the roof, hold up the roof and the

joists.

Steel beams are connected to the columns with bolts and threaded fasteners. Columns are often

casted in concrete; the plasterboard or spraying with coating is to insulate it from the heat of

fire or it can be also protected by a fire resistant ceiling construction. Bricks, stones, concrete,

metal sheets and painting have been used to cover and protect the steel from the weather.

We could see on the building site that the steel beams had been casted to the foundation and

connected to hold up the roof construction and the joist. One of the beams is based in theinternal wall and the empty space is filled up with concrete but if the beam shifts than the

concrete can easily crack.


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5. Roof construction

As it is shown in the photos below and

described in SBI Direction 189, this

particular roof construction consist of the

roof cover, underlay, the load bearing

construction (rafters or roof elements)

and the ceiling construction.

Roof is built by using 25 prefabricated

trusses.

5.1Placing the wall platesIn order to set up the trusses, wall

plates should be placed. The wall plate is

fixed to the inner leaf of the external

wall, and its purpose is to transmit the

load from the roof to the foundation and

into the soil. The truss is fixed to the

wall plate with steel brackets.

TrussNumber 1

BracketNumber 2

Wall plateNumber 3

5.2Erecting trussesThe trusses used in construction of this particular house are set up in 25. The truss

consists of the rafter, foot and ties. By giving a manufacturer all the necessarymeasurements a complete set of trusses can be made, which, later on, can be easily placed

on the walls and fixed to the wall plates and tied down with help of roof anchors for more

stability.


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5.3Roof anchors and bracing

Roof anchors can be made of steel or carried out

using wire ties.

The purpose of having roof anchors and bracing isto increase stability to the house and roof in

particular. The rafter should be anchored to

prevent wind suction from lifting the roof.

In order to know where the roof anchors have to

be placed, a roof anchoring plan is needed.

Therefore, to be able to show the exact placement

of the anchors in the plan, all the necessary load

calculations have to be made.

In order to counter horizontal wind action thegable triangle is fixed to the battens along top

edges. Bracing is shown in the pictures to the left

Number 1; and Number 2.

As shown in the pictures below, a roof anchor is

fixed to the truss reaching down to the foundation

where it is fixed to the anchor built in the

foundation.

Anchor in full height

Number 3

Anchor showing the connection to the foundation - Number 4

Anchor on top of the inner leaf of the external wallNumber 5


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5.4Roof covering construction for roof tiles

For the roof covering concrete tiles are used. The

construction for placing these tiles is the same one

used for placing the clay tiles.

In order to put tiles on the roof, a load bearing and

stable construction has to be made. As mentioned in

chapter 13.3 trusses (Number 1) has to be fixed to

the foundation with the roof anchors (Number 2).

The following action is to fix windbreakers and

windbreaker seals, followed by fascia boards and

flashing/tilting fillet.

To cover the very ridge of the roof, underlay has to be

installed on which two layers of sarking felt are laid on,

leaving opening for ventilation. On top on the sarking felt

distance strips and battens are fixed (Number 3). Once this is

done, tiles can be fixed (Number 4). In this particular house

black concrete tiles are used, which, the same as the clay

tiles are laid on each other with a little overlap. To avoid any

chance of rain water getting into the construction, the ridge

plank has to be installed and ridge tiles put on top of it.

This particular roof is built in such a way that it allows rain

and melt water from snow run off in an appropriate manner.

Roof water must is discharged into drains via gutters and

rainwater downpipes.

GutterNumber 5

DownpipeNumber 6


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5.5 Documentation on Roof Construction

According to SBi Direction 189 and

SBi Guidelines 216 Guidelines on Building Regulations (First Edition 2008)

Thermal insulation

Single family houses shall be sufficiently insulated to avoid the unnecessary consumption of energy and

to secure the achievement of satisfactory health conditions. The insulation qualities of the construction

elements are described by their coefficients of transmission, the so-called U-values. The ceiling

construction and walls separating habitable space from roof space assume the U-value 0.15 in the Heat

loss frame. Insulation in roof and external walls must be connected or overlapping in order to prevent

cold bridges. /SBi Direction 189, page 60/

4.6 Moisture and durability

4.6(1) Building must be built so as to prevent water, moisture and damp from causing damage or

undermining serviceability, impairing durability and vitiating health and safety conditions.

C (4.6(1)) Moisture effects may arise from rain, snow, surface water, groundwater, soil moisture,

construction moisture, domestic water and humidity of the air, including moisture condensation.

In order to avoid moisture load, buildings must be designed so that:

- loading of water from the surroundings is minimized;

- water and moisture are directed away from the building;

- structures provide protection against the penetration of water;

- structures can withstand normal water and moisture loads;- damaging condensation, including surface concentration, does not occur on or in structures.

4.6(4) The building envelope must be build so as to seal it against ingress of rain and snow melt water.

