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Building habit forming app with implementation intention
Adhi Wicaksono [email protected]
Why changing habits is difficult?
Behaviour change
Theory of Reasoned Action
Attitude
Subjective norm
Intention Behaviour
Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Attitude
Subjective norm Intention Behaviour
Ajzen, 1985
Perceived behavioural
control
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Attitude
Subjective norm Intention Behaviour
Ajzen, 1985
Perceived behavioural
control
I will do …
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Attitude
Subjective norm Intention Behaviour
Ajzen, 1985
Perceived behavioural
control
I will do …
???
Implementation Intention
• Plan to execute your intentions
• “IF situation X happens, THEN I will do Y”
• Strengthen cue-response link
• Simple plans, strong effects
• Found to give positive impact on medium-to-large goal attainment
if this then that
The habit loop
The habit loop
image source: https://www.slideshare.net/AshDonaldson/behaviour-design-predicting-irrational-decisions
Motivation
• Changing habit is difficult, intentions are not enough!
• Understanding cue-response link is very important in changing habit
• Implementation intentions could promote changes by creating a strategic plan and modifying cue-response link.
• How can the smartphone app be used to do this?
Source: everydaypeoplecartoons.com
Identifying the cues
Source: dreamstime.com
Context as cues
“Context is any information that can be used to characterise the situation of an entity. An entity is a
person, place, or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between a user and application, including the
user and applications themselves” (Dey, 2001)
Capturing context using a smartphone
The forms of context in smartphone
• Physical context: location, movement, calendar, activity, time → captured using the sensors on the smartphone
• Affective state: mood, attitude → captured using self-report and infer smartphone’s data
Why context matters?
• Health Mashups: Presenting Statistical Patterns between Wellbeing Data and Context in Natural Language to Promote Behavior Change (Bentley et al., 2013)
• Need for a Context-Aware Personalized Health Intervention System to Ensure Long-Term Behavior Change to Prevent Obesity (Khan and Lee, 2013)
Context helps people to understand their behaviour, therefore, incorporating context in a mobile app can
improve user’s engagement and promoting a personalised intervention
Related works
• Reviewed 115 habit formation apps, majority of the apps focus on task tracking & reminders, lacking on the contextual cues
• Run 4-weeks study to investigate the impact of event-based trigger vs reminders on the automaticity of behaviour
Beyond Self-Tracking and Reminders: Designing Smartphone Apps That Support Habit Formation
(Stawarz et al., 2015)
Related works
• Investigating nonconscious behaviour change interventions based on habit and dual process theories
• Strategy: subliminal priming, implementation intention, cognitive bias modification
Nonconscious Behaviour Change Technology: Targeting The Automatic (Pinder, 2017)
Related works
• Developed an app to target depression
• Promising accuracy rates (60% to 91%) on contextual states (e.g. location), but poor results on mood detection
Harnessing Context Sensing to Develop a Mobile Intervention for Depression (Burns et al., 2011)
Related works
• Investigating habit formation apps, found mismatch between the theory and apps usage
• Habit formation apps with reminders and streaks tend to create a dependency towards the apps
Don’t Kick the Habit: The Role of Dependency in Habit Formation Apps (Renfree et al., 2016)
Related works
• Developed an app that sets adaptive goals by modifying the difficulty based on the user’s performance
• The app improved user’s compliance and achievement
Finding the Adaptive Sweet Spot: Balancing Compliance and Achievement in Automated Stress
Reduction (Konrad et al., 2015)
Related works
• Developed a library to sense smartphone sensors data
• Used the library in an experiment that captures mood
EmotionSense: A Mobile Phones based Adaptive Platform for Experimental Social Psychology Research
(Rachuri et al., 2010)
• Investigated how SRBAI changes on implementation intention app with reminder.
• Users formed their own implementation intention.
• Users received reminders when the IF condition is detected: location, movement, time, calendar, device battery and orientation.
• 10 participants use the app for one week. We then measured the SRBAI scores pre & post intervention.
If this, then habit: exploring context-aware implementation intentions on smartphones
(Pinder et al., 2016)
SRBAI scores betweenpre & post-test
Problems
• Majority of habit formation apps focus on the task tracking & reminders, whereas a habit is often triggered by situational cues
• Implementation intention to support habit formation on the smartphone remains underused
Proposed solution
• Using technologically-mediated implementation intention to support habit formation
• Create IF-THEN plan (implementation intention) with existing routine events as the cue for the intended task
• Reinforce the implementation intention to strengthen cue-response’s link, so people can build on automaticity instead of relying on the reminders
Experiment design
• 4-week study, ask people to form implementation intention of reporting their mood every day, specify their existing routine event as the cue and mood report as the response.
• Using between-subject with two different groups: without reinforcement & reinforcement
• In the reinforcement group, remind them about the cue and its response
Proposed experiment
Using reinforcement to strengthen implementation intentions and cue-response’s link
Cue Response
! 🙂
Reinforcement
📩
Lunch time Evening
Mood Journal app
What we are the interested in?
• Automaticity as the strength of implementation intention, measured using Self-Report Behavioural Automaticity Index (SRBAI)
• Adherence to the routines/response when the cue occurs, measured by daily mood report data
Hypotheses
• Participants who receive reinforcement will have a higher automaticity score compared to participants without reinforcement
• Participants who receive reinforcement will be more adhered in reporting their mood every day compared to participants without reinforcement
Want to join in this study?
bit.ly/joinmoodstudy