BUILDING GENDER EQUALITYBUILDING GENDER EQUALITYin GOVERNANCE: in GOVERNANCE:

the Indonesia Experiencethe Indonesia Experience

Presented at the 6th Asia Pacific Congress of WOMEN IN POLITICS, February 10-12, 2006, Makati City,

Philippines, by:TITI SUMBUNG, Executive Director,

Indonesian Center for Women in Politics (ICWIP)Jalan Gedung Hijau I/32, Pondok Indah,

JAKARTA 12310, INDONESIA.Phone: 6221-75907219, Fax: 6221-75905978

E-mail: icwip@cbn.net.id

INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:

1993: ASIA-Pacific Symposium on WID1993: ASIA-Pacific Symposium on WID Ind.NGOInd.NGO Com. Forum for thr Advancement Com. Forum for thr Advancement of Women;of Women;1995: Beijing Conferenc1995: Beijing Conferencee for Women for Women BPFA;BPFA;1999: Adopt TSM 30% 1999: Adopt TSM 30% Ind. Center for Ind. Center for Women inWomen in Polotics(ICWIP); Polotics(ICWIP);2000 : 2000 : Network of Women in PoliticsNetwork of Women in Politics2001 : Joined the launching of the2001 : Joined the launching of the ’50-’50-50:Get the50:Get the BALANCE Right’ BALANCE Right’ campaign, Manila;* campaign, Manila;*2002: 2002: Advocate for more women in decision Advocate for more women in decision makingmaking Legal Reformed (Political Party & Legal Reformed (Political Party & Election)Election)2003: 2003: NGO Strategic Planning NGO Strategic Planning to Increase to Increase Participation & Representation in Participation & Representation in Politics & Politics & Publiclife. Publiclife.

DATA & FACTS: INDONESIA DATA & FACTS: INDONESIA (2002)(2002)

There is still an insignificant number of women in power structure & decision making positions in legislative, civil service and judiciary silent majority.

POLICY GAINS: POLICY GAINS: 2004 GENERAL 2004 GENERAL ELECTIONELECTION

A New Chapter for Indonesia DemocracyA New Chapter for Indonesia Democracy

• The 2004 general election holds a strategic significance for the democracy movement in Indonesia. For the first time ever, along with the election of National Parliament (DPR) and Provincial level Parliament, there was an election of Regional Representative (DPD) – similar to Senate. Also for the first time, President and Vice President were elected directly by the people (5 July 2004).

• No more political appointed representatives!

TEMPORARY SPECIAL TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURE (TSM):MEASURE (TSM): QUOTA 30%QUOTA 30%

Law No.12/2003 on election of Parliament Members was endorsed on February 18, 2003, with a clause on quota for women representation in Article 65 section 1:

“ Every political parties participating in the general election in NOMINATING CANDIDATES for DPR,

Provincial DPRD and municipality DPRD members

in every region SHOULD CONSIDER WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION OF AT LEAST 30%”

Although the clause is not compulsory, the above political decision should be seen as opportunity as well as challenge, and should act as political foundation to increase women’s political participation and representation.

2004 Election Results2004 Election ResultsParticipation for WomenParticipation for Women

MALE FEMALE

- Candidates 5249 67,7% 2507 32,3%

- Elected 489 88,91% 61 11,09%

A. DPR (PARLIAMENT) : 550 SEATS

•A slight improvement from 43 (9%) in the 1999 election to 61 (11.09%) in the 2004 election.

•Electoral system used in 1999 is proportional with closed-list system. In the 2004 election, the proportion is “half-opened”. Meaning that the internal mechanism in the political party still have the strong hold of the political party list in the recruitment system.

2004 Election Results:Participation & Representation of Women

B. DPD* (REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE / B. DPD* (REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE / INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES) : 128 SEATSINDEPENDENT CANDIDATES) : 128 SEATS

Wider opportunity for women, which is Wider opportunity for women, which is non-partisannon-partisan..Voters maybe more likely to vote for a woman if Voters maybe more likely to vote for a woman if notnot tied tied

to a party!!!to a party!!!

*) Similar to “Senator” *) Similar to “Senator” Source : IFES IndonesiaSource : IFES Indonesia

MALE FEMALE

- Candidates 933 90,46% 89 9,54%

- Elected 101 78,96% 27 21,09%

LEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORK

• Equal Citizen: 1945 CONSTITUTION Article 27;• Convention on the Elimination of all forms of

Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW);• Political Rights of Women: Law No.58/1958;• Women’s Rights = Human Rights: Law No.39/1999;• Temporary Special Measure: 1945 Constitution,

Article 28H (2)

No Legal Barriers: de jure = OK!Constraint : de facto equality

STRATEGIES FOR CHANGESTRATEGIES FOR CHANGE

C.C.STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL

SYSTEMSYSTEM

B.B.SOCIOSOCIO

CULTURALCULTURALVALUESVALUES

A.A.HumanHuman

ComponenComponentt

WOMENWOMEN

STRATEGIES FOR CHANGESTRATEGIES FOR CHANGE

A. HUMAN COMPONENT EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN at all levels grassroots!!

Self-esteem Citizenship education / Political Awareness Leadership training Capacity building