Roofs must be built so as to allow rain and melt water from snow to run off in an appropriate manner.

Roof water muse be discharged into drains via gutters and/or rainwater downpipes. Unless the

municipal council requires otherwise in individual cases, gutters may be omitted from buildings in

particularly open locations, including holiday homes, and from garages, outbuildings and similar small

building, provided the roof water does not represent a nuisance to a stretch of road or to an adjacent

plot. /SBi Guidelines 216 Guidelines on Building Regulations (First Edition 2008), Chapter 4/


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Fire protection

For fire protection purposes, roof coverings shall be suitably fire-resistant class T roof coverings (i.e. they

must be only moderately fire spreading).

One example of this is:

Roof covering of non-combustible material for example roof tiles, fiber cement sheets and metalroofing sheets on wood or steel battens. /SBi Direction 189, page 60/

Rafter and ceiling construction

The load-bearing construction is usually made of wood in the form of collar beam rafters, trussed rafters

or common rafters/joists. By using collar beam rafters it is possible to make use of the attic for

habitation while the use of trussed rafters creates an attic with limited possibilities for use.

Common joists carry the roof covering, the subroof and the ceiling construction of the rooms below. The

common joists rest on the wall plate which transmits the load from the roof construction to the loadcarrying walls. The thickness of the wall plate should be minimum 38 mm.

To avoid cold bridges at least one layer of the insulation should be placed on top of the tie beam. The

damp proof membrane must have sufficient strength and be absolutely airtight, for example 0.15 mm

polyethylene foil. Overlays should be clamped and when this is not possible the joint must be secured

using an appropriate tape. When the cavity between the roof cover/underlay roof and the insulation is

ventilated with the purpose of hindering moisture accumulation in the roof construction, the total area

of the ventilation gap must correspond to minimum 1/500 of the floor area (ground floor), and the

ventilation gap must be evenly distributed along the house facade. Rafters can be produced according to

TR 28: Trsprfag (Wooden rafters), but usually prefabricated rafters produced by a factory

affiliated with Trsprkontrollen (the woodenrafter control board) (TS marked) are used./SBi Direction 189, page 62/


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6. Placing windows and external doors

Windows and external doors have to be constructed in specific ways, following the Danish building

regulations. Another important matter is the sealing of these openings after windows and doors have

been fitted in.

Bitumen felt is inserted above all openings in the outer leaf. The bitumen felt is placed there to keep

moisture from gathering on top of the window or door. When using bricks in the outer leaf there is the

possibility of absorption of moisture through the brick. Normally bitumen felt is placed in the bottom of

the cavity to let the water leak out of the cavity wall through holes in the first course of bricks. When the

cavity wall is build up using aerated concrete blocks in the inner leaf and bricks in the outer leaf, the

bitumen felt is glued to the internal leaf.

When fixing windows

and external doors the

joint between the post of

frame and the window

reveal should always be

made as a so called two

step seal. The sealing

principles of the two

step seal consist of

placing a rain shield and

a wind seal in twoseparate layers with a

pressure equalizing chamber and a heat insulating caulking in between SBI 189

Exterior doors and windows are made of pre-painted pine elements DVC approved (in factories). The

top-down windows (VELFAC) with one handle opens outwards and leaves in the fully open position of a

ventilation slit at the top of up to 200 mm. Window sills are Jura Gelb (marble); in the bathroom there is

used gulvklinken for window sills.


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7. Ceiling construction

Ceilings shall be constructed in such a way

that moist air cannot penetrate adjoining

building components or rooms. Specialprecautions must be taken to prevent a flow

of warm and moist room air through cracks

and crevices in the ceiling. Consequently, the

ceiling shall consist of an airtight

construction for example by using a diffusion

tight panel as ceiling cladding combined with

the elastic mastic joint between ceiling and

wall. Alternatively the ceiling may be

constructed using a damp proof membrane.

When building ceilings many things have to

be taken into consideration. As the roof

construction is made of wood, the damp

proof membrane (DMP) has to be installed

underneath the foot rafter, which is folded in

the corners and reaches a few cm down the

wall. Once the DMP is placed, the furring can

be fixed which are used for fixing the ceiling

boards onto them. The very last thing to do is

to add the cornices in perimeter of the room.

After placing the insulation (Number 1) in the

attic, a catwalk has to be made. It is shown in

the picture below Number 2. Catwalk is

mostly used in emergency situations. Its

purpose is to the provide access to the attic if

needed.


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8. Building the brick outer leaf of the external walls and placing the insulation

To inner wall used 100 mm reinforced aerated concrete elements the partitions are also used 100 mm

reinforced aerated concrete elements.

Shrinkage cracks in plaster socket may occur. Gables are made of pressure treated wood.

