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Launching the New Government
• Federalist Period: 1787-1800
• Washington sets precedents
• Cabinet:
Sec. of State Thomas Jefferson
Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton
Sec. of War Henry Knox
Attorney General Edmund Randolph
First Political PartiesFederalists
• Strong national gov.• Republic of wise elite• Loose interpretation of
Constitution• National Bank• Economy:
manufacturing & trade• Supporters: merchants,
investors, lawyers
Republicans• Limited national gov.• Democracy of many• Strict interpretation of
Constitution• No national bank• Economy: farming• Supporters: farmers,
tradesmen, “plain people”
Hamilton’s Economic Plan• Report on Public Credit: national government
responsible for 2/3 of debt (owed to foreign countries & individuals)
• Pay off foreign debt and issue new bonds• Federal gov. assume all state debt • National Bank funded by gov. and wealthy
investors.• Give wealthy and creditors extra incentive in
success of national government.• protective tariffs
Criticism of Plan• Bank unhealthy alliance
between wealthy and government and its unconstitutional.
• South disliked assumption
• Hamilton agreed to move capital out of New York to South
• District of Columbia
Whiskey Rebellion 1794
• Western farmers in Pennsylvania protested tax on whiskey
• 13,000 militiamen sent out
• Showed that federal government would enforce laws
Foreign Problems• French Revolution
1792• Edmond Genet 1793• Jay’s Treaty• Pinckney’s Treaty of
1795
Adams Presidency• Washington’s “farewell address”
• Election of 1796: Adams 71 votes, Jefferson 68. (Sectionalism)
Foreign Problems
• XYZ Affair
• “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.”
• 1798 Congress ordered U.S. ships to seize French vessels.
• Federalists called for all out war.
Officially ending of hostilitiesin the “quasi-war” with France
Adams Invokes Criticism
• Republicans attack Adams mercilessly
• Alien and Sedition Act(citizenship residence up to 14 years, jail or fined for criticizing gov.)
• Jefferson and Madison author the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Election of 1800• Adams v. Jefferson• Jefferson wins but ties
with Aaron Burr.• Hamilton convinces
Federalist that Jefferson is best choice.
• 36th vote: Jefferson wins
• Revolution of 1800
Duel between Burr and Hamilton 1804
Jeffersonian Democracy
• Reduces pageantry of President
• Cuts spending• Free trade• Return power to states• Southern Dominance
Louisiana Purchase
• 1803 bought from Napoleon for $15 million
• Doubled the size of U.S.
• “empire of liberty”• Lewis and Clark
expedition
War of 1812
• Britain blockaded France 1806
• By 1807 seized 1000 of U.S. ships
• Impressment• Chesapeake incident• Embargo Act of 1807• War hawks• Madison agreed to war
Mixed Results of War
• Failed to take Canada• Britain invades 1814• British burn capital• U.S. win at Ft. McHenry • Jackson leads 5,400 vs. 8,000 Redcoats at Battle of New Orleans• Treaty of Ghent• Results of War?
Era of Good Feeling
• Rise of Nationalism• End of first two party
political system• Monroe Doctrine• Adams-Onis Treaty of
1819
American System
• Protective tariff
(Tariff of 1816)• Resurrect national
bank• Internal improvements
(Erie Canal: 363 mile “Big Ditch”)
Problem with Sectionalism• Missouri wants in as slave state 1819• 11 free & 11 slave states• Must keep balance of representation in Senate
(Why is this important?)• Intense hostilities between sections• Jefferson “We have the wolf by the ear and we
can neither safely hold him, nor safely let him go.”
• Missouri Compromise of 1820a. Missouri slave state, Maine free stateb. 36-30 line established
Election of 1824
• John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson
• Jackson wins?• Does popular vote
count?• Corrupt Bargain• House elects Adams• Jackson forms
Democratic Republican Party
Age of Jackson• Attack elite for common people.• Started spoils system• Indian Removal of 1830
(over 90 treaties signed)• Jackson vs. Calhoun over tariff• War on the 2nd National Bank (BUS)
Jackson vs. Nicholas BiddleJackson’s war on the banks leads to Panic of 1837
• New two party system (Whigs)
Seeds of Sectionalism
• Industrial Revolution takes hold after war
• Textile industry in New England
• Lowell, Mass. 1813• Small farms• No justification for
slave labor
King Cotton• 1793 cotton gin
• Cotton planters flood
the Deep South
• Plantation system
• Slavery becomes entrenched
• New states: MS 1817, AL 1819
• Heats up sectional division
OakleighMansion1833
Bragg-Mitchell1855
Federalist Last Stand
• Adams appointed John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• “midnight judges”• Marbury v. Madison
(Judicial Review)