AFFIRMING DIFFERENCE

CELEBRATING WHOLENESS

A PARTNERSHIP OF EQUALS: ♂ - ♀Create Synergy

WIN-WIN STRATEGY

STRATEGIES FOR CHANGESTRATEGIES FOR CHANGE

B. SOCIO CULTURAL VALUESCREATE CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT

CHANGING OF A CULTURE Seminar / Workshops IEC {Information, Education,Communication) Activities Media Campaign Advocacy : Internal political parties (maintain a PR-based

election system for DPR / DPRD. Change the internal political parties working procedure be more democratic, just and transparent in the recruitment system)

A PARADIGM SHIFT

STRATEGIES FOR CHANGESTRATEGIES FOR CHANGEC. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

ADVOCACY FOR POLICY CHANGE Affirmative action policies; Temporary special measures quota 30% Legal reform new / change law; Networking

- Establish Inter-political parties women’s

caucuses – NGO / CSO;

- Among NGOs/CSOs; Promote GO – NGO Partnership; PRE-REQUISITE “bottom-up” planning system gender

mainstreaming /engendering development

Making Governance Gender Responsive

CHANGE PROCESSCHANGE PROCESS

Phases of Transition:

1. DENIAL – the first reaction to change; VISIBILITY is the starting point for integrating women into the mainstream of development process

2. RESISTANCE – convincing and integrating women’s concerns into the planning process (through action research)

CHANGE PROCESSCHANGE PROCESS

3. EXPLORATION – conducting the environmental scanning (internal), change of the organization culture;

4. COMMITMENT – strengthen the system / institution.

We are still in phase 1 & 2.

STRATEGIC ISSUES :STRATEGIC ISSUES : Lack of women in power = “ A DEFISIT OF DEMOCRACY” Women’s representation in public policy (legislative,

executive, yudicative) “GO BEYOND NUMBERS”

“top-down” planning; Gender insensitivity impacts on FORMULATING

PUBLIC POLICY, SETTING PRIORITIES, PLAN-NING & BUDGETING, IMPLEMENTATION & EVALUATION of development programs;

MASCULINITY OF POLITICAL SYSTEM; CORRUPTION & MONEY POLITICS

LESSONS LEARNED:LESSONS LEARNED:

• The passing of the Election Bill with TSM(30%) cannot be separated from the dynamic role of NGOs and partnership of NGOs – GO;

• The significant achievement of women in DPD has demonstrated the acceptance of women in leadership by the community;

• TSM as stipulated in the law HAS NOT succeed-ed in increasing women’s representation at all levels. Because of the constraints they faced in the internal system of political parties strongly gender stereotyped & male domination;

• Misunderstood of the concept of GENDER MAINSTREAMING; it is generally understood as mainstreaming genderitself,instead of main-streaming the GENDER PERSPECTIVE in every day life, especially in formulating public policy & program planning & budgeting;

STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

1. WOMEN’s CONTRIBUTION AND POTENCIES= a NEW PARADIGM for SUSTAINIBILITY DEVELOPMENT = NATION HUMAN RESOURCES (ASSET)

Differences between WOMEN and MEN = SYNERGIC STRENGTH

Affirming Difference, Celebrating Wholeness,A PARTNERSHIP of EQUALS!

WIN-WIN STRATEGY

2. INCREASING THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC POLICY

Women’s touch/ feminin character

balancing the masculine IN THE PROCESS OF:

PRIORITY DECISION; FORMULATING PUBLIC POLICIES; PROGRAM/PROJECT PLANNING; RESOURCES ALLOCATION/BUDGETING; MONITORING AND EVALUATION.

HUMAN VALUES

3. TO INCREASE WOMEN’s CAPACITY citizen-ship. Leadership & POLITICAL EDUACATION at all levels especially at grassroots level.

“CAPACITY BUILDING”

To Build qualified local Political Cadres

in order to influence Local public policy planners increase community participation, develop

a “Bottom-Up” planning

Approached : Non-Violence

• The concept of “ANDROGINYOUS leadership” provides an adequate model for the application of partnership between women and men as equal human beings. To be a good leader is a blend of a good feminin and good masculine characters.

• For women entering politics should trasform their feminin characters and values into the political arena and public life Transformative politics

4. INCREASE WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION

Thru:

TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURES (TSM)

NEED MORE WOMEN IN THE PROCESS OF PUBLIC POLICIES DECISION GO BEYOND

NUMBERS : QUALITY+QUANTITY

AT PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS: LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICATIVE

5. BUILDING WOMEN’S SOLIDARITY TO BUILD NETWORKING; LOCAL – NATIONAL

– REGIONAL – INTERNATIONAL

CSOs (Civil Society Organizations):

BETWEEN MASS ORGANIZATION, NGOs, POLITICAL PARTIES, ACADEMIA,

NGOs – GO.

COMMUNICATION FORUM/NETWORKS :

WOMEN IN POLITICS

6. WOMEN POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT AGENDA:

“3 IN 1”CEDAW – BPFA – MDGs

CEDAW CONVENTION : LEGAL

FRAMEWORKS

BPFA : OPERATIONAL BASIS

MDGs : TARGET AND INDICATORS

THANK YOUTHANK YOU