8.1 Insulation

Dimensions: 200x1210 mm

Thickness: 150 mm

Lamda value: 32 W/mC

Density: 30 kg/m3

Temperature: 250 C (max)


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8.2Ventilation gaps

Ventilation gaps are made to let the moister out of the outer wall.

In the outer leaf there were put ventilation gaps between the brick as

it is said in requirements.

8.3 Bricks (type)

Brickwork: The soft type of red brick will be used and the joints will be filled.

Brick work

Fully burnt, soft type of brick in first class quality, will be bricked up with the joints filled.

150 mm isolation will be used.

To the internal walls there will be used 10 cm of reinforced concrete elements. That includes the

partition walls and the internal part of the external wall.

These types of bricks are suitable for both renovation jobs and for new constructions.

The so called shrinkage cracks could occur in the foundation.

The bldstrgne brick machine produced by the same principles as the more rustic hndstrgne claybricks.

This yields the old distinctive appearance with curved surfaces with smrevner and lukewarm, and

simultaneously achieve good technical properties, as required by modern building materials.

Bldstrgne bricks are suitable for both renovation and for new construction.


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9. Internal work

9.1 Electricitysecond stage

The second stage of the electricity work is in the internal work.

An electricity box is placed in the laundry room, and from there

the electricity pipes are led from room to room, through the

internal walls and ceiling. Later on cables will be pulled through

the electricity pipe and connected into the box.

9.2 Casting concrete floors

The floor is built up with 220 mm hard insulation, which is placed on a compact sand fill. Thereafter a

Vibreton is used with a thickness of 80100 mm, with steel

fibers of 4550 mm. Vibreton is a self-leveling concrete that

saves handling costs on the building site. On top of the

Vibreton a hard insulation will be placed with a thickness of

50 mm. At last a concrete slap will be casted with a thicknessof 6080 mm.

In SBI direction 189, it is written that concrete slabs should have a minimum thickness of 100 mm. But in

this case the use Vibreton, the concrete slab can be decreased. When casting the slab the concrete

there will be placed a plastic layer which will prevent it from penetrating the underlay. Usually, in the

summer, when casting a concrete floor, a vapor tight membrane is used in order to protect concrete

against drying up and cracking. As this house was being built in the winter, no such protection is

required.

In all the wet rooms it is necessary to put a slope towards the floor drain.


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9.3 Placing internal doors

3.3.3 Door Widths

3.3.3(1) Doors on the access floor of a dwelling must have a clear width of no less than 0.77 meter1.

The internal walls are made of

light weight concrete. Many

people these types of walls

cannot bear heavy things or

doors. But with the right wall

plugs and screws, you can

hang heavy cabinets and

doors to the lightweight wall.

It is just very important to

make sure that there is used a

sufficient number of screwsbecause the screws are fairly

easy to pull out of a wall of

this type.

When we visited the site there

were no internal doors in

place. Therefore it was found a method for placing internal doors:

The door-post is put together with the bottom piece

The door is placed in the door opening, and the bottom piece is adjusted in horizontal position

Thereafter the post of the hinge side is fastened with some space from the wall

The hinge side is adjusted so it is 100% in vertical position. That can be done with a help of blocks or

small pieces of wood, and of course the screw.

Then the door is mounted into the post.

When the gap between door frame and door are almost exactly alike all around, the opposite side is

fastened

At last there will be put Gerichter around the frame, hiding the gap.

1Building regulations : page 57

2SBI direction, page 82


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9.4 RenderingThe purpose of rendering is two-fold, mainly to weatherproof the

building wall and to provide pleasing finishes of various textures. In

the internal work it will be used for a pleasing finish of various

textures.

The proportions of cement, lime and sand to use depends upon the

purpose of the plaster and the nature of the building surface to

which it is to be applied.

When working on rendering it is essential to remove any dirt or

grime from the wall. The most efficient way of doing this is hosing

the area with a strong jet of water or pressure washer.

9.5 Floor finishing

Tiles in kitchen and bathroom

In the bathroom the areas of the floor directly exposed to water must slope towards drain. The slope

should be 1-2 percent.

The floors in the building is an heavy floor construction. An light floor construction is when the floor

construction is built with timber.

The floor is built up with 220 mm hard insulation and thereafter a Vibreton is used with a thickness of 80

100 mm. On top of the Vibreton a hard insulation will be placed with a thickness of 50 mm. At last a

concrete slap will be casted with a thickness of 6080 mm.

The top concrete slap in the wet room will have to be a stiff plastic, with strength of 20 MPa and must

be at least 60 mm thick2. That fits well where we have a concrete slap from 60-80 mm. The slope in the

bathroom can be established directly on the concrete slab or in a 10-40 mm cement mortar screed.

When concrete is laid down and is working on getting fully strengthened, it shrinks, and therefore it is

necessary to lay down the tiles as late as possible in the building process. A polyethylene foil can speed

up the process if laid down during the first few days after casting.

Parquet: The most important thing when you are working with parquet is that the moisture in the

building and for the parquet is not too high. Most building materials expand and changes when

temperature rises and falls, because wood expands and contracts with changing humidity. The floors

must be able to contract and expand in relation to other building components.

2SBI direction, page 82


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Wooden floor should be laid as late as possible in the

building process, like the tiles, in order to secure that

the indoor climate is sufficiently dry.

All brick and concrete work should be fininshed and

doors and windows has been placed. If the parquet isclued to the concrete or to the screed it is necceary to

make sure there is no moisture in the concrete slab. If

there is still moisture in the concrete slab it is possible

to base the floor with a fluid/paint that helps the

concrete to dry, and then lay the parquet.

The parquet on the building site was not laid and we

had no drawings of which floor type would be used. So

we will assume that the floors will be either a floating

floor or a glued down floor.

Floating floors can move freely when the wood expands

and contracts with moisture variations. Floating floors

may be laid on top of a load distributing board or

directly on top of the intermediate layer3.

Glued wooden floors are always fixed firmly on top of a plane and stable structural floor and supported

throughout the entire surface4.

3Wooden floors 1, laying and preparing : page 5

4Wooden floors 1, laying and preparing : page 5


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9.6 Painting

Paint is a material composed of a binder and a color pigment is applied to a surface. After the

lightweight wall is rendered, the walls will be painted with a base before putting the final paint on. The

rendering and painting will happen before the parquet and tiles are laid.

10.Cleaning the site

The construction process involves a large amount of materials and employees who are often working on

a tight schedule. It's no surprise then, that at the end of most projects the site is quite messy from extra

materials and dirt. Before the building can be considered complete, the site must be cleared of allconstruction materials and the building

must be cleaned from top to bottom. This

work is typically performed by a

construction cleaning crew. Large

companies may have one of these teams

on staff, or they may subcontract the

work out to specialty cleaning companies.


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CONCLUSION

As the Architectural Technology and Construction Management degree course students it is

necessary to observe the building process in order to gain better understanding and more knowledge in

construction field.

Overall, we are satisfied with the assignment and the work that we have done. By having been

given a chance to visit the building site, we were able to compare our theoretical knowledge with the

work being done in the building site. However, we did not get to see the very beginning of the building

process of the house, as well as the final stage of completion, we have definitely benefited to ourselves

as the future Constructing Architects. Some of the things we did not completely understand in

classroom became clear at the building site. For example, eave construction. Moreover, we noticed that

most of the materials being used in the building site we were already familiar with and got to use them

in our projects. We, of course, also came across some new materials and building solutions. Therefore,

we could easily compare the SBi Guidelines on Building Regulations with the real life building solutions.

We would have liked to have access to the contractors and constructing architects from the

drawing office to observe how the time schedule and site management is done.

We feel thankful for the given opportunity to observe the construction process in the building site and

for the knowledge we gained throughout this project.


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REFERENCES

Internet:

http://www.fm-soekjaer.dk/

http://www.velfac.dk/

http://www.isover.dk

http://fronter.com/vitusbering

SBi Direction 189

SBi Guidelines 216 Guidelines on Building Regulations (First Edition 2008)

Wooden floors 1 (brochure, on Fronter)


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SUMMARY OF WORKING PROCESS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. Egita

SUMMARY. Egita

GENERAL INFORMATION . Egita

ELEVATIONS .. Egita

1. Setting out the plot (leveling, measuring) Jerome1.1 Excavation for foundation and chambers Jerome2. Foundation and ground supported floor Jerome2.1 Drain, sewer, waste water pipes Jerome2.2 Floor heating pipes and manifold Jerome3. Walls Alberta3.1 Load bearing internal and external walls Alberta3.2 Electricityfirst stage . Alberta4. Steel beams and columns . Oana5. Roof construction . Egita5.1 Place the wall plates ... Egita5.2 Erect trusses . Egita5.3 Roof anchors and bracing .Egita5.4 Roof coveringconstruction for roof tiles . Egita5.5 Documentation on Roof Construction .Egita6. Placing windows and external doors . Oana6.1 Dimensions .Oana6.2 Construction ..Oana7. Ceiling ..Egita8. Building the brick outer leaf of the external walls and placing the insulation Alberta8.1 Insulation .Alberta8.2 Ventilation gaps . Alberta8.3 Bricks (type) Alberta9. Internal work .. Iris9.1 Electricitysecond stage ..Iris9.2 Casting concrete floors .Iris9.3 Placing internal doors Iris9.4 Rendering Iris9.5 Floor finishes ...Iris9.6 Painting Iris10.Cleaning the site .Iris

CONCLUSION..Group work

REFERENCES Group work

Documents

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